Commutator motor. Universal commutator motor

Commutator ziimoto umatshini yolunye zombane apho i zangoku oko kwayijikeleza kunye plane sensor isikhundla kwakheka njengenye kunye nesixhobo esifanayo - unit brush-umqokeleli. Esi sixhobo unokuba kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

uhlobo

Commutator motor DC ngesiqhelo iquka kuzo iziqalelo nokubunjwa kwayo ezifana:

- a plane kwisibonda-emithathu iibheringi ngokokushiyana;

- a stator kwipali-amabini kunye iimagnethi ngokusisigxina;

- plate ubhedu njengoko indibano nomqokeleli brush.

Le iseti kuvamile ukuba abaninzi izisombululo ephantsi amandla asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokudlala abantwana ukuba musa zifuna amandla ngaphezulu. Ukubunjwa iinjini ezinamandla ngakumbi kuhlangani- ezininzi zokusebenza:

- ezine grafayithi ibhrashi ngohlobo wendibano umqokeleli;

- a plane nezibonda multiple on iibheringi roller;

- stator umazibuthe esisigxina kunye nezibonda ezine.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, izixhobo motor lohlobo ezisetyenziswa iimoto mihla kwiinkqubo fan drive nokuphumeza okupholisa iimpompo umoya iqhoshana, kunye nezinye izinto ze janitors. Kukho kwakhona neendibano enzima kakhulu.

Motor amandla watts amakhulu ezininzi ukusebenzisa njengenxenye stator-kwipali ezine, ezenziwe abasebenza. Kuba ukudityaniswa engathi mhlawumbi usebenzise enye ngeendlela ezininzi:

- Ngokuhambelana ivili. Kulo mzekelo, torque ephakamileyo eliphezulu, kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba i-high speed bengasebenzi umngcipheko yomonakalo injini.

- In ngaxeshanye kunye ivili. Kulo mzekelo, ingeniso yahlala izinzile kweemeko nokutshintsha umthwalo, kodwa torque aluve ezincinane.

- excitation Ukuxuba xa ukusongwa iqhagamshelwe kwi series inxaxheba ngaxeshanye. Kulo mzekelo, iingenelo emanyeneyo ezo embodiments zangaphambili. Sebenzisa olu hlobo moto ukubala.

- excitation elizimeleyo, esebenzisa unikezelo lwamandla eyahlukileyo. Kulo mzekelo, iimpawu afunyenwe, sihambisane uxhulumaniso ngaxeshanye. Sebenzisa olu khetho kakhulu inqabile.

Commutator motor has ezinye eziluncedo: zibe lula ukuvelisa, ukulungisa, ukusebenza, kunye nobomi inkonzo yabo inkulu ngokwaneleyo. Njengoko ethile abelwe ngokuqhelekileyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuyilo ngempumelelo izixhobo ezinjalo ngokuqhelekileyo nizkomomentnymi Fleet noninzi ngoko drives ifuna ufakelo gearbox. Le ngxelo lilungisa, ukususela umatshini yombane, swi ngesantya esisezantsi, luphawulwa ukusebenza understated, kwakunye enxulumene nezi ngxaki okupholisa. wokugqibela kangangokuba kubo kunzima ukufumana isisombululo ebukekayo.

Universal commutator motor

Le ngobuwena yi cinca-cinci ku umqokeleli yangoku matshini usoloko okwaziyo ukusebenza kwi current ngqo kunye nokuxuba. Isixhobo isagquba kwiintlobo ezithile izixhobo zombane zasekhaya ngesandla ngenxa yobukhulu bawo encinane, ubunzima encinane, ixabiso eliphantsi lula kumgaqo isantya. Kaninzi kwenzeka njenge umatshini imoto e-United States kunye noololiwe yaseYurophu. Uyakwazi ukubona unit motor.

Iimpawu design

Kuba ukuqonda ngcono lo mba kufuneka sihlolisise, Obumbe isiseko isixhobo ntetho. uhlobo umqokeleli jikelele ziimoto sisixhobo DC ukuba intsimi series-elidityaniswe ngokubhijela olulungiselelwe AC indlu womnatha amandla ombane. Motor ujikeleza kwicala elinye, nokuba ezichaseneyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uxhulumaniso uthotho le engathi le stator kunye plane iziphumo utshintsho ngaxeshanye izibonda owahluke ngokwemvelo, waza ngokwenjenjalo mzuzu isiphumo yalathiswa kwicala elinye.

Ntoni na wenza?

Le commutator motor AC kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo stator kukho izinto magnetically athambileyo ukuba unalo hysteresis encinane. Ukunciphisa ilahleko , imisinga eddy, le nto yenziwa amacwecwe elibhalwe ngokuqhelekileyo nge usambathisa. Njengoko isethi ye-AC commutator oomatshini yesiNtu ukwahlula lokubolekwa eliguquguqukayo yangoku afunyenwe ekulungiseni enye-phase yesekethe sangoku ngaphandle smoothing le pulsation.

