Imbali ikhamera, neefoto

Namhlanje asikwazi ukucinga ubomi bam ngaphandle iifoto. Bonke ngeenxa kwethu lonke ixesha. Yenza photo - umsebenzi aphantsi le ndoda mihla. Kodwa kanye oku nokuphupha kuphela. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni imbali ngeepani khamera iinjineli ukuba ubugcisa bale mihla kuqala.

Umntu ibisoloko umdla kakhulu. Ngenye imini wayefuna nilibhale, ukuba ayinike shape. Kwimibongo kwaphela uhlobo amazwi amahle, lomculo - isandi, yaye yafaka - umfanekiso. Ekuphela kwento ukuba nako ukufaka abantu - ngephanyazo. Umzekelo, ukuba ukubamba isaqhwithi iindudumo, sokuhlaziya esibhakabhakeni, drop okanye ikhefu. Nokufika khamera okuninzi kunokwenzeka. Imbali uphuhliso ikhamera iquka umfanekiso ezininzi amalinge inventions maza. Iqala ixesha elide eyadlulayo, xa ukufunda ngokukhanya of refraction ukukhanya, imathematika waphawula ukuba umfanekiso zingaphinda zijikwe ngokugqithisa emngxunyeni omncinci ukuya egumbini elimnyama. Cinga iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezachaphazela imbali lwecamera.

imithetho Kepler kaThixo

Kwaye uyazi, xa imbali ikhamera yaqala? Ithekhnoloji yokuqala, apho kamva waqalisa ukusetyenziswa ukuyila iifoto, wabonakala 1604, xa Yogann Kepler - ngeenkwenkwezi German - waseka imithetho reflection zokukhanya esipilini. Emva koko, ke waseka thiyori lens apho UGalileo Galilei - yamachiza Italian - udale iteleskopu yokuqala lwehlabathi ukuba bagcine imizimba yasezulwini. ray refraction mgaqo yasekwa kwaye efunda. Kuhleli ukufunda ukubhala indlela umfanekiso ngenxa ephepheni.

Ukuvulwa Niepce

Phantse amabini eminyaka kamva, kwi 20 ka umenzi French kwinkulungwane ye-19 Zhozef Nisefor Neps zafumana indlela image lungabanjwa. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukususela ngaloo mzuzu waqalisa imbali imvelaphi lwecamera. Indlela evelele iqulathe kwi unyango yokukhanya ngokungenisa itela ivanishi kwakunye nokugcina phezu eglasini. Le ivanishi ubemelwe into efanayo ukuba itha mihla kunye negilasi ngokuba camera pinhole. Ngale ndlela, umfanekiso bafumana imilo kwabonakala. Yaba kokokuqala ezimbalini, xa womzobo wahlaba hayi wegcisa kodwa imisebe refracted ukukhanya.

zikumfanekiso wobunjani entsha esuka Talbot

Ukufunda camera obscura Niepce, IsiNgesi yamachiza William Talbot wenze ekuphuculeni umgangatho umfanekiso ngokusebenzisa i negative - nguye owasungula print kufota. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1835. Le owenziwa akungebi kuphela ukuthatha ifoto esemgangathweni entsha, kodwa nokuzikhuphela. Foto yalo yokuqala Talbot itywiniweyo ngefestile yendlu yakhe. Umfanekiso ibonisa ngokucacileyo umphandle ye window kunye kwisakhelo. Kwingxelo yakhe, ebhaliweyo kancinane kamva, Talbot wabiza umfanekiso hlabathi omhle. Yaba nguye owathi wabeka isiseko umgaqo eyayisetyenziswa ukuprinta iifoto iminyaka ezayo.

Ukusungulwa Sutton

Ngowe-1861, i-IsiNgesi umfoti T. Sutton lenze camera othe waba lens reflex enye. Le khamera iquka enemilenze emithathu kwaye ibhokisi enkulu kwicala phezulu baso inshorensi okhethekileyo. Ukohluka kwesigubungelo yaba kukuba ayenzi ukukhanya, kodwa wabona kulo. Lens wabhala ugxininiso kwi iglasi, leyo ngoncedo yezibuko ukwenza umfanekiso. Ubukhulu becala, yaba ikhamera lokuqala. Imbali Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo ukufota kuphuhliswa ngakumbi dynamically.

