Forensic Accounting: ingqiqo kunye neentlobo, iifomu kunye neendlela. accounting Forensic. Classification, ixabiso Records Criminal

Xa uphando olubanzi kunye olunzulu kunye kwangexesha ekulweni kunye nothintelo lolwaphulo-mthetho indima engundoqo edlalwa yi ulwazi malunga nokuziphatha kakubi kunye nabantu abenza kuzo. Njengoko yenye yemithombo ebalulekileyo lwezenzo accounting lwasenkundleni. ngakumbi aniqondi ukuba.

Overview

Concept kunye neendidi zeerekhodi mthetho ziquka inani eliphunguliweyo lweendidi ezinxulumeneyo. Isiseko theoretical indawo eyandisiweyo ye individualization bezinto, ukuzinza kwabo isalamane kunye namathuba uthelekiso zabo ezilandelayo. Kule ncwadi, ingqikelelo kweerekhodi zolwaphulo ithathwa njenge inkqubo yobhaliso, odolwa kunye nokugcinwa izinto okanye inkcazelo ngazo. Indlela iimpawu ukuchongwa izinto. Injongo yalo msebenzi ukuyilwa isiseko bhengezo kunye nokuthintelwa nokungena mthetho. Ingcamango kweerekhodi zolwaphulo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuthotyelwa komthetho.

izinto eziphambili

Ngu Records Criminal ziquka:

1. Bhalisa. Limela iimpawu nitrogen bezinto ngokungqinelana nomthetho phambi iziseko ezifanelekileyo. Ubhaliso lenzeka amaxwebhu ekhethekileyo.
2. Systematization. Umele ukubekwa amaxwebhu ngokungqinelana nenkqubo aphuhliswe ngokwenzululwazi ngokusekelwe ukuhlelwa iimpawu ngokuchonga izinto.
3. Ingqondo (abekwe). Oku kubandakanya abasuka ulwazi izinto ezibhalisiweyo okanye izinto ngokwabo kwicandelo elithile ATS.

accounting Forensic isekelwe phezu ukusetyenziswa nokufota ophando, portrait ngamazwi, fingerprinting kunye nezinye iindlela zokuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha.

Izinto kunye nezifundo

Ezi ngxelo zolwaphulo ezisetyenziswa ngayo abalinganiswa:

1. Iindlela olwaphulo yokuziphatha.
2. Izifundo ezilahlekileyo.
3. izidumbu zabantu abangaziwayo.
4. ziphangwe izixhobo wamnikela ngokuzithandela, kungarhoxiswa, ibiwe umlilo, ilahlekile.
5. Yeminwe afumaneka kwi-mthetho engekasonjululwa.
6. imali yomgunyathi.
7. Nezikhali, nemoto, iimbumbulu, bambamba kule ndawo.
8. nemigqaliselo babhala ukufumana amayeza esinamandla okanye iziyobisi.
9. amaxwebhu zomgunyathi.

Ucalulo iirekhodi zolwaphulo phezu iindlela bahlukunyezwe owenza

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokurekhodisha, kuyondelelaniswe kunye beqokelela ulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene zobhaliso, systematization kunye gabalala ngeendlela yokuziphatha lokuhlasela. Bakha isiseko solwazi ekhethekileyo ye ezizinzileyo okuluphawu indlela ezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, baze ukuba benze. Oku kusekelwe phezu iimpawu zendalo kwabantu kubonakaliswa. Balala Ukuphinda kunye neendlela ngabanye kwisenzo okungalunganga. Yena, ke, zafunyanwa ngethuba ukuhlolwa oko kwenzeka ulwaphulo-mthetho, abulawe neminye imisebenzi yophando kunye search.

nekhabhathi yokufaka

Kukho iintlobo ezithile kunye neendlela ngeendlela ingxelo yophando-mthetho yokuziphatha. Ngokukodwa, ubhaliso, systematization kunye beqokelela ulwazi lwenziwa phezu iifayile ezimbini ikhadi. Eyokuqala iqokelela iinkcukacha mthetho, abenzi ezo zibonisiwe, kwaye eyesibini - malunga nezenzo ezenziwe ngabantu abangaziwayo. accounting Forensic oluqhutywa phaya kwinqanaba lommandla nasekuhlaleni.

