Dzhonson Semyuel: A Biography, iimpawu izibakala creative, umdla

Semyuel Dzhonson - IsiNgesi umgxeki, umbhali, umbhali, yimbongi kunye lexicographer. Kucingwa enye amanani enkulu ubomi kunye neencwadi kwinkulungwane XVIII. Esinye isizathu sokuba ukuthandwa, ethi namhla ixhamla Semyuel Dzhonson, - uphindo yombhali.

curriculum vitae

Dzhonson Semyuel wazalelwa kwidolophu wephondo uLichfield, e Staffordshire, kwintsapho Michael Johnson wayenza iincwadi zorhwebo kunye zokubhala, kunye uSara-18 Septemba 1709. UYise (yaye kamva unyana wakhe) ndangenwa etywaleni ludandatheko, kodwa intlonelo yakhe; yi ngexesha lokuzalwa kaSamuweli, awusebenzileyo njenge unothimba. Dzhonson Semyuel wayengumntwana egula kwaye ayifanelanga ukuba asinde. Ngowe-1711, eneminyaka engama emibini, oko phantse iimfama, ngokomkhethe abazizithulu, abaphethwe scrofula kunye nesifo sephepha, ndasiwa Queen Anne loo mntu touch wakhe waphilisa abagulayo. Kodwa impiliso ngokungummangaliso, Noko ke, ayizange yenzeke.

Ngowe-1716-m Johnson, ethe, nexhala, kungekhona iminyaka yabo, ababhalise esikolweni uLichfield. Kuye okhokelwa zizifundiswa kodwa ngogonyamelo Dzhon Hanter, ngubani ukubetha abafundi babo, ukuze, xa amazwi akhe, Wabasindisa evela emthini olungiselelwe oko. Kamva uSamuweli wathi ukuba wayengazange wabethwa, ange engabuyanga yimpumelelo nto. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kwesikhokelo Hunter wafunda Latin nangesiGrike, waqalisa ukubhala imibongo. Ngowe-1725, xa ndandineminyaka engama-16, iinyanga ezintandathu, a Johnson yephondo watyelela umzala wakhe Cornelius Ford, ephucukileyo kwaye owenkawu owayesakuba ngutitshala eCambridge. Apho eva ubukho ihlabathi ngokwasengqondweni noncwadi.

ukubaleka

Ngowe-1726 waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo waza waya kusebenza ethengisa kayise. Oko kwaba yimpazamo. Ubomi kaSamuweli Johnson kule minyaka mibini izayo wayengonwabanga, kodwa kwangaxeshanye waqhubeka ngentumekelelo kwaye manqapha ukufunda IsiNgesi kunye noncwadi yamandulo.

Ngowe-1728, kunye ilifa encinane ngeekhilogram ezingamashumi amane ngasekhohlo ngunina emva kokuba Ukufa kwesalamane, engalindelanga ababhaliswe Pembroke College, Oxford. Noko ke, yena nako ukunika ngokwabo ukutya ngokwaneleyo, kuba loo nto, kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Oku yaqala kwakhona ukubonisa iimpawu ukudangala eya indikhathaza kuye bonke ubomi bakhe. Ngenxa yoko, kwaba ingqalelo kangako izifundo zabo ngo-ka1789, kuba edandathekile kakhulu namahlwempu kakhulu ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo, wemka Oxford, ngaphandle kokufumana idiploma.

Le ncwadi yokuqala

Iguqulwe kwi-Latin "Mesiya" Pope, uJohnson wenza ngexesha kwizifundo zakhe, yapapashwa ngowe-1731, kodwa njengoko ixesha ihlwempu, ematyaleni, ukudakumba, ngokomkhethe iimfama nezithulu, boyikiswa scrofula kunye ingqakaqa uSamuweli boyika ingqondo yakhe. Ukongeza, ngeyoMnga kulo nyaka uyise wafa, naye yimali.

Ngowe-1732, Johnson wafumana umsebenzi mnyango kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo Market Bosworth. Xa ndandityelele lakwaXhosa, wayedibana Genri Porterom kunye nomfazi wakhe, Elizabeth. Kunyaka olandelayo, elele emandlalweni ngexesha kutyelelo elide ecaleni abahlobo abatsha uSamuweli emlonyeni IsiNgesi version ezishwankathelweyo inguqulelo French incwadi ethi "Journey zibe Abyssinia," ezabhalwa ngenkulungwane XVII. WamaJesuit Portuguese. Waba incwadi yakhe yokuqala ishicilelwe, kunye Johnson wafumana guineas ezintlanu kuye.

