Art French: iimpawu jikelele, imbali

Imbali sobugcisa French ligubungela ixesha elikhulu kwimbali ukususela Antiquity ngexesha lethu.

France - lilizwe elihle, nto leyo uphawu imfihlelo Ukuntsonkotha, bazenze Ukuntsonkotha, ukuphakama kukukhanuka ezizodwa zonke ezintle. Kwaye imbali ukuyilwa ihluke, elisuke laba benchmark sobugcisa okwahlukeneyo unique akukho Akumangalisi ngaphantsi korhulumente ubuqu.

IMVELAPHI bokwakha amakhosi umbuso

Ukuze siqonde iimpawu ukuvela kunye nophuhliso zobugcisa French, kuyimfuneko ukuba wenze kuphambuko kwimbali kwixesha yamandulo ngakumbi, xa ummandla karhulumente mihla French yaba yinxalenye oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Wenkulungwane IV waqala intshukumo esebenzayo izizwe ngumbharbhari ye iRhine ukuya kwimida Empire. zabo kunye ungenelelo ngamaxesha kumazwe zamaRoma boniswa ukuba ndingabonakalisi, phantsi karhulumente latin ngamandla. Yaye 395, uBukhosi baseRoma ngokwayo yahlulwa phakathi koonyana * uKhesare yangoku ibe ngamaqela amabini: uTheodosius wayalela ecebe kwimpuma nommandla wayo, unyana omdala Arkady nasentshona wamnika unyana omncinane - Honorius. Ulwahlulwa-bamaRoma kwi inxalenye bamana urhulumente sele ethe waseRoma yaye wenza ukuba luhlaselwe lula kwiintshaba yangaphandle.

Intsimi of France mihla yinxalenye owayesakuba inxalenye esentshona uBukhosi baseRoma. A igalelo strong kwi imikhosi kunyaka 410 zamngxwelerha eRoma amaVisigoth, ngubani intloko Allar. Le ababuthakathaka lokugqibela umlawuli waseRoma zimbelwe Ravenna, eshiya eRoma ongunaphakade. Kwaba khona ukuba waxwilwa nomkhosi kunye Odoacer - omnye kubathetheli aphambili Visigoth isizwe. Ivela kwesi siganeko esenzeka ngo-476, uze uqhagamshele ukuwa lokugqibela uBukhosi baseRoma. On amazwe omelele ngakumbi kokuqhambuka Imfuduko Enkulu yaqala ukubonakala karhulumente singamaqaba. Kwinkulungwane V kwiindawo lwaseGaul wavela kunye franc karhulumente.

karhulumente amakhosi kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa French

Franks - iqela kwizizwe zakudala, tywa phezu kweenxweme iRhine xa sifika awo, kwaye yeka unxweme kuLwandle lweBaltic. Umsunguli yobukumkani yokuqala amakhosi eYurophu wayeyinkokeli entsha Franks Hlodvig Meroving, lowo woyisa umkhosi irhuluneli yaseRoma kwi eGaul kwi-Battle of Soissons wambamba ukuba zilandele ntsimi. Ezi zindawo ezintsha ke abantu abahlala kuyo abahlobo bakhe - franc, ebanika iziza, sibanjwe uthotho iinguqu karhulumente ulawulo loluntu kunye kwinkalo yenkundla-zomthetho, xa iphumeza uxwebhu ekhethekileyo - "Umthetho Salic", ngokusekelwe isizwe order generic Salian Franks. Ukongeza apho, ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa kukhetho ukholo KukaClovis. Ukwamkelwa of Christianity nje kuphela ukomeleza urhulumente omtsha, kodwa nempembelelo lokusekwa zobugcisa amakhosi.

Emva kokuba indlu Merovingian waba Magwalandini ukulawula imicimbi ubomi ubukumkani baba ngakumbi kwaye yababuhlungu ngakumbi. Yazi ilizwe basebukhosini kwikhompyutha. ukuyekelela bachuma kulawulo iziza zabo ungunyana wabanumzana kunye nabalimi. Ukukhulisa mpofu yabemi. Kule esisemnyango Ngenkulungwane VIII kunye nesisongelo lwangaphandle ukusuka izizwe amadlelo Arabhu. Power ezandleni zabo wathabatha enye kubaphathi Merovingian ukumkani wokugqibela uKarl Martell. Wenza ezininzi iinguqu, baye leyo yanceda ukuba nokomeleza karhulumente ukuba litshitshiswe Arabhu. Wathi ke unyana Karla Martella, Pippin Mfutshane wonyulwa ukuba iBhodi le franc omtsha ukumkani yezikhulu. Le ukhetho waqinisekiswa yi upopu. nyana A mlawuli lokuqala amakhosi kaThixo Pippin i Carl Mfutshane, emva leyo uWele Enkulu kwimbali. Oko Charles amakhosi Empire ufumbethe kwinqanaba ekhethekileyo nokugqama kwinkcubeko nobugcisa, ekuthiwa Carolingian Renaissance.

