IFomu, ingqiqo kunye nolwakhiwo kurhulumente. Ubume bentlalo karhulumente

Ngomhla ucingisisa ngoko imigaqo yombuso osebenzayo? Yintoni na ke kuvele ezinye iintlobo ze umbutho wezopolitiko yoluntu? Yiyiphi imigaqo ezingundoqo ukuphunyezwa nakumaqumrhu ngamandla kulawulo loluntu kumazwe mihla yaye, ingakumbi, eRashiya?

Yintoni na urhulumente?

Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa oko isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente, ukuchaza eyakho ukuze oko kuthethwa ezinjalo. iingqiqo senkolelo kule nkalo, zininzi. Phakathi zixhaphakileyo - le nkcazelo ilandelayo. State - le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu abo bamanyene ngokusekelwe ubuzwe okanye zendawo, wadalwa ukuze kuqinisekwe imigaqo esisiseko umgangatho wobomi, ukhuseleko kunye nenkululeko ukuba wonke ummi.

Abantu uyaqaphela abakhetha ukuhlala kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, angene "contract lwentlalo" kunye norhulumente, "abanye" Abaphathi uRhulumente (iPalamente) okanye aqalise self-government kwimigaqo yobulungisa zibonise iimfuno zoluntu. Iifom yokuqala kwesindululo, xa weza ekuziseni abantu kunye nje encinci, ngaphezulu okanye yohlobo olunye ngaphantsi kuhlale kwaye ngokwenkcubeko, imfuneko "igqiza" wayengekho. Abemi yayanele ukuba akhethe, masithi, i "inkokeli" onamava okanye iqela yalo ngenjongo yokuba imigaqo self-ekuhleleni.

Njengoko ukwandisa amazwe "iinkokeli" uyekile ukuba awukho kwaphela. Okanye, phakathi ukuphikisana baqala ukuvela, efuna imifuziselo ukuphucuka self. Okokuqala, umsebenzi "inkokeli" waqalisa ingqalelo ezandleni inani elincinci leenkokheli - ekugqibeleni, kuphela ukumkani. Kamva baqala ukuvela ukunyulwa abasemagunyeni. Umzekelo, Old Isakhiwo karhulumente yenziwa Institute National Chamber. izakhiwo zepalamente benziwa kumazwe aseYurophu. Ngendlela ngaphezulu okanye mihla ngaphantsi yolawulo yezopolitiko kumazwe kwasekwa-17 emva kwexesha - kwiinkulungwane okuqala 18. Kwakukho eyeza abonisa siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya. Kwamanye amazwe abaye yaziswa basisebenzise. Ngoku asebenza ngokungqinelana neenkqubo zobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi.

Ekubeni ziyichaze nto ephambili isifundo sethu encinane, singaqala ukuhlola ukuba isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente. Siqala kwikota yokuqala.

Ukumisela isakhiwo karhulumente

Yintoni i "isakhiwo karhulumente '? Ngokutsho ethandwayo phakathi nkcazelo Russian kwezopolitiko, oko inkqubo imibutho yezopolitiko kunye namaziko ukuba wenze imisebenzi eyimfuneko ukuphumeza izifundo ulawulo igunya elifanelekileyo. isakhiwo sikarhulumente ngohlobo olulo ngoku amaninzi ngendlela noluhlu lwamaqumrhu ezahlukeneyo, yahlulwe yaba kumanqanaba amathathu ezisebenzayo: lowiso, elawulayo eyenkundla. Nto leyo, zahlulwe phakathi inani elikhulu leeyunithi zolwakhiwo onoxanduva kwiindawo ezithile ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo - zabaphathiswa, ii-arhente, kwiikomiti, njl ...

Ezinye iingcali baphawula into eyahlukileyo kubume wezemikhosi karhulumente, kwakunye imizimba kwasekwa kwimeko kaxakeka engxamisekileyo - onjalo, umzekelo, urhulumente wethutyana ngexesha ngexesha revolution 1917, ayizange ekuqaleni ezinikezelwa yi imithetho ekhoyo kweli lizwe. Ubuchule kunye uluhlu amagunya, leyo afakwa kunye neenjongo ngabasemagunyeni zawo ecacisiweyo ezikhoyo zolawulo iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo.

Kukho amagama ngezandi ngakumbi kwesi sifundo, kodwa ke iindidi ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Kwabo, umzekelo, inika ingqiqo hlobo "karhulumente isakhiwo ekuhlaleni." Oku kubandakanya ukuhlelwa yabemi amaqela athile ngokususela kwemeko yezentlalo noqoqosho zabemi. Njengoko ukhetho - bengabakho iiklasi. Oko kukuthi, umzekelo, isakhiwo bentlalo yakuMbindi Ages urhulumente imelwe ngamaqela njengabalimi, oohlohlesakhe abanini izidwangube kunye t. D. Imiba yezopolitiko kunye namaziko karhulumente binzana ngoko sengqondo noko laliphakathi nje.