Commutator motor AC amaninzi iphawulwa phawu hlobo: idle- ukumelana ezenza of engathi stator akasivumeli yangoku itye ngaphezu kokuba umda ethile, oko enciphisa kwaye ubuninzi motor torque ku 3-5 kwi wesiqhelo. Isilinganiselo lweempawu mechanical afunyenwe ngokusebenzisa ulwahlulo le engathi stator - ezifunyanisiweyo ngabanye asetyenziswa ukudibanisa i-AC.

Lidla umsebenzi onzima kwakugcwele utshintshe nje enamandla umatshini commutator AC. Okwangoku xa icandelo cala xa singenelayo, imagnethi leyo uthethathethwano kunye plane, ukutshintsha indlela yayo, kwaye oku kuba unobangela ovelisa icandelo lovukelo amandla electromotive. Oku kwenzeka xa isebenza kwi AC ngamandla. Lo matshini umqokeleli-AC kwakhona lwenzeka EMF lovukelo. Ngoko nangoko kugubha kunye sombane EMF kuba plane na kukho mhlaba otsalayo le stator, kwamaza ngexesha. isiqalo elithambileyo motor commutator akwenzeki, kuba ngeli xesha na awo kumatshini iya kuba eliphezulu, kodwa ke njengokuba usiya kufutshane isantya synchronism yi ngokomlinganiselo ukwehla. Nge ukukhawulezisa okuphambili ziya kuphawula ukunyuka entsha. Ukusombulula ingxaki yokutshintsha kule meko wanikela amanyathelo eziliqela ezilandelelanayo:

- Uyilo kufuneka abeke phambili licandelo elinye-jika, oku kunciphisa nokuqukuqela iklatshi.

- Icandelo uxhathiso kufuneka ukunyusa, apho iimpawu ethembisayo ezi resistors kwi iipleyiti umqokeleli apho kukho kobubi elungileyo.

- Collector kumele podshlifovyvatsya iibhrashi yokuqaqadeka ubuninzi kunye ukuxhathisa aphezulu.

- mandla lovukelo electromotive ukufumana imbuyekezo ngokusebenzisa izibonda ezongezelelweyo kwenyukwa ilandelelana, kwaye ukufana kwemicimbi ye sombane luncedo imbuyekezo ye EMF. Ekubeni ixabiso parameter lokugqibela ngumsebenzi nesantya emboxo le plane kunye yangoku magnetizing, engathi ezinjalo kufuna ulawulo khoboka, nto leyo kodwa ayikho.

- supply frequency iisekethe kufuneka ube sezantsi kangangoko kunako. Iinketho ithandwayo 16 no-25 Hz.

- njengamaqhakuva ekhululayo eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa wayicima ezichaseneyo usuke of the engathi stator okanye ivili.

Ubuhle nobubi

Thelekisa le miqathango ilandelayo: The izixhobo enxulumene kwinethiwekhi zombane ekhaya amandla ombane ayi-220 volts kunye rhoqo 50 Hz, amandla injini kule meko efanayo. Umahluko iimpawu mechanical sefowuni inokuba engxakini okanye inzuzo kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno kusebenza actuator.

Ngoko ke, lo umqokeleli AC injini: isidima xa kuthelekiswa ne-unit DC:

- Ukufakwa kwi network wenziwa ngqo, kungekho mfuneko amacandelo olongezelelweyo. Kwimeko umatshini DC zifuna eqondisa.

- ngoku Qala-up incinane kakhulu, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

- Phambi isixhobo yesekethe yolawulo kube lula kakhulu - kwaye thyristor umbane eziluzizi. Ukuba licandelo lektronikhi ndibakhe, mqokeleli injini yombane, ixabiso elandelwayo exhomekeke ngamandla kunye noluhlu avela engange-1,400 kwaye ngakumbi, iya kuhlala isebenza, kodwa ngoko nangoko uya nizitshintshele igunya ngokupheleleyo.

Kukho kwakhona amanye okungalunganga:

- Ngenxa ilahleko ukubuyiselwa umva stator inductance kunye nokusebenza okupheleleyo ngonyuka lifinyele.

- torque obukhulu nalo lancitshiswa.

Iimoto zombane, ezi- umqokeleli banamalungelo athile kuthelekiswa ne induction:

- compactness;

- kungeko ngokuzibophelela kwi-frequency network and wathandwa;

- torque ebalulekileyo;

- unciphiso umlinganiselo yeenguqu kunye nokwanda kwimowudi oluzenzekelayo, kwakunye torque nokwanda njengoko kwegciwane, le ombane kuhlala ingatshintshanga;

- zokulawula isantya ingaba ukulungisa uluhlu olubanzi ngokufanelekileyo iphumelele le ombane unikezelo.