Ubuchule "wokuqala" Franks

Ukuba ukuqonda awohluke kwendalo kunye nokusekwa amakhosi karhulumente, oko kucaca, kwaye ziyahlelwa bezenkcubeko elilifa, ibekwe kumaxesha amandulo nemimandla amakhosi. Oku ikakhulu uphuhliso impucuko yamandulo: iibhulorho, izakhiwo zokuhlala netempile, ukukrola, uncwadi, yeqonga, kunye nobugcisa bezandla. Noko ke, abefundisi abangamaKristu akazange acinge kuyimfuneko ukuba kulondolozwe ezi ubutyebi zenkcubeko, kodwa ukusebenzisa ukuba inxalenye yabo leyo lungqanyaniswe kunqulo yonqulo umntu ebomini esitratweni. Ngoko ke, unqulo ezicaweni zamaKristu yayibanjelwe Latin, ngolwimi olunye, kunye neencwadi zonqulo zaye zabhalwa.

Sebenzisa ezafunyanwa bobugcisa yamandulo kwafuneka ukuqala ukwakhiwa amabandla nezigodlo, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi ngeenkwenkwezi wanceda ikhalenda ibandla ukubala umhla, nto leyo ngamaXesha Aphakathi ibhengeze ubomi bonke ubukumkani. Franks zikwalungiselelwe ukuba iimfuno zabo kwaye inkqubo yemfundo ongasekhoyo uBukhosi baseRoma. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba izifundo ezintsonkothileyo, bafunda kwizikolo amakhosi, ebizwa "The Seven Enesisa Arts". Malunga oko sezobugcisa umbuzo? In ekuthiwa trivium iqulathe inzululwazi ilizwi: igrama, ubuciko kunye ngengqiqo. Le quadrivium zibandakanya inzululwazi lwamanani: arithmetic, geometry, umculo, ekhefu Kwalungiselelwa computer kunye neenkwenkwezi.

Kwezobugcisa kunye bezandla ngokwesithethe weyisa umsebenzi abangaphucukanga, leyo waphawulwa ngokusebenzisa njengoko injongo ephambili izihombo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye nemifanekiso izilo okanye izidalwa ukuba azenzeki eneneni, kwaye zisoloko inkangeleko kunokuba ezoyikisayo. Olu hlobo art, wabiza Terratological okanye enkulu.

EzoBugcisa neNkcubeko of imvuselelo Carolingian

Ebudeni bolawulo Karla Velikogo Lubonakala yi ibonwe ngayo inkcubeko. Esinye isizathu soku ubuntu soMhlekazi - indoda kakuhle ofundileyo kwaye cultured kakhulu. Wathetha ngokukhululekileyo efundwa Latin, wayesazi isiGrike, okona akuthandayo wezakwalizwi nefilosofi. Enye izakhiwo ezizodwa bobugcisa eli xesha emangalisayo yomhombiso ibandla kwibhotwe e-Aachen.

Yaye yaqulunqa ikhono lokwenza ngqangi: zabhalelwa wesandla phantse calligraphic kwaye ezihonjiswe miniatures ezintle. Phakathi iincwadi bobabini zenkolo kunye yemihla - time-based ukufaka idatha iziganeko ezenzeka kuBukhosi amakhosi.

UBukhosi wavula izikolo zijolise kuqeqesho zamabanga abakhethekileyo. UMdali lokuqala yaba ally Karla Alkuin. Ke isikolo elite, yavulwa Aachen, lidibanisa izazinzulu, kusapho * uKhesare yonke inkundla Karla Velikogo. Esi sikolo kuthiwa "Academy weNkundla", baba iingxoxo bulumko, wafunda iBhayibhile kunye inkcubeko yamandulo, sithandabuze qashi kunye nemibongo yabhalwa. Kwaye enye yamalungu Academy wabhala ngobomi yokuqala yehlabathi "Ubomi Karla Velikogo".

Kwakunjalo Ixesha Carolingian Renaissance wabeka isiseko ulondolozo kunye nokuvuselelwa izithethe nenkcubeko yamandulo isiseko kuphuhliso olungaphezulu franc nenkcubeko.