Ingaba ingqikelelo "isakhiwo sikarhulumente". Kwezinye iimeko, ingathatyathwa nye. Kodwa umthetho, iluphawu uhlobo unit kwezopolitiko, inkampani okanye umbutho ukuba naziphi ngokunxulumene kurhulumente. Oko kukuthi, umzekelo, urhulumente - Kakade ke, ubume karhulumente. Njengoko ngokunjalo, umzekelo, i-Federal Iziko State "Information and Centre Technology". Okanye JSC "Gazprom". Konke oku - izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Ukudla wafunda isifundo sethu encinane, lo gama eziphambili kwezo kwiimeko apho kukho umbuzo zamaziko achaphazelekayo okanye imibutho, kufuneka siqiniseke ukuba siphephe iimpazamo esemantiki.

imisebenzi yezopolitiko

Le mbono "isakhiwo sikarhulumente" idla yekhampasi kwenye ingcamango - "isixhobo kwezopolitiko". Ubukhulu becala, zombini - lo mkhuba ngendlela efanayo. Zibonisa imigaqo kunye neendlela ngokwesiseko apho urhulumente uyawaphumeza izibophelelo yayo ngokungqinelana nale yesivumelwano lwentlalo. Noko ke, ukuba isakhiwo karhulumente - yiseti yamaziko, oko kukuthi ngakumbi i "toolkit" ngamandla, imisebenzi yezopolitiko - oku, ngokutsho imbono ethandwayo, iinjongo eziphambili kunye imisebenzi apho oorhulumente ezichaphazelekayo na. Sinokuthi ukuba i "umsebenzi" ukusa kumkhamo othile ukuqinisekisa "isakhiwo." Phantsi imingeni ekhoyo enxulumene nolawulo neenkqubo zopolitiko, amaziko ezithile Obumbe isakhiwo amandla kaRhulumente.

Zesayensi mihla kwezopolitiko sokuhlela imisebenzi abezopolitiko lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle. I yangaphambili ziquka-ekwenziweni komthetho, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko kunye nokusingqongileyo. To lwesibini - wokhuselo kunye bozakuzo (ezinye iingcali ziye zachongwa njengenxalenye kuye ngokuthi "intsebenziswano", eli leyo ekwakheni ubuhlobo kunye nentsebenziswano kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele).

Umgaqo-siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya

Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba isakhiwo sezopolitiko amazwe mihla ezisebenzisa umgaqo yokuzahlula kwamagunya. Yintoni na? Njengokuba kubhaliwe amalungiselelo ngaphakathi kumbutho karhulumente lo mshini? Kuthathwa ukuba ethile amandla yahlulwe amasebe ezisebenzayo eziphambili ezintathu - lowiso, elawulayo eyenkundla. Ngamnye kubo isebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngokwemiqathango yokulungisa awaphathiswe ngumGaqo-siseko okanye ezinye izenzo ngokusemthethweni iingxaki, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukusebenza ngaphakathi omnye iinjongo iqhosha iqumrhu.

Kule meko, kwabakho imfuneko kokwahlulwa kwamagunya? Ngokutsho ingqiqo yeengcingane ixhaphake, olu hlobo lwesakhiwo inkqubo karhulumente kwi - ziziphumo uphuhliso neenkqubo zedemokhrasi kunye nophuhliso ngokuthe ngcembe kwi ezingqondweni kwezentlalo nezopolitiko njengenqobo: amandla akufuneki babekwe kulo naliphi na iziko elithile okanye ezandleni ngamnye. Ngenxa yoko, amasebe umthetho, kunye neenkundla lolawulo yenzelwe obuza ukunciphisa igunya ngenjongo ukunciphisa amathuba okuba usurpation yezopolitiko ubuchule eziphambili.

ephalamende

Isakhiwo sezopolitiko karhulumente namhlanje, njengoko umthetho, kuthetha ubukho abasemagunyeni epalamente. Yiyiphi amaziko zeenduli mthetho. IPalamente ezi mpawu zilandelayo eziphambili: ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho abamele iimfuno zamaqela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kwezopolitiko, kwakunye nolawulo phezu imisebenzi yesebe yesigqeba.