Missing, abantu ezingaziwayo

accounting Forensic kula maqumrhu lwenziwa kwinqanaba lengingqi kunye GIZ Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is a nekhabhathi ifayile inkqubo ezo eqhagamshelana omnye komnye. Bahlanganisa ikhadi lokuzazisa ezenziwa isampulu enye, kwaye sinika iimpawu ngokusesikweni imiqondiso yangaphandle yabantu. accounting esembindini kwezidumbu lwenziwa ngabantu owanyamalala ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, umntwana, Ndisinde-arhente ezikhethekileyo, abantu abakhulileyo, abantu abagula ngengqondo, abantu abakhubazekileyo kunye nabanye abantu yesazisi azinako ukusekwa. Kukwakho iinkcukacha ezigcinwayo lwezidumbu wabo, niya kuxhaxhwa, kwaye skeletonized kubandakanywa.

design Iimpawu ikhadi

Kwicala ngaphambili uxwebhu umntu angekhoyo nakungena data demographic lubonisa yokuduka ndawo kunye neemeko apho kwenzeka. Kwi mephu wabeka umhla lokufaka kwesicelo ahambelanayo kwi abafunwa, wachaza amanyathelo athatyathiweyo ukuqinisekisa isiphelo womntu. Inxalenye esezantsi xwebhu, kunye nesiqingatha icala umva elibekelwe inkcazo eneenkcukacha iimpahla, imiqondiso, izihlangu kunye nezinye izinto. Ukuze imephu isicelo iifoto 2 umntu unyamalale.

izidumbu wabo

uphando Forensic igalelo nokuchongwa lo mntu ubhubhileyo. izidumbu wabo kufuneka zingenele wokubhalisa. Ngokuba lo ikhadi lokuzazisa olulodwa ukhutshwe. Yena zizaliswe in duplicate. Omnye ithunyelwa ezifunda IC ATC, UMIA, okwesibini - kwi GIZ. Le maphu ibonisa umgangatho nesidumbu, kunye nobudala bakhe (imbonakalo), ixesha lokufa kunye kokufunyanwa umzimba. Eli phepha linika inkcazelo eneenkcukacha inkangeleko, ingakumbi amazinyo. Ikhadi kwenziwa imiqondiso ezizodwa kunye isidumbu, yaye impahla yalo (ukuba kukho omnye), bufunyenwe ngethuba kwizifundo zakhe. Umzimba sesevisi isithombe. 3 njo kumfanekiso imephu: kwi ekunene, ekhohlo iprofayili, kunye ngaphambili. Kukho amaxesha xa umntu ufumana amathambo (isidumbu skeletonized). Kule meko, yaba lukakayi wathumela ochwepheshe MIA. Iingcali ukuqhuba ngokutsha ebusweni. Kwakhona isithombe yodwa kule mephu. Xa imifanekiso iyahlolwa database lolwazi abantu abalahlekileyo. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba enze yeminwe wabo ulusu cadaver ngenxa yokulimala yeminwe, iibhrashi otchlenyayutsya emzimbeni kwaye zifakwe kwisingxobo ngamanzi, yaye emva koko wathunyelwa kwiingcaphephe. izandla abanezakhono phantsi unyango esikhethekileyo fingerprinting dermal umaleko asezantsi.

background Hlola

Ukusetyenziswa isebenzayo iirekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho ezi alfabethi, weminwe kunye nezinye yokufayilisha. Nabo ke, neyohlulwe ngabantu isibopho mthetho, engekhoyo, okanye sele zisiwe kwi ATC njalo njalo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ingxelo lwasenkundleni lwenziwa kunye nokubandakanyeka yeengcali entsimini lwesazisi weminwe ngobude. Ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani lwemizimba ezingaziwayo asebenzise iindlela recovery yeplastiki umfanekiso vivo intamo abantu, ngokunjalo umzekelo computer.

