I-Brass i-alloy yobhedu nge ... Ukubunjwa kobhedu

I-alloy ebonakala njengegolide, kodwa ixabiso elincinci. Eyaziwayo eRoma lasendulo, kodwa kwakhona yafunyanwa kwiXVIII inkulungwane. Ukudibanisa iipropati ezibalaseleyo zezinto ezimbini zeekhemikhali, ubhedu bufumene indawo ebanzi yesicelo ngokwawo.

Ukwakhiwa

Nangona umbala oqaqambileyo nokubonakala, ubhedu luyi-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc, igolide okanye ezinye izitya ezixabisekileyo azikho. Ukongeza kwezi zinto zimbini, ezinye izinto zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula izixhobo ze-physico-chemicals: i-manganese, i-tin, isinyithi, i-silicon, i-nickel, inkokheli, njl. Njengomthetho, inani lezinto ezingcolileyo alikho ngaphezu kwe-10%. Kweminye imilinganiselo, ukubunjwa kobhedu kuninzi kuncinci, nangona umyinge wezakhi ungashiyana. Ngokuqhelekileyo iziqulatho ze-zinc azidluli kwi-30-35%, nangona kunjalo kuma-alloys ezobugcisa isabelo sayo sinokufikelela kuma-50%.

Iipropati

Ekubeni ubhedu luyi- alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc, iziganeko zayo zihlawulela iimpawu zabo. Ngokuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wamacandelo, umbala wayo unokwahluka ngokubomvu ukuya kuluhlaza. Ubungakanani bayo bunama-8500 kg / m ³ , kwaye i-melting point ifika kuma-880-950 ama-Celsius. I-Brass iqhutywe kakuhle ngcinezelo kwimeko zombini ebushushu nebandayo, ineziganeko ezifanelekileyo zogqirha, iphikisana nemeko, kodwa ngaphandle kokuyibeka i-blacks ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ubhedu nobhedu azinakuhlala zihlukana ngokubanzi komnye nomntu; kodwa okokuqala, kunobunzima, ukuzinza, akunakucatshulwa kakhulu, kodwa kunokuba kungenakuchothoza kunye neentlonelo, kwaye ngoko ke kulula ukuyenza. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimixholo yesiseko sensimbi, ukushisa kunye nokusebenza kombane kwebhesi kuyahluka - kunokuba isabelo saso siphezulu, ngokubhekiselele ngakumbi kwezi zakhiwo.

Kubaluleka kwiMbali

Nangona i-alloy eyona edumileyo kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu yobhedu ibhusi, ubhedu kwadlala indima kwimbali. Nangona inxalenye yesibini eyona nto iphambili - i-zinc - yafunyanwa kuphela kwi-XVI leminyaka, yayiyaziwa ngamaxesha amandulo. AmaRoma afutha ubhedu nge-galley-ore, kodwa le ndlela sele iphela. Okwesibini, ubhedu bufunyenwe eNgilani kwiXVIII inkulungwane kwaye yafika ngokukhawuleza ukuba ithandwa, kuba yayiyikhumbuza kakhulu igolide, eyayikhutshwa rhoqo. E-Russia le ngxube yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ubhedu obomvu". Kwaye ngoku kwaye unako ukufumana igama elinjalo.

Emva "kokuzalwa kwesibili" kwimveliso yobhedu, iisetekisi zazisetyenziselwa, apho izinga lokushisa laphakanyiselwa kuma-degree degrees Celsius. Umphunga we-Zinc wawuzaliswe ngobhedu, kwaye ukuba kwakungekho nto engcolileyo kuyo, ke umphumo oyifunayo ufunyenwe. Iimveliso ezivela kule alloy ziqale zisetyenziswe yonke indawo, ngenxa yokuba ubuncinci kunye neepropati ziyivumelekile. Ngendlela, nangona iincwadi zembali zibhale ixesha elide ukuba isikhumbuzo saseMinin nasePozharsky eMoscow sichithwe kwi-bronze, i-restorers ithi ngenene yenziwa yelinye ilitye yethusi. Namhlanje, le nkunkuma isinezicelo ezininzi, ngoko mhlawumbi akukho nto ithathelwa indawo efanelekileyo kwaye ifanelekayo.