Ilishwa kuthelekiswa ne motor emgudu munye

- xa isantya umthwalo uya singazinzi;

- device brush-commutator ibandla akuthethi oluthembekileyo kakhulu (imfuno ubuninzi neesepha kunciphisa kakhulu resource);

- AC usuke ibangela arcing eqatha umqokeleli, uphazamiseko ndlela kwakheka;

- enomsindo emsebenzini;

- sokuqokelela iphawulwa linani elikhulu iindawo, ukwenza injini kakhulu omkhulu.

Modern motor umqokeleli luphawulwa izibonelelo siwenze kunye amathuba amagiya mechanical kunye namaqumrhu zokusebenza.

nezinye uthelekiso

Xa kuthelekiswa sokuqokelela kunye olungenangqamaniso Motors amandla alinganayo, kungakhathaliseki amaza olutyunjwe yokugqibela, ibe ifunyenwe iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Okulandelayo iya ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha. Universal commutator motor ilisebenzisa yokusebenza "ethambileyo". Kulo mzekelo, torque na umlinganiselo ngqo umthwalo kwi shaft, ngelixa kuvela bomzimba. torque rated Kudla ngaphantsi ubuninzi 3-5. Ukucutha Isantya bengasebenzi ngayo luphawulwa ilahleko ezizodwa kwi-injini, ngaloo ndlela xa umatshini enamandla ngaphandle ekulayisha nga kutshatyalaliswa.

A uphawu motor bonk 'a' fan ', ngamanye iyunithi ugcina isantya approximating mzuzu ababezibiza ubuninzi ukwanda kakhulu kunye ukuhla okuncinane nesantya. Ukuba sithetha ukutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kulo salathisi, lo torque motor likhula nje kuphela, kodwa kusithwa zero, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ima epheleleyo. Isantya Imile ephakamileyo kancinci nje ngegama, ngoxa rhoqo. Uphawu ezi-induction motor i iseti eyongezelelweyo yeengxaki ezinxulumene ne ngokusesikweni, kuba buya torque eqala phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Lo mhlaba otsalayo ye stator ezi-, kwamaza ngexesha, yahlulwe kwiinkalo ezimbini kunye izigaba esahlukileyo, ngenxa apho ukuqala ngaphandle zonke iintlobo amaqhinga kube nzima:

- amandla, ukudala isigaba ngumntu;

- waqhekeza emseleni;

- ukuxhathisa yakheka kwisigaba ngumntu.

Kuthiwa endle kwamaphiko kwisigaba malungana kunciphisa ukusebenza eliphezulu ezi-induction lomatshini 50-60% ngenxa ilahleko kwinkqubo Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye engathi supersaturated wenza phezu imisinga endle counter. Kubonakala ukuba shaft efanayo oomatshini ezimbini zombane, kunye zokusebenza omnye ikwimo motor kunye nezinye - imo eliphikisayo. Kubonakala ukuba iinjini zombane umqokeleli-Isigaba esinye akazazi okhuphisana e networks zabo. Kwaye oku sele efumene ithandwa omkhulu onje.

iimpawu mechanical ye injini yombane ulunika kwindawo ethile lokusetyenziswa. isantya Low, limited sokuquqa AC nokwazisa amandla olungenangqamaniso ezifanayo ihlanganisa enkulu kubukhulu nobunzima kuthelekiswa umqokeleli jikelele. Noko ke, xa ifakwe kwisekethi amandla inverter kunye aqhelelkileyo aokusetyenziswa ubukhulu kunye nobunzima iyathelekiswa. Kuhleli ukuqina iimpawu mechanical na isithuthi, apho ezidityaniswe ilahleko tokopreobrazovanie kwakunye qho, ukwanda ilahleko Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye ezenza.

Analogs ngaphandle esiludumbo umqokeleli

Commutator motor inophawu AC analog, nto leyo usondeleyo kulo iimpawu mechanical, - ivalvu, apho ibandla ibhrashi-commutator endaweni inverter mayixhotyiswe woluvo plane isikhundla. Xa analog yekhompyutha kulo matshini usebenzisa le nkqubo ilandelayo: a rectifier, injini yolunye kunye woluvo yobume emboxo le plane, zidibene ne inverter. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho kwi umazibuthe esisigxina plane ikhokelela kunciphiso torque kwasala ubukhulu.

isimiso ukusebenza

isixhobo commutator motor ubonisa indlela ifowuni esiguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla ngoomatshini kunye vice versa. Oku kubonisa ukuba amathuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo wenkunkuma. Iyafuna kokuqwalasela injini umqokeleli ngokweenkcukacha enkulu, isiphaluka leyo iya kubonisa izakhono zalo.

