Bukhosi style izakhiwo kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye mihla. Imizekelo izakhiwo, iifoto

Kwikota yokuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukubuyisela classicism kwafika indlela entsha kwimizobo kunye bokwakha - Empire. Sesakhiwo yaqala ukubonakala iimpawu zakhe iimpawu - a massiveness omkhulu kunye iziqalelo olugqibeleleyo zokuhombisa. style Empire yavela ngexesha lokulawula uNapoleon. Nangona abanye bakholelwa oku kulwalathiso ngobugcisa bokwakha le emxinwa nokunqongophala, oko kukuthi, kunjalo, lathembela kakhulu ilifa imifanekiso archaism isiGrike Imperial eRoma, ukukhuthaza amandla kunye nobukhulu eziqalelo yimikhuba kodwa elihle, kanti engaphambili - classicism - zigxile, ikakhulu izinto ezithambileyo-gingxi.

Ngemvelaphi isimbo

Bukhosi isimbo bokwakha - a Inqaba yamandulo, nesezindlu enkulu kunye iintsika, kukho imiqondiso emikhulu emkhosini - nezidanga ngowakhe .. Zempi, okhozi, njl Zonke ezi zinto akuthethi nefuthe iimvakalelo, kodwa kunoko, phezu ngabemi abantu. Oku oko kuboniswa ngexesha elimisiweyo butshabalale ke nobungangamela le ngaphakathi komkhulu, ziyilwe yi Fontaine ne Percier. Emva iphulo UNapoleon ngayo eYiputa kwi isimbo yoMbuso bokwakha baqalisa kuqaliswa iindonga moya undifferentiated kunye iipayiloni, sphinxes isitayile. Kuba eli xesha, lo msebenzi osemqoka uphawu kukuba isiko baseYiputa edityaniswe Roman ngokulungelelanisiweyo ngokwaneleyo ngaphandle ukuya kude kulo eclecticism ethile. Historicism - enye inkalo eyahlula uBukhosi isimbo izakhiwo, nto leyo egxininisa ikhonkco nobukhulu abalawuli yamandulo.

style emibonweni

orientation ziqinile eceleni kuphela uphuhliso isimbo kwaye isizathu sokuba States abaninzi akunjalo kwamkelwa "impiriyali" iye yaba mandla isixhobo uNapoleon ngexesha yokoyisa kwakhe. Umzekelo, eJamani Austria iye yaphuhliswa ngexesha ulwalathiso "Biedermeier", inxenye usebenzisa uBukhosi mibala, kodwa uphikisa ngokwawo kuye. ENgilani kwakukho i "indlela uGeorge IV», maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba "yaseBritani lombuso."

style Imperial Russian

Ilizwe kuphela indlela yoMbuso bokwakha, yaye hayi kuphela kuyo, nalapho kujoliswe, kwakukho eRashiya. Oku kuchazwe yinyaniso ukuba bakwazi ukwahlukana amandla uNapoleon, kwaye ngokunjalo apha uye yazuza iimpawu zayo ahlukile. Waye lithambile yaye ukululekwa ngakumbi. Lo ngukhokho isimbo yoMbuso eSt Petersburg bokwakha yi Rossi - umyili Russian-Italian, wakwazi ngokulalisa silwa yakhe nokoma. Enye wezakhiwo eyaziwa kule ezibonisa indlela Stasov. Ngokutsho kweengcali, umlinganiswa yayo obahlukileyo waba "Moscow Empire" kwi indlela ngamafa zasemaphandleni, ekwabizwa ngokuba classicism eyinkunzi.

Ukugqitywa kwexesha Classical

Imithombo yashukumisa nabayili creative baye Art of Ancient Greece kwixesha akudala kunye baseRoma uBukhosi kwexesha kade, idityaniswe kunye nenkcubeko Etruria, Egypt yamandulo kunye nezinye izizwe. iingcamango zeplastiki zakhiwo yamandulo baseYiputa, undifferentiated imiphezulu eludongeni enkulu enezintlu ezinkulu neentsika, ekunikeni inkcazo wonke umthamo nokuchaneka zejometri, njl - .. Le bukhosi ezahlukeneyo. Le sesakhiwo kwenkulungwane ye-19 iye yaba isimntwiso of conciseness, monumentality kunye nokulungelelana ngamandla kunye wolingano yamalungu. Eli xesha kuthiwa nezityholo uzuko zomkhosi kanye nobuhle zinkulu, kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iimpawu ezininzi kunye neempawu.
Uhombiso lwe ngaphakathi kunye exteriors lwezakhiwo, ifenitshala, kwakunye izibane kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa ngeeMpawu ezininzi uzuko emkhosini nemifuziselo abolekwe ndlela yamandulo yaseRoma zokuhombisa ngohlobo neembasa kunye umxakatho, nemisipha umsasazi kunye okhozi, iitotshi, yaye ngokufuthi ngokuphinda incwadi N .

