Emergency ubhalo neznye ngokufutshane

mlilo, iinyikima zomhlaba, Udaka, landslides, ukuwa amatye, zekhephu, izenzakalo karst kunye uyilo kumphezulu womhlaba - zonke ezi iintlekele zemvelo ezinxulumene nohlobo zejoloji kaxakeka. Ezinye iintlekele zemvelo linakho ukuqikelelwa, abaninzi abakwazi. Wufundeni ke imithetho yokuziphatha kwiimeko ezinjalo kufuneka ukususela ebuntwaneni. Eli nqaku kunokuba luncedo ukuba titshala isishwankathelo isifundo ngokhuseleko yobomi "uphawu zejoloji likaxakeka."

ukunyikima

iinguqu ngesiquphe acazulule kuqweqwe ingubo yokwaleka, nto leyo ebangela iingcangcazela evela intlokoma kumphezulu womhlaba ezosulela imigama emide xa intlokoma elastic - le inyikima. uhlobo wejoloji esi sicwangciso likaxakeka idla kuthi ngezigaba ezithathu - fortshoki, i-push ezingundoqo umothuko wamva.

Eliqhubela ngokwazo kunye nexesha lokulinda phakathi ezimbini zahlukile kakhulu. Main luphawulwa amandla mkhulu ixesha ngayo idla kwimizuzwana nje embalwa, kodwa abantu akukhathalwa ube mde kakhulu. Umothuko wamva bavelisa nokuba engqondweni ngakumbi kukothuka: Abantu va akunakuphepheka zabangento, amanqina kukoyika, abapholileyo, kwaye oko kuyimfuneko ukuze akhusele kwaye ufune ziindawo ezikhuselekileyo.

nesilinganiso amandla

Apho, apho ukukhululwa amandla iphambili umthamo iyaxela komhlaba, na inyikima. Hypocenter, okanye agxile ngayo - ingongoma eziqingqiweyo kwi ingundoqo kweli ziko, kwaye ezayo le hypocenter phezu komhlaba - kwaqala apho kukho intshabalalo kakhulu kakhulu. Ilizwe ze yedwa, nyaka ngamnye inyikima efanayo kwabhalwa ngazo kumakhulu ezininzi amawaka, kodwa sibuthathaka kangaka becala, abantu musa nokungayiqapheli.

Loo nto uhlobo ntlekele zejoloji. Amanqaku, eligqala ngobunzulu nyikima, ngaba ityala ngenani umonakalo phezu komhlaba. Yeyona iRichter Isikali kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye scale International yokulinganisa amandla eenyikima. A ubukhulu kuthiwa uphawu amandla lilonke intlokoma elastic leyo eyabangela le ntlekele.

Iinyikima e Russia

Ngomhla kummandla welizwe lethu ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo epesenti kwiindawo ezithandwa ziinyikima kwanele. Umlinganiswa luqhelekileyo wejoloji likaxakeka eqhubeka eKamchatka, kummandla izimvu, kumazantsi eSiberia, Kuril Islands kunye North neAsia. Ukhuseleko ngokuchasene iintlekele ikwangomnye umngeni otshis'ibunzi. iziganeko Anti-seismic bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - isilumkiso kwaye wenziwe ngokukhawuleza phambi kwaye ngexesha kwenyikima. amanyathelo azizithintelo - luthintelo, oluqhutywa phambi isisongelo kwafika intlekele.

Izazinzulu ukufunda isenzeko apho kukho zejoloji ezingxamisekileyo unesimilo zendalo, ibonisa iindlela zabo, ukuchonga bonke harbingers entlekele kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ngumlomo. Xa "iindudumo kuqhume", kufuneka nje ukusindisa abantu - bevaleleke emakhayeni abo, abangenamakhaya. Alubonisayo namashishini kufuneka ukuba yakhiwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo uzinzo wenyikima bale ngingqi - oku kuqala. Kungenjalo ezibuhlungu enkulu iza kuzisa ububi character zejoloji, imizekelo Armenian Spitak akungekwazeki ukuba kungekudala ilityalwe. Inani labemi kufuneka bafundiswe ukuba baziphathe ngayo, inqanaba lombutho lwemisebenzi nokuhlangula kufuneka abe umhlathi. inkqubo Isilumkiso - omnye wemiqathango ephambili kukunqongophala ezininzi amaxhoba.

