Ethology - inzululwazi zonke iintlobo zokuziphatha wendalo kwezilwanyana nabantu

Ngaba uyazi ukuba izifundo ethology? Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda impendulo yalo mbuzo. Ukongeza, siye uchaze nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye nezimvo kuxutyushwa kwisakhelo kwale nzululwazi. "Ethology" - igama elo lalisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisiqingatha-2 ye-18 - kwenkulungwane ye-19. Noko ke, oko isetyenzisiwe kuphela ngokunxulumene umntu ukubhekisela umlinganiswa kwakunye nentsingiselo yalo isekelwe isifundo komzimba.

ethology Classical

Ekuqaleni le ethology kwinkulungwane yama-20 - yinto uqeqesho lwenzululwazi ezimeleyo. Okokuqala, olufundwa kunye neentshukumo ezahlukeneyo ukungaphangalali nethuku izilwanyana - abazibandakanya definition kwaye benze uhlalutyo lothelekiso.

Ethology - inzululwazi, ukuba isiganeko linxulunyaniswa umsebenzi Isahluko O. Uitmena, W. Craig O. Heynrota.. isayensi Classical iye yafikelela kwincopho nophuhliso imisebenzi N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz, uKarl von Frisch. Ezi izazinzulu kumsebenzi wabo wazibeka iziseko ethology. Ingqwalasela ephambili lophando olwenziwayo kuhlalutyo le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ezixhasayo. K. Lorenz wacebisa ukuba umfuziselo ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi yokuziphatha, echaza amanyathelo, ibiya kuthetha, lonke ulawulo yayo. Scientist waphawula ukuba ukukhula ezixhasayo (umz, ukuba isilwanyana evinjwa ukutya) egcinwe amandla ethile kwabangelwa kuphela kule hlobo lokuziphatha. Ku ixesha elithile ukuze siqiniseke ukuba ukufumana indlela yokuphuma. Ngenxa yoku, i silwanyana ngexesha ukuswela ukutya ubonisa ezijoliswe ukufuna umsebenzi weentshukumo ukutya. Emva kokugqiba isenzo ezithile zokuziphatha (kwimeko yethu - Ukwanda) iza Isigaba yokuphumla. Le ukuziphatha (umz, ukutya) ngeli thuba ayikwazi ukuba andibhaqwa.

Ukuchaza amagama

Ethology - inzululwazi, apho kwakukho zokwazisela kweekhonsepthi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngenxa ulwazi ezingasetyenziswanga, abaninzi kubo okwanelisa izazinzulu. Kuye kwacaca ukuba uhlalutyo zokuziswa ezixhasayo okuvula kunye nenkuthazo yengqiqo musa kuququzelelwe uphando yokuziphatha, kodwa kunoko nzima ngayo. Kucaca ukuba imifuziselo ezicacisa nokwanda lokukhuthazwa lwamandla, ziluncedo.

Izazinzulu besive esikolweni zoqobo, zigxininise isifundo lokuziphatha ngokwemvelo, izakhi uzimisele. Noko ke, nangona oku, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba njengokuba into yophando lwabo ukuziphatha ubuqu bayo. Oku kuquka kuphela izinto angaphakathi, kodwa bafumana.

ethology lwangoku

ethology Modern - na inzululwazi yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kunye indoda engene kwisigaba ezintsha zophando lwakhe. Usebenza ngokusondeleyo zoopsychology kunye psychology lothelekiso. Namhlanje siyakwazi ukuthetha malunga imvelaphi uhlobo ngenzululwazi zokwenziwa. Ukuziphatha ngayo sifundwa ngokubanzi. Ethology - inzululwazi zazivelela wayo, ukubaluleka esebenza eyakuthi. Ukongeza, uphononongo iindlela iliso zokuziphatha kunye nabanye.