Olo lokubhalela ongaqhelekanga kwaphucula umoya oxwlwa kuphela kwigumbi langaphakathi. Imizekelo Empire lwezakhiwo, ngokutsho kwiingcali, Kukhazimlayo kakhulu isenza ukuboleka ngqo kweentlobo ezithile kunye neentlobo yehlabathi kwinjongo kudala. Umzekelo, i ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ezihonjiswe yi nakwiingqameko woloyiso kunye amatshe lenkumbulo.

Endaweni ekulungisweni ngobuciko

Ngokufika kwe-Emphaya art, luyayidlula kwaye omkhulukazi ngakumbi. Kulo mzekelo, endaweni ubuqili ecwengileyo kwi indlela Louis XVI iza nengqiqo ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nathanda nkqu bokubanga. Kwiinzame bongxowankulu, lokuwina kwaye ulahle ulwalathiso "basebukhosini ', ukuba sixelise ubomi, okanye isimilo zamaRoma amandulo kwakukho abaninzi kumabala emidlalo kunye ngezinto zobu bomi. Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu basebukhosini kunye ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba ezinkulu, apho classicism French uLouis XVI ukuba kutshanje waba ngumzekelo omhle, waqalisa ukulandela ngokuphandle indlela asebukhosini. Emva kokuba revolution e Paris kwakhona ukusuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo bahlanganisana amagcisa eliqela kunye nabayili bezakhiwo abaye bakhetha ukusebenza ngale ndlela intsha. UBukhosi izakhiwo, imizekelo apho izakhiwo akakhathalelanga njenge "eqokelelwe" classicism, xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zangaphambili waba lomntu ngokwaneleyo ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo kungabandakanywa ngenxa ukulawulwa nokusekwa kwezikolo zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, oku akuzange ayeke emva kwexesha elithile ukuzalwa iinguqulelo Russian yale isimbo.

Saint Petersburg

Oku kwi 1810-1830 biennium. yaqala ukuvela kwi ensembles emikhulu yasezidolophini. Imizekelo Empire eSt Petersburg bokwakha - kulunge-yaziwa Kazan Cathedral kunye nesakhiwo Admiralty, i Spaso-Preobrazhensky kunye icawa Troitsky, Ostrovsky Square kunye Arts. Ngaphezu kwabo basebenza ezifana nabayili awaziwayo K. I. Rossi kunye A. Voronikhin, JB Thomas de Thomon kunye A. D. Zaharov, V. P. Stasov kunye nabanye.

Ngaphandle, i-Russian uBukhosi kwi sesakhiwo, imizekelo apho izakhiwo ngokoqobo saa kuzo kwikomkhulu emantla, ebetha ngokuyintloko usebenzisa classical kwesigunyaziso-iinkqubo, Tuscan kuphela Doric. Emva xesha Alexander classicism kubonakala besukela chic, nokubengezela kunye monumentality, zidibene ne ubudoda. Bukhosi isimbo lwezakhiwo, iifoto izakhiwo leyo liyangqina macala engqongqo kunye komthendeleko, kunye okuza kuphela ngokukhawuleza ngayo iintlobo zalo umqondiso izigalo emva bandile.

Okugqibela "Isingqi" yoBukhosi Russian

Bukhosi isimbo bokwakha, imizekelo izakhiwo apho kakhulu eRashiya kunokubonwa eSt Petersburg, ubonisa ngokucacileyo isimo ixesha. Le apotheosis ye kwicala Russian yi Cathedral Cathedral St. kaIsake. Yakhiwa 1858, ezilungiselelwe yi Montferrand. It benamandla ifomu elula: amagaqa kunye isikwere, unxantathu, nesilinda kunye amajukujuku oluziphumelayo, leyo, ukongeza ubukhulu becala, ibandla wanika monumentality eyongezelelweyo wadala umbono i inviolability komlawuli ubudala ubudala. Ngexesha ulwakhiwo Cathedral kwezisombululo eziphambili esisetyenzisiweyo ngelo xesha: into eqinileyo isiseko slab isihlenga, ezenziwe wokwakha, iimbambo uphoswe-yentsimbi uphahla, njengemiqulu lenyengane monoliths yonke. Yamxabela rich ovethe engaphandle ne design ezimibalabala.

Sunset "Golden Age"

Ngoko ke, ixesha le isimbo yoMbuso sesakhiwo St. Petersburg, yabakho ukwakhiwa amabini ezikhumbuzo ezininzi wamazwi - Isakhiwo Kazan kunye Cathedral St. bakaIsake, bagqiba iqonga ekuphuhlisweni mzi, xa wadalwa imisebenzi ezininzi ezizodwa izakhiwo. Noko ke, ukuba "Golden Age" iincwadi Russian, ukupeyinta, kunye umculo ekuqaleni nje, nakubugcisa Russian, oko yayiphela.