ENorway: amaminerali. Ubume, isimo sezulu, imboni yelizwe

Ngokuqinisekileyo uvele wazi into malunga nelizwe elinjengeNorway. Kwibalazwe yehlabathi, ungayifumana le meko, ekhoyo kwi-Peninsula yaseScandinavia, eNyakatho Yurophu. Sincoma ukwandisa ulwazi lwethu ngokufunda amaminerali, isimo sezulu, uhlobo kunye noshishino kweli lizwe.

Ukusuka empuma-mpuma nempuma, iNorway imida iFinland (736 km), eSweden (1,630 km) kunye ne-Russia (196 km). Ihlanjwe ukusuka kumpuma-ntshona yiNorway Sea, uLwandle lwaBarents ngasentla-mpuma-mpuma, kunye ne-North Sea ngasezantsi. 25,148 km ubude bomda wonxweme.

Intsimi yeli rhulumente iquka iziqithi zaseBouvet kunye noJan Mayen, kunye ne-spitsbergen archipelago, iyunithi ekhethekileyo yolawulo equka i-Bear Island. INorway kwimephu yehlabathi iboniswe ngezantsi.

Njengoko ubona, intsimi yelizwe ihamba kunye nomgca omncinci (ngaphantsi kwe-420 km ububanzi bawo bukhulu) kunye nePeninsula yeScandinavia, unxweme lwaso lwasenyakatho-ntshona. Ikwaquka zonke iindawo, iinqithi kunye neziqithi ezikuloo ndawo.

Ngokwe-data yedatha ka-1984, abantu baseburhulumenteni babengu-4.14 yezigidi zabantu. Inkunzi-dolophu ngumzi wase-Oslo. Ilizwe laseNorway lihlukaniswe kwiimimandla ezili-18. Babizwa ngokuba yi-fjulke. IsiNorway yilwimi olusemthethweni. Isihlalo sobukhosi saseNorway sisiyunithi semali. Eli lizwe lilungu le-European Free Trade Association ukususela ngo-1960.

Ioli kunye negesi

Ukuveliswa kweGesi eNorway kuyisicwangciso esibalulekileyo soqoqosho. Iigesi ezininzi zegesi yendalo kunye neoli zijoliswe kwiNxweme yoMntla, kwicandelo laseNorway. Ziqikelelwa kwii-765 billion zeekhijitri zamitha. M no-1.5 bn toni ngokulandelanayo. Kukho u-3/4 wee-total deposits kunye ne-oil reserve kulo lonke elaseNtshona Yurophu. Emanzini angasenyakatho ye-Arctic Circle, iindawo ezinkulu zokugcina iioli ziye zafunyanwa. INorway ithatha indawo ye-11 kwindawo ehlabathini ngokutsho kwenani labo. Isiqingatha sawo onke igesi eNtshona Yurophu sigxininiswe apha. Kule nkalo, waphuma kwi-10 kwindawo yaseNorway. Iimigodi zeli lizwe zimelelwe ngokucebileyo nangokubanzi. Izigidi ezili-16,8 zifikelela kwiindawo zokugcina ioli, kunye ne-gas-47.7 trillion cubic meters. UMveliso we-Oyili eNorway yisebe apho kubandakanyeka abantu abangaphezu kwe-17 beli lizwe.

Ingaphezulu kwekota yesityalo-mali saseNorway iya ekwakhiweni kwamapulatifomu okuloba, aphantsi kwentshona yeBergen, kwiNorth Sea. Elinye lemihlaba yamanzi yendalo yegesi ekhoyo apha. Isakhiwo esikhulu sokubumba kwihlabathi kwakhiwa ngamaNorwegi. Ukufuduka kwayo kuku-1 million tons. Ukuphakama kweqonga kuyimitha engama-465.

Amalahle

Kule meko kukho iibhondi ezinkulu zelahlekile kwi-Arctic inxalenye yeYurophu. Zifumaneka kwiziqithi ze-Spitsbergen archipelago (eNorway). Ilahleko likhoyo kwixabiso elininzi. Ukususela ngo-2002, izixhobo zamashanga asebenzayo kule ndawo ziqikelelwa yi-geologists yaseNorway kwiitoni ezigidi ezili-10. Iindawo ezinokuthenjwa kunye ezinokuthenjwa kwazo zi-toni ezili-135 ezigidi. Iindawo ezinokuthenjwa ezinamathani ayizigidi ezingama-35. Kwiindawo eziphambili zokugcina amalahle zihlala eBarentsburg, ePiramida, Longir (Paleocene), isiXeko esiBhulu. Ummandla ophezulu ophezulu wamalahle kunye neemigodi ezi-4 zikwindawo ephambili kwisiqithi saseMpuma Spitsbergen (eNorway).