uhulumeni

Yaphunyezwa kuninzi lwamazwe mihla kwi indlela karhulumente ke, ingqiqo kunye nesakhiwo sayo, baba nengcinga ngethiyori kwezopolitiko, kuthetha ubukho kwinkqubo yolawulo elizweni, kungekhona amaziko kwakhona urhulumente kuphela epalamente kodwa. Yeyiphi ephakamileyo kwamandla olawulo. Imisebenzi ye amaziko karhulumente - zabaphathiswa, ii-arhente, iinkonzo (ukuba siyavuma ukuba echaza yamkelwa eRashiya nendlela urhulumente - kombono kunye nolwakhiwo nenzululwazi ezopolitiko lwasekhaya ungabi sisizekabani ngxoxo njengoko ewonke) - azezi ukuphunyezwa oluchanekileyo esamkelwa kwiNdibano kwinqanaba yasepalamente kunye nezenzo zomthetho, kwakunye imithombo - imimiselo, imigaqo, etc ...

iinkundla

Ngenxa yoko, iijaji isombulula imiba enxulumene wobugqwetha kule nkalo imithetho ekhoyo. Okanye, njengokuba kunjalo kwamanye amazwe, yena lipapasha imithombo zomthetho ngohlobo izandulela, zisebenzisane imizimba lomthetho nelesigqeba eyenza indlela karhulumente. Ingcamango kunye nolwakhiwo icala umthetho yahluke kakhulu ukusuka ebizwa ngokuba "Roman" imithetho nokusebenza le nkqubo, xa ukwamkelwa izenzo ngokwasemthethweni iinkundla azikho inxaxheba ngqo.

Zeziphi onobuhle ezimbini iphumelela ngakumbi - ndaba mpikiswano kakhulu. Phofu ke, eqhelekileyo ngakumbi "Roman" inkqubo ehlabathini, kuquka eRashiya. umthetho Case kakhulu phambili kwi-USA ne-UK.

State kunye nomthetho

Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba imfuneko yokuba urhulumente wabonakala xa abantu babenqwenela ukuba ukunika ngokwazo kunye isiqinisekiso ukhuseleko lokuhlala, inkululeko, kunye umgangatho ohambelana wobomi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku "yeminqweno" yajika ilungelo okanye indibanisela kwabo. Ukuthobela waba yokuhlola mandatory namhlanje. Ngoko ke anele ngaphakathi omnye okanye enye inkqubo yezopolitiko yasebenza kuphela isakhiwo elungeleleneyo karhulumente. Kwaye ke amalungelo abemi yaye kufuneka luphunyezwe ngaphandle kwemiqathango.

Iikhrayitheriya ngayo inkqubo kwezopolitiko kwilizwe uchazwa ubuchule ukuhlolwa amalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu, zahluke kakhulu. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ubuntu babo umiselwa izithethe zentlalo ezikhoyo kunye nenkcubeko yabantu. Kwamanye amazwe, umzekelo, ilungelo lokuvakalisa kwezepolitiki azithathwa iphambili. Ngamanye wavuma ukuba lizwe zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukufezekisa iimfuno zabemi ukuthetha esidlangalaleni malunga yezikhundla zabo kwimiba sigqibo. Ubume kurhulumente kunye nomthetho apho - bobabini ngokwemiqathango izimvo theoretical malunga inkqubo yezopolitiko efanelekileyo izifundiswa, kunye nemibutho iqhosha ngolawulo - kubandakanywa ubukho olusisinyanzelo amaziko afanelekileyo.

izakhi amandla

Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa esivakalayo kubabela elo ngeekhomponenti asisiseko amandla ezopolitiko, ngokufanayo kuzo zonke iintlobo amaziko karhulumente. Phakathi kwabo - amagunya, amalungelo, inkuthazo, kunye nokuthatha uxanduva. Enyanisweni, bonke abakhoyo neenkqubo zopolitiko, kungakhathaliseki nokuba, enyanisweni osondeza isakhiwo, uhlobo karhulumente. Nokuba siqwalasela umzekelo lombutho amaziko amandla ngamaxesha zembali xa kungekho yokwahlukana kwamagunya, la macandelo ulawulo kwezopolitiko soloko ekhona. Noko ke, ngamnye kubo kukholelwa abepolitiki mihla, oko kumelwe kuhambe ngokokusebenza ndaba ethile imisebenzi yamandla. Oko kukuthi, ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye inkqubo zendalo zophuhliso ezopolitiko ezihambe magama kunye nemigaqo ukuba akhokele inkqubo yolawulo ngokuthobela le njengekhrayitheriya. Imfundiso yokwahlukana kwamagunya, ngokutsho abahlalutyi bezopolitiko, iye yaba yenye iindlela ezingundoqo zokuphucula nkolelo kunye neengcali kulawulo loluntu ukufuna ulungelelwano phakathi kweenxalenye ezine eziphambili yolawulo kwezopolitiko.