umshado

Ngowe-1735, eneminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu, uJohnson watshata Uninazala Elizabeth Porter oneminyaka eli-46 ubudala. A njengekhazi inkosikazi yakhe, nto leyo eyayifikelela kwi-iikhilogram 700, uSamuweli waseka akhademi zabucala kufuphi uLichfield. Phakathi abafundi yayinguDavide Garrick, owaba umdlali edume ixesha lakhe kwaye umhlobo osenyongweni Johnson. Ngowe-1737 Academy zawa, noSamuweli bagqiba ukwenza tyebi kwintsimi boncwadi, waya eLondon sikhatshwe Garrick.

indalo

Ngowe-1738, ngoxa uhlala eLondon bahlwempuzeke, uJohnson waqalisa ukubhala ukuba "Journal of the nene," Edvarda Keyva. Apho wapapasha "eLondon" - Sixelisa uvuthondaba Juvenal phezu kuziphatha iRoma yamandulo, kuba abasamkelayo guineas ezilishumi. Ukongeza, wayedibana Richard Savage, enye imbongi ongenamyeni owayedume ezingaqondakaliyo.

Phakathi-1740 m and 1743 m, oko ehleliweyo engaphendulekiyo iPalamente "Journal nene". Kwiminyaka kamva, yena ukudunyiswa ngenxa ebonisa ukungakhethi.

Ngowe-1744, Richard Sevidzh wafa e Bristol entolongweni. Johnson wabhala "Savage Ubomi" iphawuleka chazwa ngokunyaniseka lwamandla nobuthathaka omnye umlinganiswa. Le mveliso yaba umbhali iprozi yokuqala, kwatsala ingqalelo uluntu yokufunda.

Ngowe-1745 wapapasha "Iintlobo ngeentlobo baphawule ntlekele" Macbeth. " Kunyaka olandelayo, ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano neqela labavakalisi benza umsebenzi omkhulu liqulunqa Xhosa ulwimi IsiNgesi, ngokufanayo epapashwe France namalungu amane ye-French Academy. Wajika with "IsiCwangciso isigama" lakhe Count Chesterfield, kodwa iCartridge eliphakathi kakhulu. Umphumo waba inkcazelo Johnson igama elandelayo "umxhasi": "Lo ngulowo inceda, inceda akhusele. Ngokuqhelekileyo lo mguvela oxhasa ngekratshi ngenxa yakucengacenga. "

Xa nabancedisi 1748 abasithandathu Johnson wafudukela kwindlu enkulu Fleet Street, waza waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla ekuqulunqweni kwezi isichazi-magama. Ngowe-1749 kwabonakala umsebenzi wakhe ukudangala "ngamampunge iminqweno yabantu," Garrick kunye Johnson wabeka nentlekele "Irene" kwi Drury Lane.

Phakathi kwiminyaka 1750 no-1752 ukwenzela iiveki ezimbini, uye wadala ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini izincoko "Rembler". Ngowe-1752-m umfazi wakhe wafa. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, uJohnson wabuyela Oxford, apho wadibana Thomas Wharton, imbongi kaNobel elizayo. Kunyaka olandelayo, ngoncedo Uortona Semyuel ekugqibeleni wafumana isidanga yenkosi e Oxford. Kulo nyaka omkhulu wakhe IsiNgesi Dictionary ekugqibeleni yagqitywa upapashwe, yaye nangona kunjalo abahlupheke kakhulu, igama lakhe nokubhala yamiselwa ngenqindi phantsi. Ngeli xesha ke leva abaselula uYoshuwa Reynolds, Bennet Langton kunye Tofamom Boklerkom.

Ngowe-1756, Dzhonson Semyuel wabhala: "Iziphakamiso uhlelo olutsha Shakespeare", apho ke, khange abonakale de-1765. Kwakhona waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe intatheli, umhleli kunye uqala emafini. Xa wabanjwa ityala, isibambiso wenza Semyuel Richardson. Phakathi 1758 no-1760 wabhala uthotho zezincoko "Bummer." Ngowe-1759, unina wakhe uSara wafa, kwaye bahlale mood ongemhle, wabhala intsomi yokuziphatha "Rasselas" ukuhlawula, wathi, umngcwabo.

umhlala

Ngowe-1762, emva kokuba umbusi kwitrone King George III, Semyuel Dzhonson, ogama iincwadi kakhulu ingeniso akazange naye ngokuzithandela kwakhe ukuba afumane ipension ngeekhilogram 300 ngonyaka. Noko ke, ukuqeshwa kaloliwe indlu yeendwendwe wayeze wabhideka ngakumbi, kuba lweli empumelelweni iqela, yaye, akwalikhumbula ukuxhatshazwa Whigs, igama elithi "pension 'kwisichazi wakhe" intlawulo abakhonzi bakarhulumente engcatsha ilizwe lakhe. " Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala wayengekho ebomini bakhe kunyanzeleka ukuba ukonga kuyimfuneko yaye nangona imbono yakhe emangalisayo, yaye ekugqibeleni rough-axholiweyo, waba ngomnye kakhulu idumileyo amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu yeengonyama zoncwadi. Xa isibini kumanenekazi abatsha wadibana naye kwi ngokuhlwa yoncwadi, wavakalisa ngokungaqheleki ukumangala nembonakalo yakhe, ngokungathi luhlobo oluthile lwegongqongqo evela koozintlango of Africa, Johnson wabona kubo mbuna yaye stroked.