Imithetho physics uthi ngokucacileyo ukuba xa umsinga wombane ngokusebenzisa umqhubi kuloo mhlaba otsalayo, impembelelo kuye ukuba amandla ethile. Kulo mgaqo usebenza lobhontsi, zibe nefuthe elingqale kule amandla motor. Commutator motor usebenza phantsi kwalo mgaqo esisiseko.

Physics usifundisa ukuba isiseko ekudalweni izinto eziluncedo imithetho kancinane. Esi sisiseko ngokuyila isakhelo lijikeleza entsimini zibuthe, eyenza kube lula ukwenza motor umqokeleli. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukuba lo mhlaba otsalayo le iperi ababhexeshi obekwe, indawo yangoku leyo ngqo kumacala esahlukileyo, yaye kungeso namandla kakhulu. bawadibanise unika torque efunekayo. Icebo le injini yombane inzima kakhulu ngakumbi, ukusukela kuqhuba lonke uluhlu lweziqalelo kubalulekile, ingakumbi, isixhobo sokuqokelela esibonelela ulwalathiso enye yangoku phezu izibonda. Ukungalingani inkqubela sisusiwe ngokulungiselela imibhijelo eziliqela kwi armature, kwaye umazibuthe abasisigxina zatshintshwa coil, nto leyo ukuba sikwazi ukuphepha imfuneko DC. Kuyenzeka ukunika indlela enye torque.

Ukulungiswa iinjini zombane ngezandla zabo

Njengazo naziphi na ezinye izixhobo, le yunithi lungangaphumeleli ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu. Ukuba injini yombane, ifoto apho ubona ukubuyekeza yethu ayikwazi Ukutsalela inombolo oyifunayo amathuba, okanye xa esiqaliweyo engakhange eze shaft ufuna ukukhangela, akazange aqhumisele ukuba iifyuzi, akukho amakhefu yombane le armature, ukuba icebo ngokwayo igcwele. Amaxesha amaninzi ukuyilayisha kukhokelela amaxabiso ezingaqhelekanga yangoku ukutyiwa. Ukusombulula le ngxaki kufuneka balujongisise ngenyameko ugqithiso zomatshini kunye waqhekeza, uze ususe ezibangela ingxinano.

Icebo le ezifana ukuba siqalo kubadle a kul ethile. Ukuba mkhulu kwexabiso elibekiweyo, kufuneka ukukhangela ukuyondelelana kwendlela kokuxhuma engathi parallel serial xa kuthelekiswa namanye, kwakunye ngokunxulumene rheostat. Xa ke lokulungiswa iinjini zombane ngezandla zabo, badla wavumela iimpazamo ezithile kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, engathi shunt bangathungelana kwi kuthotho kunye ukuxhathisa rheostat yombane, okanye elidityaniswe omnye pole-mbane.

Ukuzinza Checker odibanisa yokusebenza excitation jiko yenziwa ngokudibanisa enye ekupheleni shunt intambo jiko, kwaye eyesibini - ngumbhexeshi sombane elandisiweyo ukususela arc rheostat. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezintlanganweni candelo umqhubi zombane mncane ngaphezu kwabanye, ukuze kungabonwa ngaphandle megger. Emva kokuba ubukele iswitshi amandla rheostat shift sityibilikisi indawo ephakathi emancamini simahla kwamandla abafumana. Esebenzisa isibane yolawulo senziwa ngokulandelelana eskena zonke iziphelo conductive. Xa uthinte omnye wabo, isibane kufuneka zikhanya, kunye nezinye - akukho. Ke zonke motor sivavanywe. Ixabiso umsebenzi owenziwayo uya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo umonakalo yunithi.

Ukuba ngexesha lokusebenza inani yeenguqu emsebenzini, nto leyo ingaphantsi kwe ngegama, izizathu eziphambili zoku ngokubanzi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: a ombane womnatha encinane, izixhobo ukucima kombane, a yangoku omkhulu umdla. Ukuba kukho non-esebenzayo in reverse indalo kufuneka ukukhangela excitation yesekethe yombane, ukuze kupheliswe zonke iziphene elibhaqiweyo, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukumisela ixabiso yesiqhelo excitation yangoku. Kwezinye iimeko, kusenokufuneka umva Iimoto zombane.

Xa unit unobangela inoperability nto eziphosakeleyo conjugation ngaxeshanye kunye engathi excitation ezilandelanayo iyafuneka ukubuyisela ulandelelwano oluchanekileyo xhulumaniso. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuphelisa ngxaki ngendlela elula kusenokufuneka ukuba umva Iimoto zombane. Kufuneka ixabiso check kunye ombane kuthungelwano lombane, ekubeni ukwanda ngesantya isixhobo Isalathisi wesiqhelo lungandiswa.