kuqhuma

Ezinzulwini zomhlaba iinkqubo rhoqo esebenzayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umsebenzi mlilo. Dubulo basongela abantu abazizigidi mabini anamanci, abahlala kufutshane kakhulu mlilo angalali. Emergency ubhalo zejoloji, imizekelo apho sifumana nokuba ngamakhoboka (kaPompeii), ezinxulumene ne ukuhamba daka ngamandlakazi komhlaba, oko kukuthi, kunye mlilo. Daka - in Greek "cream enkulu" - olubunjiweyo silicate ubunzima, okt amatye, ebomvu-eshushu ukuvelisa ikwiqondo lobushushu liphezulu ezinzulwini Yomhlaba.

Ukuba le inyambalala daka egqitha umphezulu, ngenxa yengcinezelo omkhulu ngaphakathi dubulo luqala, kunye nemisinga ezinomlilo edadayo ilitye ulwelo emhlabeni, batshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni yayo. Oku kuthiwa, udaka, oko kukuthi, lolu daka leyo eye shwaka ezahlukeneyo omkhulu yeegesi, ngokufuthi ukonakalisa zonke eziphilileyo, bethabathe nabo kwizinto ezininzi km kwaye umphelo yokuvala amafu yelanga uthuthu.

Mlilo e Russia

Uphawu ezingxamisekileyo ubhalo yedeskthopi, ezifana dubulo unokunikwa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo yohlobo lo mmangaliso. Xa umhlaba ngamandlakazi emva kokumiselwa yomhlaba kunye sokupholisa oko kwasekwa iindlela ezininzi neentanda, apho Udaka uza kufutshane kakhulu kumphezulu. Yaye esithile kwamagumbi daka, zisendaweni nobunzulu malunga amathandathu khilomitha, ngenxa yengcinezelo ezinkulu iqala ekwakuthululwa daka. Ekubeni kumiswa mlilo - ozimeleyo ntaba, ndikudalile ngokwabo evela imveliso mlilo zayo.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu mlilo: izinto eziphilayo, aleleyo kunye esebenzayo. Ubuthongo intsongelo engacacanga, kuba iinkcukacha malunga mlilo zabo ubuntu apho, kodwa inyikima lendawo ngaphantsi kwabo kusengenzeka, oko kukuthi, nangaliphi na ixesha xa tryahnot ngakumbi, lo mlilo ungenza. Eziphilayo - mlilo engasebenziyo, ke bade rhoqo ezilahlekileyo imilo zabo. Active aluncedo rhoqo ingozi ngenxa amathuba mlilo.

nezinye ugqabhuko Yelostounsky

Kukho ugqabhuko, efana Yellowstone kwi-US. Emhlabeni malunga namashumi amabini ezinjalo. Abalali ixesha elide - ngamanye amaxesha kwizigidi zeminyaka. Kodwa xa uvuka, kuza akusekho ubume yemvelo likaxakeka. Imizekelo ice iminyaka lukhulu. Lo mlilo lokugqibela yenzeka e-New Zealand, iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe amawaka eyadlulayo. Ash ukuyigubungela umaleko multimeter emhlabeni kwakhona azigubungela ilanga iminyaka embalwa. Wakhululwa kungena umoya malunga elinambini ezilikhulu ezikwere zeekhilomitha.