fingerprinting

Yeminwe nkohlakalo kule ndawo, yaye bobakhe abantu, ulwazi malunga leyo sledoteke zichazwe kumanqanaba ezithili kwaye local iiyunithi basenkundleni kwaye amasebe Interior Sobulungiseleli uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli bali lidibanisa amakhadi kunye nemifanekiso eqela nabangatshatanga pamwe namaqhekeza ayo, kunye ikhadi fingerprint. Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela of accounting ophando, amagosa Interior Ubulungiseleli ukujonga ubunyani ushiya imizila kwi imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo ulwaphulo-mthetho ngumntu omnye. Oko kwezinye iimeko lisebenza njengesiseko umtshutshisi. Lweminwe Ukuqinisekiswa yenzelwa phezu isixeko cabinet ifayile weminwe (zesithili) amasebe vd okanye umkhondo, ezifunyenwe yi isampuli kwizifundo ababandakanyekayo ekuveliseni njengoko kuyakrokreleka.

Types of files fingerprint

isiseko Desyatipaltsevym kuvumela ekuchongweni bobubi nizimele evela enkundleni kunye nabasemagunyeni uphando phantsi Igama ubuxoki, Igama Last okanye kundikhanyela ukuqiniseka yangaphambili. yokufayilisha okunjalo kwakhona ukunika ithuba lokumisela ungubani imizimba wabo, ukuba abemi oswelekileyo ngaphambili babhaliswa kwi-fingerprint. Kwezinye iimeko, isiseko eso sisetyenziselwa kwaye ukutshekisha le mizila, abamba ukusuka kwindawo zolwaphulo engekasonjululwa. Ukufuna tenprints indawo IC ATC MVZH kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kwafunyanwa imizila yeminwe kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-6 ezahlukeneyo yamntu mnye, kodwa GIZ - ubuncinane ezisibhozo. Loo mfuneko yokuba desyatipaltsevym filing olwenziwa ngesandla. Khangela phezu kwabo nzima kakhulu ngenxa ekungakwazini limwe ifomula ukususwa. Phambi kokuhlola umphandi okanye umphandi lizele kwifomu emiselweyo, ukuthimba kuyo tenprints sifundo. Inikwe kwi original, kuba ikopi kungenzeka ingabonisi ngokupheleleyo iimpawu ezithile kunye nezinto yeepatheni fingerprint. Oku nzima kakhulu uvavanyo.

izixhobo Ukubhaliswa ulwaphulo-mthetho

accounting yabiwa imipu Forensic oluqhutywa phaya kumanqanaba ezithili nokazwelonke. Amakhadi abhalwe njengoko kwiNgxowa kungarhoxiswa ngokuzithandela, izixhobo elahlekileyo. Amakhadi zibonisa iimpawu isixhobo:

1. Model.
2. View.
3. Inombolo.
4. Ilizwe / umenzi.
5. Abanjalo.

Ikhadi iqulathe ulwazi malunga neemeko apho izixhobo yabiwa, athimba, ilahlekile. ATS siyayichaza ukwenza uphendlo. Systematization ikhutshwa phandle uhlobo izixhobo. Amacandelo ezibekwe imifuziselo kunye neenkqubo, inyuka ukuze kwamanani zabo. Ukususwa irejista lwenziwa xa efumanise nayiphi na kokuphela kwiminyaka elishumi ukususela kumhla ekuqaleni kolu phando. Xa efumanise utshintsho kwi gun imizila manqaku, inani, unyaka esenziwe ngawo, okanye, ukuba ezi parameters ichazwa ngokupheleleyo, uthunyelwa ukuba uviwo.