"Kodak"

Brand ethandwayo kule mihla "Kodak" wabhengezwa kuqala ngokwayo ngo-1889, xa Dzhordzh Istman enelungelo le bhanya esongwayo yokuqala, uze ke camera eyenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo lo mboniso. Ngenxa yoko "Kodak" inkampani enkulu. Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba igama "Kodak" ongazaliyo nayiphi ukulayisha kwisemantiki. Eastman nje bafuna ukuza ngelizwi owawuza iqala khona nalapho iphela elinonobumba efanayo.

plate photo

Ngowe-1904, i-uphawu Lumiere iseke ipleyiti ukukhululwa iifoto umbala. Baba kwase womfanekiso mihla.

Leica Cameras

Ngowe-1923, kwakukho camera abasebenze kunye 35mm. Ngoku ungakwazi ukujonga uthabatha ezikhethiweyo yokushicilela ubalaseleyo kubo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, xa ngobuninzi iikhamera ezaqaliswa Leica. Ngo-1935, bekukho umfuziselo Leica 2, oko mayixhotyiswe viewfinder, kugxininiswa enamandla, kwaye ukudibanisa imifanekiso ezimbini abe mnye. Inguqulelo ye Leica 3 ivumela abasebenzisi ukunyenyisa ixesha sesichengeni. Kangangexesha elide imifuziselo Leica baba lophawu ebalulekileyo ubuciko lokufota.

umbala film

Ngowe-1935, Kodak baqalisa ukuvelisa umbala film "Kodakhrom". Emva ukushicilela le ifilim, kwafuneka ukuba abuyiselwe revision, ngexesha apho amacandelo umbala zithathelwa kongezwe kulo. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, le ngxaki isonjululwe. Ngenxa yoko, le film "Kodakkolor 'ukuba ngenkulungwane nesiqingatha olandelayo iye yaba yenye ngoyena usetyenziswa rhoqo kufota zobungcali engahlawulwayo.

"Polaroid" camera

Ngowe-1963, imbali Ikhamera yenze eya kumda wesangqa omtsha. Le khamera "Polaroid" wajika ingcamango yoshicilelo photo ukuzila. Le khamera ikuvumela ukuba uprinte iifoto ngoko nangoko emveni yenziwe. Wena nje cofa iqhosha ulinde imizuzu embalwa. Ngeli xesha, ikhamera lutsala umfanekiso woshicilelo yakhiwe ezihlambulukileyo, kwaye ngoko ke uluhlu olupheleleyo imibala. Kwiminyaka engama-30 ezayo, "Polaroid" iikhamera balinqabisa kwitumente kwi emarikeni. Ukuhla ngokuthandwa kwezi modeli baqalisa kuphela kwiminyaka xa wasungula ilixa nokufota yedijithali.

Ngo-70 baqala ukunikeza iikhamera exposure imitha, focus auto, eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi flash kunye neendlela zokudubula oluzenzekelayo. Kule 80, ezinye iimodeli sele baxhotyiswa wamanzi akhazimlayo, ebonisa useto kunye neendlela ifowuni. Imbali kwicamera yesuntswana yaqala malunga ngexesha elifanayo.

Ixesha of photos digital

Ngowe-1974, ngenxa kweteleskopu ngekhompyutha ngeenkwenkwezi, waphumelela ekwenzeni ifoto yokuqala digital esibhakabhakeni. Ngowe-1980, Sony ivule kwakhululwa ikhamera yedijithali Mavica. Ividiyo, wadubula kuyo, yabhalwa kwi i floppy drive kuleyo. It ngonaphakade kufuneka icocwe ukuba irekhodi entsha. Ngowe-1988 kwafika imodeli yokuqala isixhobo i-digital evela Fujifilm. Icebo igama Fuji DS1P. Zemifanekiso ethathwe kuye, igcinwe ngefomu yedijithali ngendlela electronic medium.

Ngowe-1191, Kodak udale camera SLR yesuntswana, leyo isigqibo 1.3 megapixel kunye nenani lwemisebenzi kube kwi iifoto digital abaqeqeshiweyo. Inkampani Canon ngo-1994 iye yanika camera inkqubo yalo uzinziso image optical. Elandelwa imifanekiso bhanya-Canon walile kunye nenkampani Kodak. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1995. Imbali elandelayo ikhamera uye savela nokuba eliguqukayo ngakumbi, lo gama uphuhliso ebaluleke engasekho. Kwaye yiloo nto yintoni, ngoko oku ekunciphiseni ubungakanani kunye neendleko ngelixa sisenyusa functionality. Kuxhomekeke yindibaniselwano ngempumelelo ezi mpawu, yaye namhlanje inkampani kuxhomekeke kwimpumelelo yemarike.