uyondelelwano lwee- ash kanye mlilo eqhelekileyo maxa wambi mkhulu kangangokuba kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezixabisa ebumnyameni ebusuku. Beza ubusuku phezu kwawo wonke umhlaba, yaye yathatha iintsuku kunye neminyaka. Plus iitoni billion ezintathu sulphur dioxide emoyeni laduma phezu phantse wonke umhlaba. baqala iimvula acid sulphuric, phantsi kwayo bonke utyani uyafa. Umhlaba walahlekelwa ngoko asibhozo anesihlanu ekhulwini iintlobo zeentaka kuphela. Abo ezihlala kule mihla - a measly elinesihlanu ekhulwini ubungangamsha bayo bangaphambili. Kwaye eyona nto iphambili kukuba umzabalazo nkqu mlilo yesiqhelo esebenzayo phantse akunakwenzeka, ndavuswa supervolcano nokuba abaleke aziyi kusebenza - ngonaphakade. Ngoku zama igama nohlobo zejoloji ntlekele mbi ngaphezu koko.

ukuzuza iivoti ezininzi kakhulu

Landslides zenzeke kwilizwe lethu kuyo kwimimandla apho kungekho flatness lwe landscape. Iintlobo ngesimilo wejoloji kaxakeka zininzi kwaye zahlukene, kunye landslides azithathwa kuyingozi kakhulu. Nangona olungalindelekanga - apho. Kutheni na ukuba umhlaba phantsi ubunzima yenkitha rhutyu phantsi ezintabeni omkhulu kunye neenduli, isilayidi, ukuwa, ulwandle, ichibi Amathambeka komlambo?

Uzinzo ithambeka uphazamiseke kuba relatedness enkulu yamatye okanye umhlaba ngaphantsi Akumangalisi ngaphezu amandla womxhuzulane. Loko ithambeka lihlelwe motion. Yinto na intlekele enkulu kangaka, owabulala amawaka abantu, kodwa ke umonakalo omkhulu kunene: izindlu kutshatyalaliswa, wangcwatywa unxibelelwano, imigudu kanye imibhobho azikho, kuthungelwano ngakumbi umbane kunye neengcingo ngomnxeba.

Yintoni ebangela landslides

Izinto ezinokuthi kunokubangela ukudilika, inokuba nomahluko, kwaye rhoqo le into umsebenzi yabantu. Le cut amanzi lomhlaba, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo (kwamahlathi), okanye ukutshintsha uhlobo ehlathini, ziimozulu yaye, kwakhona, inyikima, ebangela landslides phantse lonke. Kukho iindidi ezintathu - fast, aphakathi kunye kade. Kuphela landslides ngokukhawuleza wabulala abantu abaninzi. Kodwa kukho umahluko enzulwini kumphezulu sliding: amancinci - ukuya kutsho kwiimitha ezintlanu, umphezulu - ukuya kutsho kwimitha olunzulu - ukuya kutsho kwiimitha mabini, ngokufanelekileyo, zinzulu kakhulu - ngaphezu mabini.

Power ubunzima entrained zeenqaba rock, nathi: landslides ezincinane kuthatha ukuya ku ishumi lamawaka square metres zomhlaba, ezinkulu ukuya kwesigidi. Noko ke, hayi kuphela emhlabeni kukho loo ezingxamisekileyo lomlinganiswa yemvelo. Imizekelo siqinisekisa umonakalo omkhulu ngetsunami, leyo amaninzi ukuyilwa ngenxa i ukudilika kwamanzi, nto leyo, esenzeka emva kwenyikima. Ukuphazamiseka neetyuwa emancamini kwithala makhulu kakhulu. EScotland, emva ukudilika wankqonkqoza phantsi amaxabiso kuzo zonke iikhilomitha rasstoyaniivosmidesyati ukusuka elunxwemeni.

wethala

Kwakhona imiphumela iinyikima zomhlaba, gryazekamennye enabela ezenzekayo kwimilambo ngamandla kakhulu entshukumo isantya leekhilomitha ngaphezu elinesihlanu ngeyure. Power bakhwela ahlulwe aba ngamaqela: ukuba ukususwa inginginya kobutyobo ukuhamba ngaphezu ezilikhulu lamawaka cubic metres, le mudflow enamandla, kukho kwakhona eliphakathi - ukuba statysyach, yaye ubuthathaka - ngaphantsi kwe ishumi lamawaka cubic metres iindimbane.

