Church enkulu ku Russia: Imizekelo

High, zibonakale iitempile kude hipped bekukho imilo ezininzi zikulungele ukwakhiwa eRashiya. zesikhumbuzo abaninzi baye esekhona nanamhla kwaye mangaza nabakhenkethi ngobuhle bayo. Nkqu indawo embindini akazange adlale indima ententeni endala kunye neetempile asinguye umntu owabakho ngenxa iindibano ezinkulu. ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe kwaye elinesixhenxe aba nemveliso kakhulu ukuvela ezikhumbuzo umdla. Umzekelo, Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Cathedral of kuMoses kwi okwabangela) e Moscow on Red Square, yakhiwa ngo-1552 luze lumakishwe imbonakalo yakhe kuthinjwe Kazan. Okunye intente amabandla Russia abakwazi ukukhuphisana nabo ngobuhle nodumo.

bokwakha

Ngundoqo bonke bephela zakhiwa malunga efanayo. kwesitya uqinise, ezimisa ukuba lo octagon amancinci - inkxaso yentente libe, zokufuna esibhakabhakeni. Noko ke, umyili nganye bazisa ekwakheni into eyahlukileyo, kutheni ezimbini iitempile ezifanayo. Ifuna sabonakala ngokufuthi iindidi ezahlukeneyo iinxalenye uhombiso.

Isici ugcina zonke iitempile hipped - kukungabikho kweentsika, oko kukuthi, isakhiwo yonke lixhomekeke ezindongeni, ngoko ke ezintenteni ebanzi kwakungenzeki kwaphela. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yesi sizathu, ayikwazanga intente ilitye ebanzi kakhulu Cathedral iYerusalem Entsha Monastery. Emva koko kungena amanye iinkuni ukukhanya alekwe nangesinyithi, kwaye itempile limi, abantu abonwabileyo emhlabeni.

Isithintelo?

Ngaphezu kwekhulu iitempile hipped kwaqhenqetha kakhulu kweli lizwe. Kodwa kwafika ngokutsha ibandla of uBhishophu Nikon ngo-1653, emva koko indlela ngathi ndlela aluvumelekanga. enkulu Church in eRashiya wayeka kwakhiwa. Mhlawumbi ukuvalwa ekwakhiweni wayengekho. Kodwa, inyaniso ayikho sakhiwe emva kokuba utshintsho ka Nikon enkulu ibandla ngamatye. Emantla, baqhubeka ukwakha iintente kwi ngeplanga iicawa ezincinane neenqaba intsimbi ezifana kokugqitywa wahlala zithandwa phambi kokufika classicism.

Ngelishwa, bambalwa gqitha imizekelo elisaphilayo lwezakhiwo ngamaplanga, neentente iicawa ngomthi ukongeza yosetyenziso kwaye ulahliwe post-revolution banikwa ubunzima ezininzi kwaye phantse shwaka. Kukho, ngoko ke, iziqithi ekhuselweyo kwilizwe apho evenkileni ngezinto zakudala. Xa wabuyela ukuthandwa kwesimbo Russian (kanti, nangona kunjalo, pseudo), hip bokwakha njengokuba waphila kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zakhiwo zahluke kakhulu langaphambili. iicawa ententeni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kwaba nzima ukwenza, kwaye ingakumbi, ndizekela kwasentloko, leyo Wabonakala Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane elinesihlanu kunye elinesithandathu.

amasiko

Imbonakalo pommel hipped kubangelwa ikakhulu ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba iicawa Russian zakhiwa njengoko ezikhumbuzo lungqiyame ukuba iziganeko ezithile. iicawa ententeni kwenkulungwane ye-16 ngakumbi nangakumbi nangengalo phezulu. ukwakhiwa ibandla Russian yaphuhliswa kwi abaluqilima utshintsho. Hypothesis ukuba izithethe izakhiwo zamatye kunye ngaphambili - iinkuni - uye wahlala bokuba kwaye hayi kakhulu echanekileyo. Oku lucaciswa kuzo izifundo izakhiwo zokuqala - Church of ukwenyuka e Kolomenskoye (1532 Vasily III) kunye ibandla Ingqikelelo Vologda Posada (1493). Yeyona mizekelo liciko malunga nendlela amabandla yentente ngamatye.

