Iimpawu kunye nesakhiwo kwerhasi, ulwelo kunye eziqinileyo

Yonke into ezingaphiliyo iqulathe amasuntswana ukuziphatha ogama zinokwahluka. Ubume ingangumoya, ulwelo kunye eziqinileyo uneempawu zawo. Amasuntswana eziqinileyo zibanjwa kunye, ngenxa yokuba indawo ngokusondeleyo kakhulu enye kwenye, nto leyo ebenza ixesha elide kakhulu. Ukongeza, ukuba uyakwazi ukugcina imilo othile, njengoko amasuntswana zabo incinane ngokoqobo musa ukuhamba, kwaye zishukuma kuphela. Le molecule e ulwelo basondele kakhulu omnye komnye, kodwa ke bakhululekile ukuba ukuhamba, ngoko ke imilo yabo, abanayo. Amasuntswana iigesi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngeenxa zonke, njengoko umthetho, nomhlaba omkhulu, nto leyo ithetha ekubambeleleni kwawo lula.

Iimpawu kunye Sakhiwo eziqinileyo

Yintoni na isakhiwo neempawu ubume eziqinileyo? Ziqulethe ngamasuntswana kufutshane kakhulu omnye komnye. Abakwazi ukuhamba, ngoko ukuma kwabo ezisisigxina. Ziintoni iimpawu eqinileyo? It akayeki, kodwa xa itshiswa, umthamo walo uya kunyuka ngokwandayo lobushushu. Oku kungenxa yokuba amasuntswana baqale sendlebe siyashukuma, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncipheni mninzi.

Enye iimpawu eziqinileyo kukuba babe imilo elimisiweyo. Xa eqinileyo itshiswa, lo uqina umyinge isindululo amasuntswana kwandisa. amasuntswana ngokukhawuleza elihambayo zingqubane nogonyamelo, ebangela yamasuntswana ngamnye ukuba amsunduze abamelwane babo. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu ngokuqhelekileyo iziphumo ngamandla aphezulu umzimba.

Crystal Isakhiwo eziqinileyo

amandla aphakathi phakathi molekyuli ezikufutshane of a enamandla eqinileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukubabamba endaweni ezinzileyo. Ukuba ezi amasuntswana amancinane bakwimeko kwindibano kakhulu wayalela, ezi zakhiwo kuthiwa crystalline. Imiba odolwa yangaphakathi amasuntswana (athom, ion, iimolekyuli) loMthetho element okanye ezimbaxa izibandakanye inzululwazi ezikhethekileyo - crystallography.

Ubume imichiza yequmrhu bubambekayo umdla ethile. Ngokufundisisa indlela bamasuntswana, ukuba zisebenza njani, ekhemisi bachaze kwaye ukuqikelela ukuba izinto ezithile izakuziphatha phantsi kweemeko ezithile. amasuntswana Tiny komzimba eziqinileyo akhe ngekroba. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-ilungiselelo rhoqo amasuntswana, apho kubaluleke kakhulu idlalwa iibhondi ezahlukeneyo imichiza phakathi kwabo.

theory Band eqine isakhiwo umzimba xa ucinga okuqinileyo njengoko umndilili oyi-athom, nganye nto leyo iquka nucleus kunye electron. Ubume crystalline ye ngumongo athom sele amaqhina emkhusaneni, esibonakala yi kumaza athile lwendawo.

Yintoni na isakhiwo ulwelo?

Isakhiwo eziqinileyo kunye ulwelo iyafana kuba amasuntswana ezo zenziwe zibe kude kufutshane. Umahluko kukuba molecule umbandela engamanzi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ukusukela ukuba amandla yomtsalane phakathi kwabo ithambile kakhulu kunokuba eziqinileyo.

Yintoni, ke, iimpawu ulwelo? Okokuqala, lo fluidity, okwesibini, isikhongozelo engamanzi kuya kuthatha uhlobo apho ibekwe. Ukuba itshiswa, umthamo uza kunyuka. Ngenxa kufutshane amasuntswana kwezinye ulwelo nganye ayikwazi zixinaniswe.

Yintoni na isakhiwo kunye ubume imizimba sukube?

zicwangciswe amasuntswana igesi ngequbuliso, ukuba kude ngaphandle ukuba phakathi kwabo akakwazi kuba amandla nomtsalane. Yintoni iimpawu irhasi kunye namaqumrhu sukube yintoni na isakhiwo? Ngokuqhelekileyo, le gesi kubenge- Wawuzalisa isithuba yonke ekwathi kuyo ibekwa. Oku ngokulula zixinaniswe. Izinga amasuntswana sukube na ukunyuka omzimba ngokwandayo lobushushu. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukwanda koxinzelelo.

Ubume ingangumoya, ulwelo kunye eziqinileyo luphawulwa imigama ezahlukeneyo phakathi kweengqakumbana umzuzu ezi izinto. Amasuntswana gesi kude kangakanani ngaphandle kokuba ukwimeko eqinileyo okanye engamanzi. Xa umoya, umzekelo, umgama ongumyinge phakathi kweengqakumbana nama izihlandlo ezilishumi sangqa isuntswana ngalinye. Ngenxa yoko, isixa iimolekyuli kuthatha% malunga 0.1 nje kuphela yabo bebonke. I-99,9% na indawo engenanto. Ngokwahlukileyo amasuntswana fluid ugcwalise malunga ne-70% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo bolwelo.

yamasuntswana gas nganye esihamba ngokukhululekileyo behamba endleleni rectilinear de ayenzi zingqubane omnye yamasuntswana (igesi, ezingamanzi okanye eziqinileyo). Amasuntswana zikholisa ukuhamba akakhawulezi ngokwaneleyo, kwaye emva kokuba bobabini zingqubane, bona shaya ngamnye yaye baqhubeka nohambo lwabo yedwa. Ezi yangqubana iguquka ulwalathiso nesantya. Le propati ukuba amasuntswana igesi iigesi ukwandisa ukugcwalisa nayiphi na imilo okanye umqulu.

utshintsho kwisimo

Ubume ingangumoya, ulwelo kunye eziqinileyo zisenokwahluka ukuba impembelelo ethile lwangaphandle awasebenzisa kuzo. Mhlawumbi wayede aye ngobume ngamnye enye phantsi kweemeko ezithile, umzekelo ngexesha ubilisa okanye zokupholisa.