Umngcipheko izikhukhula Bothuka, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye ixesha leeyure maxa wambi ngaphezu kwesibhozo. Bayakwazi kwangaphambili kunye ukuphumelela xa kuhlalutywa iziphumo kokuma. Wakha izakhiwo ezizodwa hydraulic kunye selezaderzhivaniya selenapravleniya. Main - Musan imithi lwentaba ngaphandle ukulungisa iingcambu kwandisa umngcipheko yokufaka ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

ukudilika

Snow ukuwa, nobunzima kakhulu ukuwa okanye n'ekiweebwayo evela ezintabeni kwaye irhuqa ubunzima ngakumbi nangakumbi. EYurophu, izenzo ababhaliswe nohlobo zejoloji kaxakeka kakhulu nenjongo, kodwa kukho udaka ekupheleni ngamnye konyaka ngaphezu kwekhulu ubomi. Amandla atshabalalisayo udaka liphezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba amandla entshukumo ngakumbi. Lahlulwe uhlobo intshukumo yabo ngokutsiba, kugutyulelwe kunye exandekeni.

Zekhephu izenze kumathambeka ukubonakalsa, apho kwithambeka izidanga abangaphezu kweshumi elinesihlanu, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi oku kwenzeka ngo-amathathu okanye amane. Ukuba ubona into izidanga ngaphezu amahlanu, ezi zekhephu akhiwa, njengoko ikhephu ndihlanjwe ukuya elunyaweni ngokuthe ngcembe. Speed yena kunokuba liphakamile - ngaphezu kwekhulu enye ngomzuzwana. Qikelela ukudilika akunakwenzeka. awo Snow kwiindawo eziyingozi shot nje, ukumqumbisa indibano okanye ngabom ukuqhushumba up.

nciphisa

kumathambeka kunye engumnqantsa bayingozi kwaye siyabutyaka xa yaxobuka kwaye kuwa izihlwele ezikhulu kwamatye ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ingqibelelo yawo yemozulu emhlabeni okanye emanzini - komhlaba okanye ngaphantsi komhlaba, ukususela utshintsho ezibukhali kwamaqondo obushushu kunye nezinye izinto zendalo.

Ukumqumbisa landslides kunye iinkanyamba kunye, izaqhwithi, iinyikima zomhlaba kunye nobuchwepheshe, nkqu impembelelo omxhuzulane yenyanga. Ngowe-1995 ukudilika enkulu yenzeka Ingushetia, ubude ikhulu kunye neemitha mahlanu, ububanzi - ezilishumi, nobunzulu - malunga namashumi amahlanu eemitha, kukho kwabulawa abantu elinesithandathu. Qikelela zekhephu nayo engenakwenzeka.

wamagama

Scientific and technical inkqubela kufanelekile ukuba ityala ngenxa yokuba nje ke akanako ukukhusela abantu kunye technosphere ngu zikaxakeka kunye iintlekele zemvelo, kodwa, phezu koko, afune kubo. Inani lamaxhoba ukunyuka kunyaka-on-nyaka ka-4.3%, kwaye amaxhoba iziganeko buhlungu zendalo lube lukhulu nge-8.6% ngonyaka. ilahleko zoqoqosho zikhula nayo.

Le ngxaki ke umntu ehlabathini. Zisiba kobungozi bendalo ovela ukwanda yempembelelo anthropogenic ihlabathi zendalo, ukusetyenziswa ngqiqweni izinto loqoqosho, nokuhlaliswa okubi kwabantu, ukunqongophala esweni lokusingqongileyo, buthathaka kukarhulumente lokuqaphela yohlobo ezo nesenzeko, imeko kakuhle kwezakhiwo zobunjineli zokuzikhusela, kwamahlathi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba engineering inyikima. Kuphela ke abantu kuziva kukhuselwa ngethuba nohlobo zejoloji kaxakeka. Ngokufutshane okanye ngokufutshane ukuthetha ngalo mba akunakwenzeka.