Ukufumana

Njengoko kwacaca ukuba, ubhedu luyi-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc kwaye (ukuba kuyimfuneko) ezinye iinqununu, kodwa kukho enye ingxaki encinci. Ingakumbi le nkathazo ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwimveliso yezoshishino. Inyaniso kukuba iindawo zokuqhafaza ze- zinc kunye nobhedu zihluke kakhulu, ngoko ukwenza lula umsebenzi wokufumana i-alloy, i-ligature yongezwa-inani elincinci lokuqulunqwa.

Ukuqhutyelwa phambili kuxhomekeke kwisiphumo esifunileyo. Ezinye izongezo zongezwa kwi-alloy, i-alloyed, isitampu, ifomini, njl. Naphezu kwazo zonke iingxaki, ukuveliswa kwehlabathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwalo mveliso kuhlala kwizinga eliphezulu.

Iintlobo kunye nemigangatho

Okokuqala, qhawula phakathi kobugcisa obunokuguqulwa kunye nobuncinci. I-GOST ibonelela ngenani elihlukile: ngokulandelanayo 15527-07 kunye ne-17711-93. E-Russia, i-alloy ibhalwe ngokuthi "L" kunye nomfanekiso obonisa ubuninzi beethusi. Ukuba kukho izinto ezininzi, ukumakisha kunokukhangela into enje: LAZhtsts-6-6-2. Oku kuya kuthetha ukuba, ngaphezu kwe-66% yobhedu, eli bakala liqule 6% ye-aluminium, i-3% yentsimbi kunye ne-2% ye-manganese. Ingxenye ye-zinc ibalwa njengomlinganiselo phakathi kwe-100% kunye nenani lezinye izinto. Kule meko ngu-23%. Ngokomfanekiso, ezinye iimpahla zethusi zibizwa kwakhona. Ezi zongeziweyo zivumela i-alloy ukuba izuze iipropati ezintsha kwaye ziphucule ezikhoyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisingeniso kwisakhiwo sobhedu lwezinto ezithile, ubomi bemihla ngemihla kuthiwa yi-aluminium, i-siliceous, i-ferromanganese, njl.

EYurophu nakwi-United States, ezinye iingubo zeempawu, ezifana ne-CuZn37 okanye i-C27200, zamkelwe. Kwakhona, umlinganiselo wokungcola uhlukile kancinci, kodwa ngokubanzi, ukubunjwa kobhedu ukusuka kubakhiqizi abahlukeneyo kuhambelana ngokufanayo.

Ukongezelela, kuxhomekeke kumxholo we-zinc kwi-alloy, bahlula ukuhlula (ukuya kwi-10%) kunye ne-tampers (semi-10 ukuya kwi-20%). Ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iimveliso zifumana amagama ngokuhambelana nenqanaba lokusetyenziswa okuyisiseko. Ngoko kwahlula "ulwandle", "umthumeli" kunye nolunye ubhedu.

Isicelo

Ubume bokusetyenziswa kwesi sivumelwano asikwazi ukuqwalaselwa. Ukunciphisa izinto ezincinci kunye nokulungiswa kokucwangciswa, kwakunye neepropati zayo zavumela ukuba ubhedu bube phesheya. Ixutywe kumgca kunye neentonga, isitampu kwiimakhishithi, nokuba yile foil ephezulu kakhulu eyenziwe ngayo.

Iibhobho, iinxalenye ezincinci kunye ezinkulu, ukufakelwa, ukufakelwa - kusetyenziswa kwimboni yezimoto, ukwenza izixhobo, ukhemistri, kwaye isetyenziswe ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zokubhabisa, insignia, njl. Leli liluhlu olufutshane nje. Usijikeleze kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye inyaniso ubhedu luyi-alloy yobhedu nge-zinc - eziqhelekileyo izinto eziqhelekileyo. Ngoko, mhlawumbi, i-universality and accessibility is at hand.