indlela yenkqubo enomdla kwaye iBandla kuMoses e Medvedkovo apho libizwa ngokucacileyo indlela yokuyilwa ngentente endaweni nkundla. Le tempile iyafana kakhulu omkhulu ezininzi-headed eSt Basil kaThixo Cathedral Vasiliya Blazhennogo kwaye ufanelwe inkcazelo engakumbi ethile. Kwakhona luphawu kakhulu edume iitempile hipped Russian: bambongozayo (owayekade Emnye) Church of the Alexander zokuhlala (1510), iCawa Uglich "Iyamangalisa" (1628), eMoscow e Putinki wokuzalwa kwebandla Virgin.

Medvedkovo

Le tempile yakhiwe kumgangatho ophantsi ophezulu (ezantsi phaya Znamenskaya ubusika ibandla), eligcina yonke ivolyum quadrangle, emagumbini apho izaliswe uphahla ezincinane. On the quadrangle yinto elisezantsi ngobulungisa ukukhanya octagon njengesiseko kwentente amatye etsolo. Olinganise ukuhlamba quadrangular kwaye libe, ulwakhiwo eqinileyo kunye intente unika enobunye ekhethekileyo yaye phantse eziphaphazelayo, ngokuba ukuphakama wentente phantse ngaphezu inxalenye yonke asezantsi etempileni. Kwigumbi elingaphantsi, singqongwe amaziko kwaye amabini alinganayo-yingcwele - Nine nkolo kunye Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Hi ndlela leyi, quadrangular hipped uphahla okokuqala eRashiya mnye-headed sele inikwe apha. Eqongeni kwesakhiwo, songeza ngesahluko okhethekileyo, yayo enqabileyo multi-composition ngenxa eyandisiweyo empumalanga apse ibandla asezantsi. Kokoshniki, zibekwe kwimiqolo ngapha phezu kwe window ye iindonga quadrangle, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwentente, nesahluko ziyo ugxininise ukwakhiwa pyramidal yesakhiwo, somnyaka yayo, ngeminqweno emihle esibhakabhakeni kwaye okunyusa ubuhle umphefumlo. A itempile ukusuka entshonalanga ngathi kwibhanka ixhasa Bukhosi style intsimbi inqaba, zakhiwa 1840s.

indaba

Iinkathazo kufike ixesha amakishwe zonke iintlobo iintlekele zemvelo, zokungenelela izibonda kunye balwa, ngoko ke urhulumente, imeko yezopolitiko neyoqoqosho karhulumente enzima. iicawa ententeni e Moscow, yaye lonke ilizwe ukuba wakhe phantse zaphela. isakhiwo Stone, njengoko enjalo, bayeka ngokupheleleyo. Kuphela iminyaka emashumi mabini anantlanu, iRashiya lifikelele kwinqanaba okulingene kut- izakhiwo ngamatye. Ngokusisiseko, emva kokuba iitempile 1620 kuphindwa iintlobo zangaphambili lwezakhiwo.

Yaye kungekudala kakhulu ilandelwa yi ukulungiswa uBhishophu Nikon, xa iicawa ententeni ayisekho "fit kuluhlu." Nikon uthanda lwesakhiwo izahluko ezithathu okanye ezintlanu. Ngowe-1655, e-Vishnyaky ekwakhiweni etempileni ngokomyalelo uMphathi Izindlwana ezimbini zaye zagqitywa iintloko hayi zincopho zininzi ujikajikeleza, nangona lo msebenzi inxaxheba ekuqaleni.

Stolpoobraznoe njenge umanduleli

Apha, okokuqala zonke wenza ukusilela ngexesha utshintsho ibandla nabo bonke ubudala kwaye akukhethayo zonke kasolusapho yaseByzantium, kuqukwa uyilo umnqamlezo-nkundla. Nangona enkulu ibandla eRashiya sifunda ngakumbi Western Gothic: zentshukumo, nilwela phezulu, nenqaba architecture intsika-amabandla.

