Iinkalo eziphambili zeenkqubo zerhafu

Ingxowa-mali yonkxaso nayiphi na imeko imfuno yenkqubo yokuzaliswa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo, ngelixa wonke umntu uyazi ukuba uninzi lwezijokelelo zigcinwe zizibophelelo zezemali zoshishino. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngetekisi yerhafu enzima, elawula lo msebenzi.

Ingundoqo yerhafu

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukuqwalasela iintlobo zerhafu zerhafu, kufuneka siziqonde ngokwenene isenzo soshishino salo nawuphi na urhulumente. Inyaniso kukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokubambisana kunye nezibophelelo zamashishini anomashishini anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nemvelaphi ekhangelekileyo yomthetho kunye nemiqathango.

Kwaye akumangalisi, ngenxa yokuba irhafu yeso sixhobo sezimali esisekelwe kwisiseko sobudlelwane boqoqosho kwanaliphi na ilizwe, bobabini baphuhlisiwe kunye nendlela yokuba. Ngoko ke, umthwalo wezemali umele isabelo esithile semilinganiselo yezinto eziphathekayo esithathwe kumnini-mhlaba ukulungiselela urhulumente. Yenza imisebenzi enyanzelekileyo kunye nokulawula kwaye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuzaliswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Lo mva, usebenza njengomlawuli weenkqubo zezoqoqosho ezibaluleka kuzwelonke.

Iintlobo zemithwalo yemali

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokumisela uxanduva luyinkimbinkimbi kwaye i-multilevel, ngoko ke inkqubo yerhafu yeRussian Federation ( ezo iintlobo zerhafu zifikelela malunga neqela elinesibini) zihlelwe ngokwempawu ezininzi. Kwinqanaba lokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo wezemali :

• Ehlabathini lonke (federal) umthwalo: usasazeka kulo lonke elaseRussia Federation kwaye kunyanzelekile ukuba kwenziwe kuyo nayiphi na indawo;
• Ummandla: ulawulwa yiNkcazo yeRhafu kwaye uhluka ngeerhafu kunye neemeko zerhafu ngokuxhomekeke kwimimandla yommandla;
• Umthwalo wendawo: sisixhobo sokuzalisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwendalo.

Kwakhona, irhafu ihlulwe ngokwemiqathango yokuphunyezwa kwayo kwaye kwenzeka:

• Abstract (isetyenziswe kwisiseko somthetho jikelele);
• Ezizodwa (kuqaliswa ukuzalisekisa umnotho-karhulumente malunga neenjongo ezithile, ezicacileyo ngokucacileyo).

Ulwakhiwo lwenkqubo yerhafu

Umbuso ngamnye unempawu ezahlukileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali eziqhutyelwayo, ngoko ke iintlobo zerhafu zehlabathi zitshintsha kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, kukho amazwe alawula ukuzalisa imali yengxowa-mali ye-budget ngeyona ndlela yinkimbinkimbi, ekuqalekeni, ngendlela. Konke oku kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi zobuninzi, kuquka neemeko zembali.

Inkqubo yerhafu kwiimeko zayo eziqhelekileyo yimiqathango yemigaqo elawula umyalelo, ubungakanani kunye nesakhiwo sokwenza imithwalo yemali, kunye neloluhlu lwamanyathelo kunye nezohlwayo zokungathobeli. Konke oku ekusebenzisaneni kwayo kuyindlela enkulu esekelwe kwisiseko sobudlelwane boqoqosho kwanoma yiphina imeko.

Imigaqo yokusekwa kweenkqubo zezemali

Iintlobo zenkqubo yentlawulo ziyahlukahluka ngokwazo ngokuxhomekeke kwimigaqo ethile yomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe. Ngaphantsi kwengcamango yomgaqo kule meko, izibonelelo ezisemgangathweni kunye neengcamango ezinokulawula umsebenzi wezemali zikaRhulumente zibekiwe. Kwinkqubo yerhafu, bahlulwe ngoqoqosho, kwintlangano kunye nasemthethweni.

Iyokuqala ingabandakanya ukulingana, ukulingana, ukusabalalisa, ukungabikho kokuphulwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ukulungelelanisa kwaye, kubaluleke kakhulu, ukulungelelanisa. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo weerhafu usebenza kubo bonke abahlawuli ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala njani kunye neendawo zabo kuluntu. Ngelo xesha, wonke umntu uyayiqonda kakuhle into ahlawula ngayo kwisabelomali kunye nokuba yiyiphi imali eqokelelwa kuyo.