Kwishishini lokugcoba

Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba iingubo kufuneka zenziwe ngeensimbi ezixabisekileyo: igolide, isilivere, iplatinum. Kodwa ifashoni inemithetho yayo, kwaye ixesha elithile ngoku ngokuhlwa kwamakhosikazi amaninzi akhetha iingubo zokugqoka eziphambili. I-Brass, enombala osondele kwigolide, kule meko ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukongezelela, iphosiwe kakuhle, ngokokuba ngokubunjwa kunye neetalente ze-jeweler, iigrafti ezenziwe nge-alloy zinokubonakala zihle kwaye zibiza. Ngoko ukuba ongekho iingcali azikrokreli ukuba akuyona igolide, kodwa ubhedu. Ifoto ngokuqhelekileyo ayifaki ukubonisa ubuhle bemveliso eyenziwa ngobuciko, ngoko kungcono ukhethe ezo zihombo ngokwabo.

Kwenzeka ukuba abafazi befestile baxhatshazwa yintlungu kunye neentlungu. Ekuqalekeni, kubonakala ngathi kukho konke kubhedu. Kodwa, njengommiselo, oku akunjalo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusabela kwintlungu kubangelwa yi-nickel, eyenza umbala kunye nombonakalo jikelele we-alloy enhle kakhulu. Ukuba kukho ukuthambekela kokuthintela izitye, kungcono ukhethe iigrafu ezingenayo le candelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo abakhiqizi bayichaza ngokwahlukileyo.

Analogues

Ekubeni ubhedu luyi-alloy yobhedu nge-zinc, eyokuqala kuyo inkulu, kunokubonakala ngathi insimbi ecocekileyo (nganye nganye) ibe neepropati ezingcono, kwaye ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa indleko yezinto eziphathekayo. Enyanisweni, konke akunjalo. I-Copper ifomu layo elihlambulukileyo linokungonakali okunjengokungazinzi ukubola, iiplastiki ezincinci xa zithelekiswa kunye nama-alloys, kwaye i-zinc ibuhlungu kakhulu. I-Brass nayo idibanisa ngokufanelekileyo iipropati ezifanelekileyo, kuxhomekeke kwimingcipheko yamacandelo omabini.

Ezinye izalathisi zethusi - ithusi, i-cupronickel, njl. - nayo ayikwazi ukucaciswa ngokugcwele njengezifaniso. Ixesha langaphambili lingaphantsi kweplastiki kwaye likhulu kakhulu, ngelixa into yesibili ingenakucatshulwa kwaye ngenxa yomxholo we-nickel inokubangela ukucaphuka kwesikhumba. Ukongeza, iimpawu zangaphandle zibeka ubhedu kwindawo yokuqala. Umbala, ofana negolide, uhlukile ngokungafani nomnxeba onobumba obunobumba obuninzi obunobumba.

Imarike yehlabathi

Ukuveliswa kwemveliso yobhedu kwaqala phantse emva kokuvulwa kwakhona. Emva kokuvavanya iipropati zayo eziyingqayizivele, i-metallurgists yaqala ukuphuhlisa ulawulo olutsha kwishishini. Namhlanje, ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kobhedu kuxhomekeke ngokubanzi kwihlabathi lemarike yethusi. Ukukhula okuzinzileyo kunika isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ukufunwa kwama-alloyi akuyi kuphantsi. Ukongezelela, iziganeko malunga nekamva lala ma shishini aluncedo, nangona zinjengeengxaki zokunciphisa umgangatho we-ore, uphuhliso olungundoqo lweziseko, intlalo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko kubanikezeli bezothusi abakhulu-eChile nakwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika.

Abathengi abakhulu bokubhedu, ngoko ke ubhedu, amazwe aseYurophu aphuhliswe ngokwezoqoqosho , kunye ne-United States, iChina, iJapan kunye nabanye. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imfuneko yalezi zinto iye yanda nje, ngokukodwa ngenxa yama-Asiya. Emva kokuba wenze i-giant jump in the middle of the 2000s, ixabiso leCu lihlala kwirekhodi elifanayo eliphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2016, kulindeleke ukuba kufikeleleke umlinganiselo wokubonelela, oku kuya kubangela ukuhla kweengcaphuno.