• Zavuleka. Phantsi yempembelelo amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu amalungiselelo Isakhiwo siyabutyaka, kwaye okuqinileyo kuba lulwelo. Amasuntswana nangoku zibekwe kufutshane omnye komnye, kodwa kukho isithuba phakathi kwawo. Ngoko, xa into eqinileyo inyibilika, kudla ayanda ukugcwalisa umthamo noko omkhulu. Le inkululeko intshukumo evumela, umzekelo, ukuba akunike eminye uhlobo metal engamanzi.

• Ngumphunga. Isakhiwo neempawu imizimba ulwelo kubavumela phantsi kwemiqathango ethile, ukuba bafudukele imeko eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo emzimbeni. Umzekelo, ngempazamo iphalale ipetroli kwi imoto garaji, u nga va ivumba layo elibukhali pretty ngokukhawuleza. Yenzeka njani le nto? Amasuntswana ukunqumla fluid, nto leyo inxalenye ethile yabo ifikelela komhlaba. ulwalathiso lwabo angenza ezi iimolekyuli ngaphandle komhlaba kwisithuba ngaphezu ulwelo, kodwa umtsalane uya ndingabagungxuli umva. Kwelinye icala, ukuba kwisuntswana ihamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, oko bahlukane kude elinye kumgama endilisekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngokwandisa uqina amasuntswana, leyo eyenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo ngokutshisa, inkqubo komphunga lwenzeka ukuguquka, ngamanye of ulwelo lube yirhasi.

Ukuziphatha lwemizimba kumazwe ahlukeneyo emzimbeni

Ubume iigesi, ezilulwelo, eziqinileyo ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ezi izinto luqulathe athom, iimolekyuli okanye ion, kodwa ukuziphatha ezi amasuntswana inokuba nomahluko kakhulu. Amasuntswana gas ngendlela umbhodamo wesikolo bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye, ezo molekyuli kulwelo kufutshane omnye komnye, kodwa amazwi yakhiwe eqinileyo. Amasuntswana gesi elalilapho kwaye ihamba ngesantya esiphezulu. I-athom kunye molecule le webhokisi engamanzi, siyashukuma yaye sehla elidlulileyo omnye komnye. amasuntswana obuphathekayo umzimba kwakhona sendlebe, kodwa intshukumo hlobo, akukho yinqobo kubo.

Iimpawu yesakhelo sangaphakathi

Ukuze siqonde indlela yokuziphatha mba, simele siqale sihlolisise iimpawu lwesakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi. Yintoni umahluko lwangaphakathi phakathi lenyengane, namafutha omnquma, helium ngebhaluni yomoya? Imodeli olulula lwesakhiwo kuya kunceda ukuze ufumane impendulo kulo mbuzo.

Le ndlela yenziwe ngendlela elula into okanye isiyobisi. Ngokomzekelo, phambi kokuba iqale ukwakha ngqo, abakhi kuqala eyenzelwe iprojekthi yokwakha model. Le modeli lula akuthethi kuthetha inkcazelo echanileyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, lingenza ingcamango rough oko baya kubonisa omnye okanye esinye isakhiwo.

uhle lula

Ngesayensi, nangona kunjalo, imifuziselo ayisoloko bakhonze umzimba wenyama. Kwinkulungwane lokugqibela kukho ukwanda kakhulu ukuqonda kwabantu zehlabathi emzimbeni. Noko ke, inkoliso ulwazi ababeyiqwebile namava isekelwe i magama entsonkothileyo kakhulu, ezifana zemathematika, iikhemikhali kunye neefomula emzimbeni. Ukuze siqonde konke oku, kufuneka ukuba ngokwaneleyo lusekelwe kakuhle kwezi inzululwazi ngqo kunye ezintsonkothileyo. Izazinzulu ziye iphuhlise imodeli lula ukubona, ucacise ukuqikelela ophathekayo. Konke oku lula kakhulu ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ezinye izidumbu i imilo rhoqo kunye nomthamo kwiqondo elithile, kwaye oku kungatshintshwa abanye njalo njalo.

Yonke into ubunjwe amasuntswana amancinane. Ezi zibe sihamba rhoqo. Umthamo traffic ezinxulumene ne lobushushu. lobushushu Ukwanda kubonisa ukwanda ngesantya. Ubume ingangumoya, ulwelo kunye eziqinileyo iyahluka inkululeko intshukumo amasuntswana, ngokunjalo nendlela ngokusondeleyo amasuntswana ninomdla omnye komnye. Physical iimpawu osisiqu kuxhomekeka kwimeko ebonakalayo. umphunga wamanzi, amanzi elulwelo kunye ice babe iimpawu ezifanayo imichiza kodwa iimpawu yabo zahlukile kakhulu.