Eyona Umsebenzi ethology lwangoku

Ethologists isekelwe kwinto yokuba izilwanyana aziphathe nabantu endaweni yawo yemvelo ngayo, ngokusondeleyo kunxulunyaniswa morphology yento ubukhulu becala isakhiwo e-nervous system. Izazinzulu uyahamba ngokucacileyo ukususela kuphando zemveli "Kodwa wena ucinga." Umceli-mngeni ephambili akusekho ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokuziphatha kunye kangakanani umiselwa yempembelelo yokusingqongileyo okanye kweejini. Ngo-1977 i-LV Krushinsky wabhala ukuba mbuzo iifom ezifunyenwe okanye iziphene yokuziphatha akukho ntsingiselo. Sinako ukuqonda kuphela ngokwabo inqanaba lophuhliso wayo, "ukuphakama bengqondo," kwakunye namandla izinto ezithile xa abameli zohlaza ezahlukeneyo. Ukongezelela, siyakwazi ukubona ubungakanani Ukwahluka ezi zenzo, ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka ilifa.

ukuziphatha ekhuthazayo

Ethology wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-Social Sciences. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwaba ubukho imijelo ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana. Oku akubonakali zemfuza, ngokweengcamango mihla of izazinzulu. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba ukuziphatha kuntsonkothile oluthambileyo ukuya yempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Kukho kwakhona ukuthambekela yokuziphatha kwabantu nezilwanyana. Le enxulumene yokuba kungenzeka abantu yokufunda babe imida yabo. izixhobo Nature sensorimotor yokuguga zalo abantu. Ngapha koko, akukho obungenasiphelo iimpawu-nervous system, kwaye ukukwazi ukuqonda iinkcukacha. Ngoku ethologists abaninzi bashiye kwiingcinga zaphenjelelwa eqhelekileyo ngaphambili. Bakholelwa ukuba le ngcamango kubhekiselele nesenzeko, ubume leyo ayikaqondwa kakuhle.

Ukuziphatha kunye zomzimba

Kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ethologists uchaze uhlobo lwe ukuziphatha: ethological, ngokwasengqondweni, nokomzimba. Kuba kwinqanaba lokugqibela iindlela ziquka yovakalelo-labona, humoral kunye luvo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela okuye yokuziphatha ehlangabezana nobunzima kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ukuziphatha kunye nezinye iindlela komzimba rhoqo ukuphembelela omnye. Physiology, kwelinye icala, elawula ukuziphatha. Kodwa, ukuba ukhangela kwelinye icala, yonke into eyenzekayo kanye okwahlukileyo. Ngapha koko, le ukuziphatha unokuyilawula nokomzimba. Yaziwa, umzekelo, iziphumo yonyango kwi kubonisa ubuvila. Ukongeza, siyazi ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo yokuziphatha unakho ukutshintsha amanqanaba hormone egazini yezilwanyana. Imbalelwano phakathi kwabo bobabini kubonisa ukuba amalungu, kunoko, yindlela yangaphakathi lokuphumeza yokuziphatha, kunokuba amandla ayo ukuqhuba kunye nesizathu.

Ukuziphatha kunye Psychology

Ya Badridze kunye Ovsianiko zinika ukufumana isitshixo ingqondo iinkqubo ze ethology inzala kwinqanaba engqondweni. Ezi ababhali bakholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ekhethekileyo sokuqonda indlela zengqondo yokuziphatha. Oku ngayo intuthuzelo nasengqondweni. Kulo mzekelo, ezi izazinzulu ubekwa yokuziphatha lokuqhuba kwale nkqubo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ingqalelo nayiphi na impendulo yokuziphatha, njengoko amazwe amabini ngokwasengqondweni - ubuhlungu kunye nentuthuzelo. Kule lokugcina zilingana nezengqondo iqatshelwe ukungaphikisani phakathi umsebenzi ngoku, imfuno kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Ukhululekile, imeko nelungeleleneyo nangokweemvakalelo HIV. Ukuzilimaza waphawula xa omnye wemiba zintathu zidweliswe ngasentla, babephikisana kunye nabanye. Ezi nguqu ezinokubangela neemvakalelo ezingakhiyo.

Model Badridze and Ovsyanikova

Model Badridze J. kunye N. Ovsyanikova uthatha ukuba imfuyo yokuziphatha kwabo badla ukugcina imo nchavelelo engqondweni. Ukuze benze oku, bazama ukuba baqinisekise ukuba zonke iparameters kumgca kunye nenye. Kule hypothesis, siphawula izinto ezintle ilandelayo: inokusetyenziswa jikelele ngokunxulumene uhlalutyo ukuziphatha eziphilayo kwinqanaba ngamnye. Ukongeza, le ndlela lilinge ukufumana iindlela ukuba asebenza ngaphakathi kwindlela yokuziphatha. Nencopho sesithathu - kuqwalaselwe ukuba izilwanyana bakwazi ukuqikelela ekuhambeni iziganeko kokusingqongileyo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nezentlalo, ngokunjalo lungisa izenzo zabo ngokungqinelana neenguqu kunokwenzeka.