Ngokomzekelo, iCawa Ioanna Predtechi kwidolophana Djakovo (eMoscow) kunye Church of the Kumbi kwidolophana Ostrov (kummandla eMoscow). Zombini zakhiwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi, kwaye landulelwa izakhiwo ezimbini intsika-uhlobo intente. Kwakhona unako ukukhonza ngumzekelo omnye iicawa ezininzi edumileyo, intsimbi iinqaba "Ivan Veliky", eyakhiwe imbeko Ioanna Lestvichnika kwi incwadi ngo-1505.

izibonelo

Umsebenzi Podkolokolny ne omqolo belfry, zakhiwe ngasentla nje etempileni, iitempile intente ekujongwe ayifani. Kwaba ngethuba eziliqela izisombululo izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, kukho inkululeko enkulu womzobi, kwaye ufumana phantse lonke iitempile stolpoobraznye slim.

Ngokomzekelo, itempile oyiNgcwele uMoya Descent (1476, Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra), Kolomna St. George Bell Tower (ngaphambili - itempile Arhangela Gavriila, iminyaka 1530), i-Church of St. bakaSimon-Stylites (Danilovsky Monastery, eMoscow, ngowe-1732, wakha phezu kwiSango oyiNgcwele), amabini nayo emnyango wetempile kwi Donskoy woonongendi, ibandla St. uSergiyo of Radonezh (Novospassky eMonastri intsimbi Tower), ibandla Feodora Stratilata Holy Warrior (Menshikov inqaba, eMoscow, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba) kunye nabanye.

iisimboli

Stone Hip bokwakha iyafana kumthi imilo, le isimbo ixhaphake ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya namhlanje. Kubonakele, ngokutsho yemihla, ngokucacileyo kwiisampuli kweenkuni. Noko ke, xa ngenxa yezizathu zokusebenza udaka intente indawo yayo yathathwa yi ukwakhiwa yeetempile eyenziwe ngomthi, ukwakhiwa yamatye asikwazi kunxulumana kuyilo. Kunoko, kwaba umnqweno ukuba adlulisele umfanekiso othile - conviviality, nilwela phezulu. Hayi nje kuphela kweli phondo, kodwa kwakhona kwikomkhulu, silhouettes evuthelweyo iitempile ngamaplanga baba kakhulu zamkelekile yaye oko yadlala indima ephambili.

Xa sesakhiwo Hip inika umthwalo zinzulu kwisemantiki: oku umendo ubukumkani bamazulu, kwaye uqhagamshelwano lwe square (elimiweyo wadala) kunye isangqa (uphawu yezizwe). Kwesitya - Square, ebonisa umhlaba, octagon - zonke iinkalo lesithuba emacaleni zehlabathi, kunye i inkwenkwezi-etsolo ezisibhozo luphawu Virgin kunye ngomhla wesibhozo - inani engcwele kwenkulungwane elizayo. Isibingelelo itempile ziyo - umfanekiso cone ileli ukhokho uYakobi, indlela eya kuThixo.

Kolomenskoye and Alexander Sloboda

Emnye Church of the Alexander zokuhlala (ngoku - mabambongoze) - kwibhotwe itempile Prince Vasily III. Relative ukuya kumhla yokwakha ixesha elide kukho ukungavisisani, kodwa uphando lwakutsha nje imihla ku 1510. Ngaphambi koku, ibandla intente yokuqala yayigqalwa ukwenyuka e Kolomenskoye (1532), nto leyo nayo yakhelwe phezu umthetheli enye enkulu.

Oku ngokuqinisekileyo wobugcisa omkhulu, kodwa hayi kuqala. Zombini iitempile zakhiwa manors ukumkani ukuba ngamagosa yeka. Kwaye Ascension waba lesikhumbuzo imbeko yokuzalwa indlalifa - omkhulu Ivana Groznogo. UMdali lomculo emangalisayo kwi Alexander zokuhlala ithathwa umakhi Italy - New Aleviz, umbhali we kwingcinga Church, kakhulu, ukuba kwakuyeyona Italian - Petroc Minor.