Modern indlela izakhi karhulumente

Kucacile ukuba isakhiwo kweefom karhulumente ekuhambeni kwexesha azivelele. Le nto sibonile ekuqaleni kweli nqaku: kuqala, baba "iinkokeli", ngoko ookumkani, kamva wabonakala ipalamente kunye ukungcola kwamagunya. Njani, ke, "yakhiwe" imeko namhlanje? Politologists ukubeka izinto ezifanelekileyo sikhokelo-nkqubo. Indlela yokugweba ye-kwenkcazo usenokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke lizwe. ERashiya, ngokutsho kwincopho eqhelekileyo lwembono, olu hlobo izinto zihlelwa ngolu hlobo:

- oorhulumente (kwinqanaba federal, yommandla kamasipala);

- imibutho karhulumente (siloviks, ulawulo inkonzo, elibukhali, etc ...);

- amaziko karhulumente (izikolo, izibhedlele, amathala eencwadi, njalo-njalo ...);

- namashishini karhulumente.

Kwamanye amazwe, ezinye izinto zingasentla ngaloo advantageously imfihlo. ERashiya, ukuba urhulumente (ngokutsho kwezinye abahlalutyi, ikakhulu ngenxa kumasiko zembali kunye nemigaqo yolawulo loluntu, elasekwa ngamaxesha Soviet).

Yintoni i "igunya"

Makhe zihlale phezu elementi uhlobo yokuqala, oko kukuthi, urhulumente. Ziziphi iimpawu zayo eziphambili? iingqiqo zenzululwazi Modern ukuba ezichaza ukuba uyibheke njenge uhlobo karhulumente, kwaye ingqiqo nesakhiwo sayo, ziquka iseti ilandelayo leekhrayitheriya. Ngoko ke, igunya:

- ukwakha, ezisekelwe phezu ukuthanda kumaqumrhu ezopolitiko ulawulo;

- uzalisekisa izinto azichazwanga imithombo komthetho;

- ine- ubume besebe esichaza ngokucacileyo iimpawu ngokusemthethweni;

- uye Ubuchule ezithile, amalungelo, imisebenzi;

- ukusebenza kwindawo ethile (kwilizwe lonke liphela, kummandla othile, isixeko).

Phakathi iimpawu ezongezelelweyo eziphawula abasemagunyeni - ukufumaneka kwezibonelelo eziphathekayo (izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, kuthetha zonxibelelwano, etc ...), Iinkqubo ukwabiwa amagosa ezisebenzayo igunya (irenki, indawo), uxanduva izakhiwo aphezulu amandla.

Karhulumente kunye noomasipala

ntoni kombono nolwakhiwo kurhulumente zinxulumene njani na nemigaqo karhulumente kamasipala? Delimiting isibaluli apha - ukubaluleka imisebenzi kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo ekusebenzeni ngamandla. Umasipala - a localized iyunithi yolawulo-zendawo - isixeko, kwisithili, County. Uluhlu lwemisebenzi, ngesisombululo apho sabelwe izifundo karhulumente wengingqi, njengoko umthetho, yahlukile oko uphawu izakheko amandla federal. Le mihla uhlobo kurhulumente, ingqiqo kunye nesakhiwo, ezamkelwa njengoko iikhonsepthi theoretical component ezingundoqo kwizikolo zesayensi, abandakanya iqondo elikhulu okuzimela koomasipala - ngenxa nje yokuba, ngokwenza nomba yasekuhlaleni, abasemagunyeni kakhulu ukusombulula iingxaki engxamisekileyo ngokufanelekileyo ngaphezu senior isakhiwo ulawulo lwezopolitiko.

Kuthekani umkhuba delineating igunya ezahlukeneyo eRashiya? Igama elithi "likarhulumente" yaye "kamasipala" kumandla imithetho RF imida. Noko ke, imigaqo ezingundoqo kweenkqubo zolawulo kwezopolitiko emayiphunyezwe abalawulwa ulawulo kwezopolitiko lweentlobo zombini, ngokutsho abahlalutyi emininzi yezopolitiko, yaye njengoko kungqinwa kuqulunqo inani elikhulu imithetho ezifanayo kakhulu, maxa wambi twatse. Kwiinkalo ezininzi "yelizwe" yaye "kamasipala" abasemagunyeni eRashiya zahlukile ngaphandle igama.

Noko ke, ukwamkelwa kwizikolo ezininzi ithiyori kwezopolitiko lobume karhulumente kuthetha ukuba ulawulo umgangatho lizwe kunokwenzeka kuphela xa Inkululeko kakhulu zokusombulula iingxaki kwinqanaba likamasipala. Ngoko ke, nangona ukufana lwangaphandle imigaqo, amandla kwi kwinqanaba federal, izithili needolophu kufuneka kwenziwe eRashiya kwindawo izifundo ngokwaneleyo ophathekayo ukuphunyezwa kwayo lokuzimela.