Ngowe-1763, waqala wadibana James Boswell. Nangona imvelaphi yayo Scottish (Johnson madolw iScots - yiyo definition yakhe edumileyo: "Oats - oko ingqolowa, nto leyo eNgilani bayadla ihashe, kwaye eSkotlani abantu"), ukuba uyavana omnye nomnye. Ngowe-1764 yayisekelwe "Uqobo Club" amalungu zayo Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Garrick, Boswell kunye Johnson.

USamuweli ngo-1765 phantsi editorship azibhala Shakespeare kunye Kwimbulambethe enkulu anokuqonda wafumana Doctor Wawongwa Sciences uMthetho Trinity College e Dublin. Wahlangana naye kunye izityebi uHenry uEstere Trail, nto leyo eya ukuchitha ixesha elininzi lakhe kule minyaka ilishumi izayo (eninzi ukuthetha, kodwa ukwenza a ubuchule elincinane). Johnson wakha wathi: "Free ukubhala chumps kuphela."

Ngowe-1769 Boswell, waba igqwetha e Edinburgh, watshata, waza wahlala eScotland de th 1772. Phakathi 1770 no 1775 Johnson yakhupha uthotho pamphlets zobundlobongela, kodwa Akumangalisi categorical yezopolitiko. Ngo-Agasti 1773, nangona wayesoloko ulidelile eSkotlani, uSamuweli wathabatha uhambo nekulula Boswell on the Hebrides. NgoJulayi 1774, Johnson waya umzila eWales. Kulo nyaka, Oliver umnyibilikisi, omnye ababephila ezimbalwa, lowo endandimthanda kunene, wafa, yaye umbhali waziva ilahleko engathethekiyo.

Semyuel Dzhonson ngokuthanda uhlanga

Emva koko wabhala incwadana "ngokuthanda uhlanga", nto leyo wagxeka oko wajonga izwe false. Evening, Aprili 7, 1775, yena adumileyo wathi nothando na yokusabela wokugqibela njengonqevu. Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, le ngxelo ibhekisela ukuba izwe ngokubanzi, kodwa ukusetyenziswa engalunganga kwekota, uJohn Stewart, Earl of Bute kunye nabaxhasi bakhe kunye neentshaba, zidlala imvelaphi yakhe non-IsiNgesi. Johnson wamelana abanombono ngolo self-kuvakaliswe jikelele, kodwa wakuxabisa okunayo "oyinyaniso".

nentlawulelo

Ngowe-1775 wapapasha "Journey ukuya Islands Western of Scotland." Zakhe Kulo nyaka, uJohnson wafumana isidanga yekhethelo kwiYunivesithi Oxford, kwakunye nomzila batyelela France (apho bafumana Scotland kubi). USamuweli ngamandla akwenza American Revolution, echaza bezithanga nemvukelo njenge "uhlanga igweba." Ngowe-1776, waya Oxford Boswell, Ashbourne kunye uLichfield, apho imvula bareheaded wema ebaleni kwimarike phambi kwesakhiwo, apho kwakukho ivenkile kayise, nilonga i "kophulwa yokuhlonela filial" kwiminyaka eyi-50 eyadlulayo. Namhlanje nasezindlini Museum kaSamuweli Johnson.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngowe-1778 wadibana Fanni Berni oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, kungekudala waba ngumbhali ngempumelelo "Uye". Kunyaka olandelayo, uDavide Garrick, indlela umfundi omdala Johnson kunye nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, wafa, yaye uSamuweli kwakhona ezingenakuzanyazanyiswa. Ngowe-1781, emva kokupapashwa ethi "Ubomi of the Iimbongi IsiNgesi", wafa Genri Treyl. USamuweli wandithuthuzela umhlolokazi wakhe yaye uza kutshata naye. Noko ke, ngo-1783, impilo yakhe waqalisa ziphelelwa wahlaselwa sistroke. Kunyaka olandelayo, kancinci wachacha, waphula kunye noNkosikazi Trail xa wabhengeza injongo yakhe ukutshata Gabriel Piotstsi.

UGqr Semyuel Dzhonson, onesifo sifo, isifuba, nokudumba kunye ukudumba, wafumanisa ukuba ukoyika ukufa waqala ukufumana kubo, kodwa wadibana naye ngenkalipho njengoko wadibana bonke ubunzima ebomini bakhe. NgoDisemba 13, wafa eneminyaka engama-75. Yena ke wangcwatywa Westminster Abbey nge-20 Disemba.