2000

Samsung Corporation kunye Sony, apho kuphuhliswa kusekelwe kwiteknoloji yedijithali, wendele isabelo yengonyama imarike lwe khamera. imodeli engahlawulwayo baboyisa umda 3 resolution megapixel waza waqalisa ukuba akhuphisane ubuchule yobungcali ubungakanani matrix. Nangona ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ubugcisa yedijithali - Ubhaqo ubuso Ulibengezelele kwisakhelo, esusa amehlo "red", usondeze ezininzi kunye neminye imisebenzi, - ixabiso kwezixhobo photo uya bhanyalaza ngokukhawuleza. Phones zixhotyiswe ngekhamera kunye dijithali, ikhamera waqalisa ukuxhathisa. izixhobo Film ukuba bambalwa kakhulu abantu abanomdla, kunye analog nokufota waqalisa kuthakazelelwa njenge lwepaki.

wenza njani ikhamera?

Ngoku, siyazi ukuba ukususela kwisigaba kwezinye ibali lwecamera. A ibikukujonga nje ngokufutshane kuyo, khangela isixhobo lwecamera ngakumbi.

Film camera isebenza kule ndlela ilandelayo: edlula emngxunyeni njongo, ukukhanya idityaniswe umboniso isale kunye imichiza kugcinwa kuyo. Izindlu akuthethi ukukhanya, kwakunye abanini uqweqwe film. Kwisiteshi umboniso, lo ifilim rewound emva shot nganye. Isekelwe iquka lens eziliqela ezikuvumela ukuba utshintshe ingqwalasela. Xa lens professional ngaphandle ilens, nayo efakwe izibuko. Aqaqambileyo umfanekiso woqondo ilungiswa yi uvalo. Ngenxa shutter ivulwa kancinci shutter egubungele film. On shutter luvuleleke elide kangakanani, kuxhomekeke photos sesichengeni. Ukuba mbandela ekhanya, kusetyenziswa le flash. Siqulathe isibane segesi-ukubhobhoza, kunye noxinzelelo ezimbi lwephanyazo engafumaneka ukukhanya, ngaphezu kokukhanya ukukhanya amawaka yekhandlela.

Kwicamera yesuntswana eqongeni sesicatshulwa yokukhanya ngemehlo, kwaye kananjalo usebenza njenge umboniso. Kodwa emva kokuba umfanekiso refracted ngenkqubo woqondo, oko iguqulelwa kwi inkcazelo ngekhompyutha isizalo. Ukusonjululwa matrix kuxhomekeke umgangatho mfanekiso. Emva kokuba umfanekiso recoded igcinwe ngendlela yedijithali phezu komdlali ophethe data. Izindlu ngumntu onjalo lwekhamera uyafana umboniso, kodwa luswele ijelo ifilimu kunye indawo spool leyo nefilim. Kulo mba, ubungakanani kwicamera yesuntswana lincinane kakhulu. imfanelo ukusoloko iimodeli yanamhlanje lwedijithali yombhalo wangoku okhethiweyo. Yena, kwelinye icala, ukhonza viewfinder, yaye kwelinye - ivumela navigation lula usihla kwimenyu, nibone isiphumo ekujoliswe.

Lens isixhobo i-digital liquka lens okanye izibuko. Yena abe encinane, kodwa zisebenza lekhamera abathengi. Into ephambili kwicamera yesuntswana i woluvo matrix. It is a ipleyiti encinane umqhubi, nto leyo eyenza umgangatho umfanekiso. Ngokuba zonke iimpawu ikhamera yedijithali sihlangene isilawuli.

isiphelo

Namhlanje wafunda ntoni manqanaba yaba ibali umdla lwecamera. Amafoto namhlanje musa kusimangalise nabani na, kodwa kukho amaxesha xa zazijongwa ummangaliso zobunjineli. Ngoku ke photo kwenziwa kumbandela lemizuzwana, naphambi kuthatha iintsuku.

Imbali ikhamera nokufika cameras wedijithali yophuhliso elilwela entsha. Ukuba ngaphambili umfoti kwafuneka ukuba baye kuzo zonke iintlobo namacebo ukufumana umfanekiso omhle, kodwa ngoku inoxanduva isityebi kwi-software iimpawu lwecamera. Ukongeza, nawuphi na umfanekiso zedijithali ngakumbi kuhlelwa kwi computer. Abenzi bemeko- iikhamera zokuqala oku nkqu wasicinga.