Register ezakhiwe

phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba iirekhodi zolwaphulo ubalisa pulegilzoteka. Ubhaliso kufuneka bonke iimbumbulu sirhoxisiwe evela entsimini zolwaphulo engekasonjululwa. Ukongeza, iirekhodi zigcinwa ngokomfuniselo kudubula umpu, nto leyo isifundo esahlukileyo ekumiseleni ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo owayeze izenzo ezingekho mthethweni okanye ukuba ukhonza into lokubethwa. nekhabhathi Ifayili Ammunition kukuba kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Internal Affairs and Regional Forensic Science Centre of kweeyunithi ATS. Basimisela ingqokelela amaqokobhe, iimbumbulu, amaqokobhe kunye nentwana le neekhatriji yangaphakathi. Zonke izinto zabiwa ngokwesiko esekwe kwi fayile. Ngoko ke, imbumbulu ngokusebenzisa izixhobo nkqubo kunye nobungakanani, ulwalathiso kunye nobungakanani amanqaku rifling. Ukuba inkqubo ayaziwa, systematized ngokodidi apho ke zenzelwe.

features uthelekiso

Ukukhangela ukuba pulegilzoteke enyanisweni ivumela ukuseka isicelo esithile (okanye teta kungarhoxiswa ngokuzithandela) liphumeza ikhomishini nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Kwakhona kwi esisiseko kumiselwa ukuba ngaba into efanayo xa iziganeko ezahlukeneyo ababandakanyekayo. Kwimeko zokurhoxa kwezixhobo ngokuyimfuneko lukhangelwa-Akhawuntingi ilahlekileyo, athimba, ibiwe, wanikela ngokuzithandela. Oku kulandelwa nokudubula. Kweqokobhe yesiphumo kwaye iimbumbulu wathumela ukuba ukuhlola pulegilzoteku. Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo kunye ekhuphe ikhadi ukukhangela kwiziko ledatha. Emva ukuqhuba olu vavanyo, ezaliswe iinkcukacha. Le ithunyelwe lokufowuna. Kwimeko impendulo eyakhayo, uviwo lwenziwa, into engalunganga - izinto zibekwe pulegilzoteku.

imali yakha

yamaphepha zomgunyathi ekuthini kundlunkulu kwi-Forensic Science Centre. Card ekwandiseni ezi ingqokelela iisampuli fake kunye neenkcazelo amakhadi ezizodwa. Phambi kokuba uthumele imali ukuba yonele, kwenziwe uviwo okanye uphononongo lokuqala leenowuthsi yebhanki, oko kwabanga kwamathandabuzo. Xa manga kuxhomekeke indlela awokuvelisa, isakhiwo kunye nezinto composition, umthombo kokuvela izinto wafundela. engamaphepha Fake Russian kunye nolwamanye amazwe accounted for ngokwahlukeneyo. Ubhaliso kunye systematization ngeenkcukacha eyilwayo bakhiwa ezenziwe yoshicilelo, ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo. Kunye nekhadi kwi computer ilawulwa ulwazi khowudi malunga ihlelo, inombolo kunye nothotho iimpawu indlela ukuguqula. Kwimeko yokuseka umthombo olunye imvelaphi esikhutshwe ulwazi malunga ubukho eyilwayo ezifanayo. Ukuba ayiwenzi, yokufayilisha kwenziwa nokuhlaziya, ngenxa yokungabikho kwengcaciso malunga izinto ezifanayo.

amaxwebhu enkohliso, iiresiphi, imibhalo

Accounting ukuze amaphepha fake wenza indlela yoshicilelo lwenziwa kwi-ECC. Oku kuquka lens amaxwebhu entsusa, iikopi uthabatha, iifomu wadala kunye clichés kunye nezinye iindlela, kuquka izixhobo ukufotokopa. Meaning iirekhodi zolwaphulo yamaxwebhu zomgunyathi kunzima ukuba zazi. Kuchaphazela ngakumbi ngayo uzuza kwi ukuguqula zokupheka zinika amachiza esinamandla, ezidakumbisayo okanye psychotropic. rekhodi zigcinwa kwinqanaba lengingqi. Oku kungenxa yokuba zokupheka kuthatha kuphela ikhemesti zesifundo apho zibhaliwe. Accounting amaxwebhu zonyango fake ngqo kutyhilwa ubunyani ukuguqula, faka iintsimbi ezazisetyenziswa le njongo. artist ngokukhethekileyo kumiselwa ngokujonga zeesampulu yokubhala.

