Imali phambi kweRashiya yaseRussia: iimali zemali

Iingqekembe zemali zafumana igama labo ngenxa yesimo. Ukubonakala kwazo kufana nezikali zeentlanzi. Iingqekembe ezazisinda kulomhla zenziwa kakhulu ngeesilivere, zingaphantsi kwazo zenziwa zethusi. Kukho ukucinga ukuba kwakukho izikali zegolide.

Umhla ochanekileyo wokubonakala kwezi bhanki kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yayingabonakaliswa kubavubukuli kunye neembali-mlando, kodwa babonakala phambi kwejoka laseTatar-Mongol. Kodwa ukugqibela kokusetyenziswa kwabo kwaziwa - ngukuhlaziywa kwemali kaPeter I ngo-1718. Ngenxa yoko, imbali yezikali ingaphezulu kweminyaka eyiwaka. Ekuqaleni, babengenayo icawa ethile. Iindleko zeengqekembe zeengqungquthela zazinqunywe ngesisindo. Iimpawu zeSiliva, ngokuqinisekileyo, zazibiza ngaphezu kweethusi. Kwaye isilivere yesiqhelo yayibaluleke ngakumbi ngeli xesha kunoko. Ngaloo mihla igrama yegolide yanikela malunga ne-10 gram yesiliva.

Ukwenziwa kweengqekembe zeentlaka

Ekubeni ubunzima bebalulekile kwiinkcitho zemali, ingqalelo encinci ihlawulwe kwimixholo kunye nefomu. Sithatha ingcezu yocingo, sinqunyulwe, sasiqhekeza ngesitampu. Ubume beemveliso zabekwe, zifana nezikali zentlanzi. Umfanekiso ovela kwisitampu awuzange ulungele ngokupheleleyo. Ukushicilelwa kwenziwe ngesandla, imali yayingenalutho, kwaye umxholo wesithombe unokugwetywa kuphela nje ngokuba unobuncinane be-denezhek kumvelisi omnye. Le teknoloji yezobugcisa ibangela ukungabikho kweemveliso ezimbini ezifanayo. Ukuba umnxeba wenziwa ngesiliva, kwafunyanwa i-flake yesilivere. Isikhulu ngasinye sasinembewu yaso , ngoko ke iintlobo zeemveliso zininzi. Njengomthetho, igama lomlawuli lalingenanto, kwaye kwi-backward yayisetyenziswe uhlobo oluthile lomfanekiso: irhamncwa leengcali okanye umkhweli ngomkhonto. Nangona u-Rus sele sele ebhaptizwe, iimpawu ezininzi zobuhedeni ziyakucingwa ngeemali.

Ukulungiswa kwemali ka-Elena Glinskaya

Kukholelwa ukuba iimali zeengqekembe ezipheleleyo zifanele zibe nobukhulu be-gram 1. Kodwa lonke ixesha lokuphila kwezi denezhek isisindo sabo soloko sinciphile. Iimali ezincinci zilinganisa isigamu segram. Qaphela ukuba ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 kwakukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhanki eRashiya. Kwaye banqunyulwa onke amaxesha kwaye bathatha indawo. Ukuthengiswa kwemali kwakunzima. Kukho imfuneko yokuguqulwa, okubangelwa kukudala inkqubo enye yemali yelizwe. Kwakudingeka asebenzise u-Elena Glinskaya - umhlolokazi waseBasil III. Imali endala yayivinjelwe, ezitsha zingaprintwa kuphela kwi-mint yekosi. Igama elitsha laqaliswa - ipenki, kodwa yonke imali igcina i-teknoloji yokudala kunye nokubonakala kwayo. Kwaye abantu bawabiza ngokuba ngamanani. Kuphela ngoku ngokumalunga negama lolawulo lwaseRashiya, umzekelo, iinqununu zemali ze-Alexei Mikhailovich.

Iiperiodization zeengqekembe zemali

Iimali zexesha elidala zesikali ngexesha lokuphila kwazo zenze utshintsho oluninzi oludibeneyo neziganeko ezithile kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuchaza indlela ethile. Ixesha lokuqala - ukususela nge-9 ukuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12-lubonakaliswe ukungabikho kwegolide, isiliva kunye nokuthungulwa kwemigodi eRashiya. Iingxowa-mali zangaphandle zazisetyenziselwa kakhulu, kwaye ezakhe zazenziwe ngeengots of metals ezixabisekileyo, ezithathwa njengezona zinto zintengiso. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo yokunyuka kwemali kaRus yayenziwe.

Ukususela kwi-XII ukuya kwi-XIV kwinkulungwane ye-Tatar-Mongol, i-yokota ye-Tatar-Mongol yayikhutshwa.

Ngexesha lesithathu - ukususela kwishumi elinesine ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo - ukuxoshwa kweebhanki zeRashiya kwabuyiselwa, kodwa isikhulu ngasinye sathi sathola i-mint yayo.

Isigaba sesine sihlangene ngqo kunye nokuhlaziywa kuka-Elena Glinskaya: ngeli xesha umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali eMoscow uqhubeka.

Ixesha lesihlanu libangelwa utshintsho lwemali kwintendelezo kaPetros I. Kukho ukutshintshwa kwezikali ngemali eshicilelwe kumashishini. Ziba zikhulu ngokwesisindo kwaye zibaluleka ubuso. Inkqubo yokugqibela yesilinganiso ifakiwe.

Numismatists

Ukususela ekubeni izikali zifunyanwa kuyo yonke indawo, iindleko zabo kuxhomekeke kwiindleko ezininzi zeemarike kunye nakwintsimbi esenziwa kuyo. Ixabiso lentengiso lineentlobo ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka kuma-ruble angu-140 ukuya kumawaka angama-7. Izinto ezixabisekileyo zibhekwa njengeengqekembe zeenkosana ezithile, kuba amanqaku eebhanki anjalo awanakwenzeka rhoqo. Yaye ukuba bayenza, ngoko imeko yabo ibuhlungu gqitha. Ikota yesibini yemali nesiqingatha semali iyaxabiswa kakhulu, kuba ezi ngqekembe nazo zinqabile kakhulu. Ipesenteji zabo kwizinto zobuncwane ezicatshuweyo zincinci kakhulu.