Imithombo yamaminerari ayinakuphela kuphela apha ngasentla. Makhe sithethe ngabanye.

Zheleznyak

I-iron ore yintsika yesiseko esenziwe yiNorway. Iimigodi zeli lizwe zalinganiselwa ngo-1999. Ngokwale nkcazelo yonyaka, iNorway inendawo ye-6-7 kwindawo egcinwe kuyo i-ore deposits phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili ze-deposit eNorway ziyi-deposit ore. Eli lixesha le-Precambrian ye-quartzites (i-Bjornevatn idiphozithi, apho iindawo ezigcinwe kuyo i-1 billion tons, ezibandakanya izigidi ezili-100 ezi-toni-ezinokwethenjelwa), i-magnetite-hematite yobudala beCambrian-Silurian ubudala (iipositi kufuphi neDunderland, iFran Rana Rana) kunye ne-hematite-magnetite ores Ukwakhiwa kwe-Ilmenite-magnetite (iRhodesan, iTelnes, i-Kodali, njl.).

Vanadium

Kwiindawo zokugcina, i-vanadium inesibini kwiNtshona Yurophu (emva kweFinland) eNorway. Amaminerali avela kuwo (ekubeni i-vanadium kwimo ecocekileyo ayifumanekanga kwindalo), ixhomekeke kwidiphosti yaseRhodesan. Isixa semali silinganiselwa kwi-12-15 yezigidi zeetoni.

Titan

I-Norway ngokwemigangatho yokugcina yale mineral ibandakanya indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Inomdla omkhulu kumashishini yiphondo e-anorthosite yase-Eigersund. Nazi iimbotyi ezinkulu zelo hlobo eYurophu. Idilesi yaseTelnes, inkulu kakhulu eYurophu ngeendawo zokugcina iilmenite (echazwe ngezantsi), ibalulekile.

ICopper

I-Copper igxininiswe kakhulu kumntla ophezulu. Kukho iipyrititi zepirititi, ezisetyenziselwa kwishishini likhemikhali ukukhipha ama-sulfur compounds. Ukongezelela, ukuphuhliswa kweentlawulo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zelitye zokwakha, kuquka i-marble ne-granite.

Ngokutsho kwedatha ka-1999, leli lizwe liphakathi kwamazwe alishumi eYurophu ngokubhekiselele kwizinto zokugcina ubhedu. Ukubaluleka kwezeMveliso eNorway yimihlaba yezobhedu: i-Suliljemma (Sulikhielma), iTrondheim (iFosdalen, iTverfjellet, iLlokket, njl.), IGron (Skuruvatn, Yoma).

Amanye amaminerali

ENorway, ngaphandle kwamanye amaminerali, kukho iinqwelo zesiliva. E-Kongsberg kukho iinqwelo zesilivere ezifanelekileyo, kunye ne-Blakequessley kunye neMoufiellet-i-lead-zinc deposits apho le nsimbi isuswa khona. Kule lizwe kukho iindawo zokugcina igolide (i-pyrite deposits), i-graphite (kwi-Senya, i-Skalann), i-phosphate ores (i-deposit Kodali), i-nepheline syenite (isiqithi saseCiugno), i-feldspar (ummandla waseGlamsland), isihlabathi se-olivine (Achime), i-talcum (I-Gudbransdalen Valle, i-Filit Altenmarku), i-limestone (i-Dalen, i-Slemmestad, i-Kirchholt), i-marble (i-Lyngstad), i-dolomite (isithili saseKragero).

Icandelo eNorway

Okwangoku, i-Norway yilizwe lama-26 elikhulu ngokubhekiselele kwi-GDP, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe (ngokwe-data yedatha ka-2006). Inhlalakahle yabemi ixhomekeka kakhulu kwi-oil refining kunye ne-gas industry.