Oku kubonisa iingcinga ethology mihla malunga nendima basezingqondweni kunye zingqondweni ekuziphatheni izilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, zikhona izinto ezimbi. Le ubumbaxa yale ndlela kunye nokungabikho iindlela zokulinganisa intsalela lwangaphakathi, chaza ngokweemvakalelo. Ukongeza, akucacanga ukuba indlela yokuziphatha ethology isilwanyana bahlole iimfuno zabo.

indlela Ethological ukuba ukuziphatha

Xa ukulungele RV Hind indlela ethological lujolise kuhlalutyo yokuziphatha indlela yangaphakathi kwi qela kunye namanqanaba ngamnye. Ubethelela ukuba imithetho yayo kwinqanaba loluntu azezi sum of wabonakala phezu ezisezantsi.

Ubudlelwane kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu

ethology abantu kunye nezilwanyana isandula ukunikela ingqalelo enkulu ayihlalutyi ukuziphatha kwabantu, kunye nofundo lokuba ubudlelwane kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwabo. Kuthathwa ukuba umntu ngamnye unabanye kunye nabanye, iimbono zalo malunga nokuziphatha amahlakani kunokwenzeka, ehambelana kwimeko elinikiweyo. Abantu bafumana imbonakaliso eyimfuneko ngenxa yamava elidlulileyo kunye namalungu yohlobo lwazo. Ukuba abantu ababini angaqhelekanga udibane ukuba elwayo, ukuziphatha kwabo kuphela amaqashiso umboniso ikakhulu kuphela. Le unxibelelwano kudla ngokwaneleyo ukwenza omnye wabo wavuma kuba bengaphumelelanga.

Oku kubonisa ukuzithoba. Kuthatha indawo ngendlela ngoxolo ngaphandle yokuba abantu bakwazi ukuchonga amathuba kunye nyanzela abaphikisi iimpawu zangaphandle (impilo kunye nobume lwesondlo, ubungakanani, ubuntu, oziphethe ngayo, ubudala njalo njalo. D.). Ukuba abantu baye ixesha elininzi sinxulumane namanye, phakathi kwabo kukho ubudlelwane ezizodwa, apho yenziwa ngokuchasene nentsukaphi nabo ekuhlaleni. Uyavuma, le isayensi eyonwabisayo kakhulu. Ethology namhlanje akulolize ngokuya kwanda. Mhlawumbi akukho mntu kwakungayi kuba nomdla ingcaciso le yokuziphatha.

inethiwekhi ubuhlobo

Ngelo langoku ixesha, uluhlu izifundo ethology ntoni, intw 'iindawo ezintsha zophando. Izama ukufumana inani imibuzo, iimpendulo ezenza kube nzima ukunika, ngokusekelwe iingcamango zemveli ezizezemvelo kunye nenkuthazo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukuze bafunde kutheni iinkqubo zentlalo abantu kunye nezilwanyana basoloko olucwangcisiweyo, yaye kutheni ezi zakheko phantse lonke ecwangciswe ngendlela oluneqela elinegunya.

Kuthungelwano yonxulumano izilwanyana ichazwa ngesondo, enobuzalwane nomini, selectivity ngamnye, iinkqubo zolawulo. Xa abantu, baya zahlukahlukene kakhulu ngakumbi. Networks kungenzeka (ingakumbi amaqela ukuzala hlobo, enobuzalwane nomini kunye nobudlelwane erenkini), kodwa kwakhona khona ngokwahlukileyo enye kwenye (umzekelo ubudlelwane womnatha teen noontanga esikolweni nasekhaya). iqela labantu zokwakha ubuhlobo, kwenza isakhiwo lwentlalo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba phakathi imigangatho eyahlukeneyo ngobunzima lwentlalo bekusoloko ukuphazamiseka ngokuthe ngcembe.

We phendula umbuzo malunga yintoni ethology. Chonga wenze iindawo zophando kuyo bobabini, ngokweemeko ezimalunga nezembali kwaye ngokubhekiselele iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, siya Izakuchaza kuphela imibuzo esisiseko ye izazinzulu kweli cala. Njengoko ethology isicelo kwakunye nemiqathango ngenkuthalo ekuphuhliseni namhlanje, ukuze kwixesha elizayo, mhlawumbi, kuya kubakho iindawo ezintsha zophando.