St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Ukusukela ukuba oku itsala enkulu kubakhenkethi kuphela e Moscow, kodwa lonke ilizwe, oku iicawa intente kufuneka uxelele iinkcukacha ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kazan Khanate woyiswa, waza wadala imbeko yale lesikhumbuzo, unanamhla luphawu Russia, kunye lesikhumbuzo obubalaseleyo izakhiwo. Cathedral ye kuMoses kwi okwabangela yakhiwa iminyaka emithandathu (ukususela 1555) kwaye wajika ngendlela engaqhelekanga, nokuba hayi kwi elihle. Ngaphambili ke, wagcinwa Emnye Church kunye nomjelo ngoyaba ecaleni incwadi, leyo yazaliswa kuphela ngo-1813. Endaweni yawo ngoku necropolis kunye yamangcwaba.

Yayingubani Vasiliy Blazhenny, wangcwatyelwa ilungelo ecaleni Emnye Church kwi-Red Square? Le Moscow whacky, eyaziyo, nesipho clairvoyance, ngubani kwangaphambili iintlekele ezininzi, kuquka umlilo enkulu 1547, xa kutshiswa phantse lonke eMoscow. Ngokwakhe Ivan Grozny ayeze kwaye phantse wamoyika Vasiliya Blazhennogo, nto ke leyo ebangele bamngcwabela iimbeko kunye ndawo ebomvu kuye. Ngaphezu koko, kungekudala inani wabeka etempileni, leyo kamva idluliselwe amandla isidenge clairvoyant, ngokuba ingcwaba lakhe ngoko nangoko emva komngcwabo yaqala imimangaliso - abantu kuphiliswa, 'yabona, iziqhwala zihamba, kwaye ume efe.

Engakumbi ngokuphumelela ezisibhozo

Kazan waqalisa iphulo, eyaphelela ekoyiseni okokuqala, ngokokuqhelekileyo Russian kule ndawo ziye boyiswa emva kokoyiswa. Ivan abangcangcazelisi wenza isibhambathiso - ukuba Kazan ziya kuwa, wazibeka phezu Red Square itempile grand kukhunjulwa uloyiso. Waza wazalisekisa idinga ngokupheleleyo.

Imfazwe inde, yaye emva kokoyisa ngamnye iingalo Russian yayakhelwe ecaleni Emnye Church icawa encinane wokuwonga elaa saint abamini iye kungqamane athi phithi yayo. Emva kokuba ukubuya nokuphumelela Ivan Grozny, iicawa yeplanga esitsha endaweni ye ezisibhozo wagqiba ekubeni abeke ilitye elikhulu - edume kakhulu ukuba kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi.

Legends

abakhi itempile Beautiful esikufumanayo ngenxa yentabalala yazo zamabali ahlukeneyo ezibangela yonke into apha nje akunakwenzeka. Ngokwemveli, ukumkani Ivan labangcangcazelisi waqesha iinkosi ezimbini Barma kunye Postnik Yakovlev. Enyanisweni ke umntu - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma ngegama, kodwa uWele Faster. Kukho banentsomi yokuba emva ulwakhiwo labazobi kakumkani tameke kangangokuba zange kwaye akukho nto intle kakhulu le tempile akakheki. imisebenzi Zingaphi yobugcisa kule ngantsomi ibhalwe! Noko ke, akunjalo.

Kukho amaxwebhu, yaye inani elikhulu, emva kokuba Cathedral ye ubathethelela okukhawulezileyo bakha Kazan yesicelo. Too kungaba mnandi, mhlawumbi, kodwa akukho wumbi. Kakade ke, angenjenjalo njenge St Vasiliya Blazhennogo, enceda kuphela, kodwa kananjalo umsebenzi omkhulu izakhiwo. Ukongeza, kuye kwafunyaniswa esandleni ukwakhiwa okukhawulezileyo le Annunciation Cathedral (Moscow yesicelo), ingcamango Cathedral, St Nicholas Church (Sviyazhsk - zombini), nkqu Church of kaYohane St. umBhaptizi e Dyakovo. Zonke ezi iitempile zadalwa kakhulu kamva.