Icandelo loshishino kwilizwe elinomdla likhula ngokukhawuleza. Oku kungenxa yokungeniswa kwemali emininzi, kunye nemakethe emancinci yasemakhaya. I-26% yesiphumo esiphumeleleyo, kunye ne-17% yengqesho ngamandla, ukwakhiwa nokuveliswa. Amashishini anamandla amakhulu aphuhliswe kwiminyaka yamuva. I shishini laseNorway liquka amashishini ahamba phambili alandelayo: i-electrochemical, i-electrometallurgical, i-radios, i-pulp kunye nephepha, ukwakha iinqanawa. Eli nqanaba eliphezulu lokukhushulwa kubonakala kwi-Oslo Fjord. Phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke iinkampani zoshishino zaseNorway zijoliswe apha.

Isebe elikhokelayo loshishini kweli lizwe li-electrometallurgy. Ixhomekeke ekusebenziseni ngokubanzi kwamandla angancinci yamandla kagesi. I-Aluminium, imveliso enkulu, yenziwe nge-aluminium oxide, engeniswayo.

Shishini

Kwiphondo laseTelmark ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuveliswa kwe-electrochemical kwenziwe. Oku kwakuqala kwishishini likhemikhali kweli lizwe.

INorway namhlanje ithumela iimveliso zorhwebo, izichumisi, iifenjini, iifarnish, iipende, iinguqu. Kwiimveliso zabo, akuhlali kuphela kwiindawo ezikhokela eYurophu, kodwa nakwihlabathi. I-Petrochemistry iye yakhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yamuva. Ngokwakhe isiseko kwavela imveliso yamaplastiki, kunye nezinye izinto zokwenziwa.

I-nitrogen fertilizer ingenye yeemveliso eziphambili ezivelisa i-electrochemical industry. I-nitrojeni, efunekayo kule nto, ichithwa isebenzisa amanani amakhulu ombane emoyeni. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-nitrogen fertilizer eveliswayo ithunyelwa ngaphandle.

Shishini leHlathi

I-37% yommandla welizwe ihlanganiswe namahlathi. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zemithi eNorway yi-birch, i-Scotch ipine kunye ne-spruce. Ukugcinwa kwamatye okwangoku kweli lizwe kunamaxesha angaphezu kwama-2 kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo. Iifama eziphambili zentsapho, ngokukhawuleza zikhokelela amahlathi kunye nezolimo. Kukho abaninzi kakhulu kweli lizwe. E-Norway, amahlathi asekuhlaleni ayabonakaliswa yindlela ethile kunye nobukhulu obuncinane bezinto. Oku kudala iimeko ezintle zokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwilizwe. Icandelo elibalulekileyo le shishini lizwe liyi-pulp kunye nephepha lephepha.

Zobunjineli

Phantse i-25% yazo zonke izisebenzi zoshishino zibandakanya ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zothutho kunye noomatshini abahlukeneyo. Imimandla ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi ukulungiswa kwemkhombe kunye nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zokuhambisa nokuveliswa kombane. Ubunjineli bobuchwephesha yinkampani encinci kulutsha. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwemali eyimali yangaphandle kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe, kwakhiwa amadidi amakhulu ekwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, kunye namafektri abonakalisa ukuveliswa kwee-turbines ze-hydraulic, iipolisi zokubasa ioli, i-home and industrial industries kunye nezixhobo zombane.

Ukuthunga, ukutya kunye ne-textile industry

Amashishini okutya, okuthunga kunye namacandelo athengisa ukuthumela ngaphandle. Ziyanelisa ubuninzi besidingo sombuso sokugqoka kunye nokutya. Phantse i-20% yazo zonke izisebenzi zorhwebo zaseNorway ziqeshwe kula ma shishini.

Shishini leentlanzi

KwiNorway, kubalulekile malunga nokukhutshwa kwegesi kunye neoli. Iindawo eziphambili zokucoca iintlanzi yiBergen, eStvanger, eTrondheim, eAlesund. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabadobi baseRashiya banikela iNorway ukuba iqhube. IRashiya yinto enye yabathengi beemveliso zentlanzi. I-aquaculture yaseNorway iphuhlise ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo. Ubutyebi bamava sele bufunyenwe ekuveliseni izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulima iintlanzi, ukubeka iliso, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa kwintsimi yentambo yeentlanzi.

