Atomic crystal emkhusaneni

Nayiphi na into kwindalo, njengoko yaziwa, sakhiwa ngamasuntswana amancinci. Nabo ke, ukuba inxibelelene ukwakha isakhiwo esithile, nto leyo ebonisa iimpawu into ethile.

I atomic crystal emkhusaneni uphawu eziqinileyo kwaye kwenzeka obushushu aphantsi kunye noxinzelelo aphezulu. Enyanisweni, kuba ebulela kule sakhiwo, idayimani, isinyithi kunye nezinye izinto kuba amandla isici.

Ubume kwezinto ezifana kwinqanaba eziphilayo, ikhangeleka ngathi ngembonakalo yikristale emkhusaneni, atom nganye yayo, banamathele nommelwane layo elibona kakhulu eziqinileyo ezikhoyo kwindalo - ibhondi covalent. Yonke le miba zincinane uyila isakhiwo zilungiswe ngendlela ngamathuba ngocwangco rhoqo. Emele igridi ekukho kuyo zibonda athom, eyirhawula kusoloko inani elifanayo-Hewana atomic akhazimlayo Ilibele ngokoqobo akatshintshi isakhiwo sayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kutshintshwe metal ehlambulukileyo okanye isakhiwo ingxubevange nga amalahle kuphela. Xa amaqondo obushushu lingaphezulu, imixokelelwane ngokomelela emkhusaneni.

Ngamanye amazwi, i-atom yikristale Ilibele ngundoqo amandla kunye yobulukhuni izinto. Kulo mzekelo, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo ukuba ilungiselelo-athom kwizinto ezahlukeneyo nako kuba ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo, ichaphazela isidanga yamandla. Umzekelo, idayimani kunye grafayithi, kunye sisincoko le carbon atom enye, kangangoko liphezulu kwahluka enye kwenye ngokwemiqathango ngamandla: diamond - iziyobisi inzima ehlabathini, le mifanekiso nga exfoliate nokwahlula. Into yokuba yikristale emkhusaneni-athom grafayithi ezicwangciswe zikhabane. umaleko nganye kufana iseli inyosi apho athom carbon zicaciswa kakuhle buthathaka. Loo isakhiwo kubangela sekhombuya ipensile awohloka kukhokelela: xa breakage le mifanekiso ibizwa atyabukile off. Enye into - le diamond yikristale emkhusaneni equka athom carbon yimincili, ngamanye amazwi abo ezinako ukwakha 4 isibopho. Tshabalalisa oko akunakwenzeka ezidibeneyo.

Metal emkhusaneni, koko, ilifa iimpawu ezithile:

1. Ixesha zamanqwanqwa - ixabiso esicacisa umgama phakathi kwamaziko-athom ezimbini egudlene kulinganiswa ubambo ngekroba. notation Common yayo yahlukile kwimathematika: a, b, c - ubude, ububanzi, ubude emkhusaneni, ngokulandelelana. Kucacile ukuba, ubukhulu amanani amancinane kangangokuba ukuba umgama lulinganiselwa kwi iiyunithi lincinci - omnye sisishumi nanometer okanye iiyunithi angstrom.

2. - inombolo nolungelelaniso. Isalathisi egqiba ebezithunyelwe lexinene i-atom ngaphakathi uluhlu efanayo. Ngako oko, ukuxinana yayo mkhulu, kungona inani le K. Enyanisweni, lo mfanekiso imela inani athom ukuba kufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka yaye umgama ngokulinganayo ukusuka atom behlolisisa.

3. emkhusaneni Isizathu. Ixabiso eziphawula emkhusaneni mninzi. Umele inani elipheleleyo athom ezivela iseli ethile phantsi isifundo.

4. compactness factor ulinganiswa ngokubala emkhusaneni ngumthamo opheleleyo bahlulwe volume ukuba uphethe onke atom apho. Kanye ezimbini ezidlulileyo, eli xabiso ibonakalisa lexinene zothango wafundela.

Siye sahlolisisa izinto nje ezimbalwa, nto leyo ehambisana Atomic yikristale ngekroba. Okwangoku, kukho inani elikhulu kubo. Nangona iyantlukwano enkulu, Ilibele crystalline atom kubandakanya iiyunithi zisoloko luqhakamshelene bond covalent (polar okanye nonpolar). Ngaphezu koko, izinto ezifana phantse ezingenakunyibilika emanzini kwaye conductivity thermal ephantsi.

Kwindalo, kukho iintlobo ezintathu yikristale ezikrobeni: lo cc wedwa umzimba-, ubuso-wedwa cc, ezinamacala kufuphi kubhula.