impahla

accounting yazo ikhutshwa phandle usebenzisa i-enjini yokukhangela ezenzekelayo. On ifayile iqulethe inkcazelo kuphela malunga kukunqongophala ebiweyo kwaye ehamba kweempahla, kodwa abantu abaye baba yobusela kwezothutho. ulwazi Database idaliwe ngokusekelwe iingxelo zamapolisa zothutho. Ikhadi yobhaliso iya kubandakanya:

• Umhla isenzo okungalunganga.
• Chwetheza nempahla ebiweyo kunye umthwalo.
• Iindleko kunye nolunye ulwazi.

Le amakhadi ukuba siqulathe ulwazi malunga nezifundo owaphule ubusela, ukuba zifakelwe. Ukufuna base kusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa imeko ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba nokwenzeka ngokwenza zobusela eziliqela ngumntu omnye kwinkqubo kokuvavanywa ukubandakanyeka kwabarhanelwa ethile kwimeko phantsi kophando kwezinye iimeko eziliqela.

Registration Auto

Isibonelelo Transport, abaqhubi kunye nabanini imoto nazo zenziwa ngokubambisana imo ezenzekelayo. Yaziwa ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kuphando yengozi, ubusela kunye imoto ubusela. Apho inokuphinda ilungiswe, wabeka ingcaciso malunga zonke zothutho, apho amapolisa akhutshwe amaxwebhu. Amagama agciniweyo iqulathe ulwazi malunga abaqhubi, abanini imoto, ezilahlekileyo yaye yabiwa Amaxwebhu edatha. indlela yokuzikhangelela Ulwazi ikuvumela ukuba ukucwangcisa umnini, wafumana isithuthi bambamba. Ukongeza, esebenzisa i data, amapolisa ukutyhila izibakala ukuqhatha okanye ukubiwa zokundwendwela zobugcisa, yisa khangela iimoto ezibiweyo ezibiweyo.

ubugebengu iyingozi

Oku, ngokukodwa, ngumbuzo yokubulawa ngabom, ukuphanga, fedde le grand. Le akhawunti, efana engaphambili, nto ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo. Ubhaliso ngokuxhomekeke nokubulala lokuhlela kwimeko, ukuba kwifayile kwimeko kukho yeminwe okanye enye ubungqina emzimbeni. Ke ukuba kuxhotyiwe, iirekhodi zabo ugciniwe, ukuba zenziwa nemipu, izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zobugcisa. Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, kuquka autogenous, welding, neziqhushumbisi njalo njalo. iirekhodi esembindini zigcinwa yi sezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho yimigulukudu, hayi kwiinyanga ngaphambi kwe-2 emva kokuba ukuphunyezwa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. Ukuba umoni Kufunyenwe ngexesha bekusenziwa uphando, kodwa wanyamalala, iinkcukacha zalo bakwaziswa ibe inkqubo yokuthumela. Isiseko ngexesha lovavanyo inguqulelo okuba kakubi abanye iziko elinye (indlela), xa kuthelekiswa inani kwabarhanelwa ngokungqinelana "Mfanekiso yomlomo", kwakunye ngokulungelelanisa kwemisebenzi kuphando ngeziganeko ezifanayo.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, ingxelo lwasenkundleni - inkqubo-level multi complex. It iqokelela iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo zezinto, abantu, imiqondiso, amaxwebhu njalo njalo. Ukufunyanwa okuzenzekelayo kweenkqubo kuye akhawulezise kakhulu inkqubo ekufumaneni kwaye lingqinisisa iinkcukacha. Oku, ibonelela ngolwazi yokusebenza, isicelo sabo ngexesha kuphando. Okubaluleke kakhulu ke systematization ngolwazi zolwazi ezahlukeneyo. ubuchule kunye yesekethe hlukeneyo asetyenziswe njini kwaye iqela ulwazi. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo zolwazi ikhuthaza ukuxela nje kuphela kodwa yokuthintela mthetho ezahlukeneyo.