Uncedo lwelizwe

Ukuphucula kunye neemaminerali zaseNorway, njengawo nawuphi na ilizwe, lidibana. Kuvela ekuphumuleni okuxho mekeke ngokukodwa kwintsimi okanye eli lizwe. I-Norway lizwe elinendawo enkulu yeentaba. Iintaba zaseScandinavia zingaphezu kwama-70% kwimihlaba yommandla. Basolula ukusuka kumzantsi-ntshona ukuya kumntla-ntshona nge-1,700 km. Ukuphakama komyinge weentaba zaseScandinavia ngu-1600-1900 m (ubuninzi-2469 m, iNtaba yaseGalfppgen). Umgca oselunxwemeni wecala (okubizwa ngokuba yiqhekeza) uhlala emazantsi. Ububanzi bawo buyi-40-50 km. Zifumaneka ikakhulu kwimzantsi yelizwe, kwiindawo ezincinci, kwindawo yase-Oslo-Ford. Iifjords (i-plateaus-peneplains) zichithwa ngama-fjords (iinqonga) zeentaba. Umntla weli lizwe liphantsi kwentaba ebizwa ngeFinmarken. Ukuphakama kwayo ku-300-500 emitha. Iimitha ezili-1139 zifikelela kwiintsika zomntu (Chuokkarassa), kunye ne-forest-tundra kunye neentaba-tundra landscapes. Nge-fjeldami ngokungafaniyo nendawo ephihliweyo kunye neentlambo zeentaba zaseScandinavia. Kukho amahlathi amakhulu ase-taiga apha. Njengoko ubona, uhlobo lwaseNorway luhluke.

Kuli lizwe kuneziqithi ezininzi (uSere, Magere, Senja, Vesterålen, Lofoten). Imilambo emikhulu yi-Logen (Gudbransdal), iGlomma, Logen (Inani). Ubume beNorway bubonakaliswe ngokufumaneka kwamachibi. Bahlala malunga ne-4% yommandla. Lawa manxweme aphezulu kakhulu. Elona likhulu nguMisa. Phantse i-27% yintsimi yommandla ihlala kumahlathi. Indawo yaseSpitsenbergen (Western Spitsbergen, Edge, North-East Land, Bear, Barents, njl.) Ibonakaliswa ngenye indlela yamathala, iintaba zeentaba kunye nemigodi ende. Ama-fjords aphethwe ngummandla wonxweme. Ingqungquthela ephakamileyo apha i-Newton (ukuphakama - 1712 m). Ingaphezulu kwesigxina se-archipelago ihlanganiswe ngamakhaka. I-Permafrost ithuthukiswe kuyo yonke indawo.

Imozulu

Nangona kunjalo, njengamanye amazwe enyakatho yeYurophu, iNorway ayinayo ihlobo elifudumeleyo, inesimo esihle sezulu. Esi sisiphumo seGulf Stream. Imozulu kwimeko yeli lizwe lincinci, i-subarctic - ekumntla ophezulu, kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni. Ilizwe laseNorway libhekiselwe ubusika obumnene kakhulu. NgoJanuwari, iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo li--12 ° C ngasenyakatho, kwaye kumzantsi - +2 ° C. Ihlobo epholile apha (+6 ... + 15 ° C), ngokuqhelekileyo kukho imimoya eqinile nemvula. Isixa semvula sitshintsha ukusuka kwi-300 mm ngonyaka (empuma) ukuya kwi-3000 mm (ngokukodwa kwintlambo yasentshonalanga yeentaba). Kwiindawo ezisemmpuma ezisempuma kwi-intermedium liza kubonakala i-continentality of climate. Ukugubungela amaqabunga athwala amaninzi. Indawo epheleleyo yalezi ziqhwala zingama-5000 square metres. Km. Ummandla wonxweme unqunywe yi-fjords.

Ukuxhamla

Ukuphelisa ukuchazwa kweNorway, makhe sibhale amagama ambalwa malunga nokuthutha. Ilizwe lifumaneka kwimihlaba ebonakalayo yintsebenzo ebuthathaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindawo ezininzi ezibuthathaka ziwela ngapha kweNxweme yaseAtlantic.