Formation of the French njengesizwe

Ebudeni bolawulo kwinzala Karla Velikogo bukhosi wadala ngakumbi nangakumbi buthathaka. Xa ubukhosi sahlukana phakathi koonyana bakhe uCharles, Inxalenye wasentshona baya Lothar, unyana omdala. inzala yakhe yaqhubeka buthathaka karhulumente engamaqhekeza. Wawa. Wokugqibela Carolingian ekugqibeleni baphulukana impembelelo yaye wazidla. Ngokupheleleyo, wabanika igunya lokuba ukwazi ebhodini ngelixa enamandla Count of Paris Gugo Kapetu. Yeyona kwimpuma owayesakuba Empire amakhosi yaziwa ngokuba eFransi. Ngenxa nomthetho omtsha karhulumente Capetian nje waphila, kodwa kwakhona ukufumana amathuba amatsha kuphuhliso lwabo, kuquka zenkcubeko.

Folk art ephakathi France

Kwindawo yokubonela, umculo kunye nexesha aphakathi kwakhona wabona inani lotshintsho xa kuthelekiswa yamandulo. ibandla abangamaKristu abadlali nabaxhasi bakaMtyholi ngamandla landela ezisebenza yokuluka. Ngenxa yoko, le nkundla njengoko into abaninzi iye yaphela, zemidlalo izakhiwo ngokuthe ngcembe wawa zibe kwimeko isiphithiphithi, yaye abadlali baqalisa ukwenza i qembu awayeyabula yaye badlale abantu ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, enobulungisa square. iqela Mobile of zolinganiso ubhetyebhetye - gistrionov baba ekujoliswe ngaphantsi lula intshutshiso ngabasemagunyeni kunye ibandla, ukuba kungeniswe yaye nosukelo zabo ngexesha elifanayo ngokunxulumene ifitsha indalo kwicala gistrionov kunye troubadours - iimvumi abahambahambayo. Iqela ekhethekileyo Vagant - abafundi bangaphambili okanye iimonki umnini kunye kwiziseko yokuba zobugcisa yomculo kuzulazula iindlela yedwa kwimisebenzi yakhe okanye bacula ngothando zenyama kuphela, okanye walahla kobungxowa icawa kunye nombuso ebolileyo.

amacandelo ezintathu zobugcisa ephakathi

9/10 yabemi ephakathi eFrance abalimi. Ngenxa yokuba inkcubeko esisiseko karhulumente uchazwa nje umlimi. Uninzi imini esetyenziselwe umlimi medieval usebenza ezweni kaNdikhoyo feudal. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba akazange abe imfuno kunye nexesha seengxoxo nenkcubeko kunye nobugcisa. Inkoliso yabo iingoma nokududa umsebenzi, ukhuphiswano ngamandla ngokukhawuleza. Indawo okhethekileyo ubugcisa wokujongana iimbono iimbono ezinabantu gistrionov. Kwaphuhliswa emveli. Wisdom abantu lubonakala lwemveli: amabali, iingoma, izaci nezafobe. Isihloko engundoqo yaba ukuxoxa ihlazo osisidenge esisityebi amahlwempu, kodwa lona ihlwempu uhlobo leyo wathabatha ndawo, njengoko umthetho, kwintsapho yamahlwempu. Tales baba ostrosotsialnymi: wavula ububi oluntu kwisigaba ubudlelwane yezikhulu kunye nabalimi, ngokunjalo wayethetha malunga isabelo elinzima abalimi. Wadala legends, iibhaladi balizukisa nabanye amaqhawe esizwe abaye balwela imbeko nesidima ndoda okuqhelekileyo ukuchasa ubundlobongela feudal.

Icala lesibini inkcubeko ephakathi kwaye ubuciko nobomi umzi, ukukhula kunye nokwanda kuzo ziye zaphawulwa ukususela kwinkulungwane IX. Ukuvela kwiklasi enjalo, yoohlohlesakhe, yaba ekuqaleni yokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko yamaphephandaba. lugqibelele Ngokukhawuleza isakhono seengcibi. Thina ukuguqula imigaqo yomsebenzi wabo umgangatho avelisa iimveliso, uninzi lwazo ngoku ixabiso eliphezulu yobuciko art zokuhombisa. Ivela kwafika eli xesha ebomini bethu bemihla ngemihla ligama ezifana 'wobugcisa ". Nganye inkosi, engenayo umbutho webhola kwafuneka ukuba babonise izakhono zabo kwaye wenze imveliso egqibeleleyo. Kwaba wobugcisa. Ngokuthe ngcembe kwasekwa inkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye nokhuphiswano amasebe ukuba ekuqaleni yaba owayebalasele kuphuhliso yezandla. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, evenkileni waqalisa ukuba iphazamise yezandla ukuphuhlisa, njengoko okhuphisana akazange afune ukuba kusinda iingcibi zezona ngcali zinetalente, yaye ngamanye amaxesha akazange afune imfihlelo ukuvelisa imveliso okanye inkqubo ziwela ezandleni okhuphisana yona. Amaxesha amaninzi amalungu abazalwana guild nokuba wabatshabalalisa fyabo, yaye maxa wambi babatshutshisa kwabayili zabo.