Imigaqo yombutho ikhusela ixesha kunye nesakhelo sesikhokelo sokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo kwilizwe. Imithetho ilawulwa yimimiselo.

Inxaxheba yenkqubo yerhafu kwilizwe

Nangona kunjalo, iindidi eziphambili zeenkqubo zerhafu zenza imisebenzi efanayo kwihlabathi lonke:

1. Le nxalenye yomsebenzi wezoqoqosho ngokuyinhloko yindlela edibeneyo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwemibutho karhulumente kunye nequmrhu lezorhwebo (kwiimeko ezithile, umntu).
2. Ngethuba elifanayo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu yelizwe zichonga ngokulinganayo indima yommeli wembopheleleko kwibhajethi: yiyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
3. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho weendlela zolawulo lwemali ukulawula ukuhamba kwemali yelizwe, ukubeka intlalontle yoluntu jikelele.
4. Kwaye umsebenzi wokugqibela wokutyalomali uquka ukunyamekela ikamva likarhulumente ngokusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo wezemali.

Inkqubo yemali yentlawulo kwiRussia Federation

Kunzima ukuhlalutya umgaqo-nkqubo webhajethi welizwe lethu. Ubuncinane kuba i-state ibonakala ingenelisekanga ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ukuba ibe yindlela ecacileyo yokumisela kunye nokuhlawula imbopheleleko, ngoko ke iintlobo zerhafu yeRhafu Federation zatshintshile amaxesha amaninzi.

Kuze kube yimhla, sinokuthi inkqubo yokuzalisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali alukho umlawuli onamandla kwaye ocacileyo, nangona kusekho oku. Ngokubhekiselele kulolu hlobo lokugqibela, lubekwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokuchanekileyo izenzo zomthetho ezisisigxina, ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo kunye nendlela eya kubathengi. Kwaye zikwazi ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa oku akukwenzeka ngenxa yobukho benkqubo enobunzima bolawulo kwilizwe kunye nezinga elizimeleyo lolawulo lwe-bureaucracy.

Inkqubo yerhafu, iintlobo eziphambili zerhafu eMelika

Urhulumente waseUnited States kangangamakhulu eminyaka uhambela ngempumelelo umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhulula, owakha isiseko sobudlelwane bemarike kwimimandla karhulumente. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yerhafu kweli lizwe iqulunqwe ngempumelelo kwaye isebenza ngokusemthethweni njengeholo.

Siyabulela kwizinga eliphezulu leenzuzo, kunye nokunyaniseka kwixabiso elithinteleyo (ezinokunciphisa inzuzo), iinkqubo zotyalo-mali kwisigxina sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lubekwe ngokucacileyo.

Kwinkqubo yokwenza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, amaMerika athwala izibophelelo phantsi kweeteksi zerhafu ezisisiseko:

• Ukuqokelela kwezemali kwiintengiso;
• Izibophelelo zentlawulo;
• Iqoqo kwimali yomshuwalense yoluntu;
• Umthwalo wendawo kwimisebenzi yezoshishino (isebenza kwiphondo ngalinye ngabanye).

Iintlobo zerhafu inkqubo eYurophu

Indlela yeNtshona yeYurophu yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ihluke ngokufanelekileyo kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ubuncinci kuba uyazikhusela ngokumalunga nabaphathi beerhafu.

Ngokomzekelo, eFransi akukho zeholide zerhafu kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeenzuzo, kodwa urhulumente uthembeke ekusebenziseni ixabiso lokunciphisa amaxabiso ngamaqumrhu ebhizinisi. Izinga eliphantsi lohlahlo lwabiwo mali lifikelela kulawo ma shishini abhenela kwimisebenzi yenzululwazi ngexesha lokusebenzela.

Kodwa umgaqo-werhafu weJamani ubonakaliswe ngamanani aphezulu aphezulu kumatyala. Ngamanye amaxesha irhafu yerhafu ingafikelela kuma-50% kwimisebenzi ethile. Ngelo xesha, izigwebo zokungahambisani nemimiselo ziphela nje. Nangona kunjalo, iinjongo zeYurophu zinjalo ukuba aziyikwesabisi abo basomashishini basekhaya, ngoko ke indlela yokuzalisa umnotho-mali ihlelwe ngokucokisekileyo.