iqela lesithathu inkcubeko ephakathi kwaye ubuciko ubukho kwihlabathi eyahlukileyo ukhomba - wobukhosi. Njengoko umthetho, yonke inkonzo feudal emkhosini kuthwalelwa phambi kokumkani, njengoko akhonze yakhe. neenkosi ezincinane akhonze ukusuka neenkosi zabo - .. zizigwili, Zizi, njl Siphethe inkonzo samahashe emkhosini, zaba ngumkhuba yoluntu aphakathi njenge zokulwa. inkcubeko Knight kaThixo waphawulwa nobugcisa yalo ekhethekileyo. Ezi ziquka ubugcisa lesambatho zokulwa ingalo - volume wandise knightly usapho okanye knight enye. Impawu ezenziwe ngezinto imali eninzi - igolide nesilivere, wayesebenzisa noboya marten okanye weeproteni. ingubo nganye iingalo kwaba mthombo obalulekileyo kwimbali umsebenzi oxabisekileyo wobugcisa.

Ukongeza, ngokwesakhelo inkcubeko amakhwenkwe chivalric - kartel elizayo - yaye wafundisa ubugcisa ezifana bevuma ingoma, bengqungqa, badlala izixhobo zomculo. Baye uqeqesho ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya nesimilo, sasisazi ezininzi yesihobe, kwaye uninzi kartel ngokwabo wabhala imibongo, nikela inenekazi zabo ezithandekayo. Kwaye ke, kufuneka sikhumbule lesikhumbuzo elikhethekileyo lwezakhiwo aphakathi - enqabeni le knight kaThixo, ezakhiwa isimbo Romanesque, kwakunye iitempile emangalisayo kwakhiwa kuyo yonke imizi eFransi, kuqala kwi Romanesque, yaye kamva - kuhlobo zwe. Eyona tempile idumileyo kucingwa ukuba Cathedral of Notre Dame eParis kunye saseReims Cathedral - indawo ibekwa wookumkani baseFransi.

Kobuntu Art French

Renaissance, ezinxulumene nomjikelo entsha umdla yelifa lenkcubeko yamandulo nobugcisa, wazalwa enelanga Italy ngenkulungwane XIV. E France, iintsingiselo Renaissance ziboniswa inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa obubonwayo de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV. Kodwa ke eli xesha lwathatha elide eFransi ngaphezu eItali, ukuba XVI, yaye ngenkulungwane XVII kuyo. Ukwanda endle kwenkcubeko kunye nobugcisa kwi State French iye yanxulunyaniswa ekugqityweni ubunye eli lizwe phantsi Louis XI.

Disengagement evela isithethe Gothic kwi vutshila France kwenzeka ngokunxulumene kumaphulo rhoqo kookumkani Italy, apho badibana art emangalisayo Italian le Renaissance. Nakuba kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo Italy, ubugcisa eli xesha eFransi waba kwinkundla ngaphezu kazwelonke.

Ngokumalunga uhlanga yobugcisa French, ummeli eliqaqambileyo uncwadi wakhe imbongi emangalisayo Fransua Rable, ukudala imibongo lwengcingane, uhlakaniphile kunye ochwayithileyo.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo ubugcisa obubonwayo eli xesha, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi miniatures zoncwadi zakwalizwi kunye nezehlabathi eziqulathwe notyekelo olusengqiqweni. Umzobi yokuqala zobugcisa French kweli xesha Zhan Fuke, ekhohlo bobempunde ilifa omkhulu ngokohlobo enemifanekiso yabantu izinhanha kunye Royals, miniatures, ubume, diptych enomfanekiso Madonna.

NoMargarita Navarrskaya wamema eFransi kunye iinkosi Italian le Renaissance: Rosso kunye Primaticcio, owaba wabaseki isikolo Fontainebleau - ulwalathiso ubuchule French yokudweba evelayo ekwilifa Fontainebleau. Oku lusekelwe kwimigaqo banomkhwa, abameli bawo ekuqaleni wabaseki esikolweni, kwaye luphawulwa ukusetyenziswa imixholo wentsomi kunye njengobuxoki ezintsonkothileyo. imithombo ifudusiwe, amagama ubizo kunye namanye amagcisa abathatha inxaxheba ekuyilweni enqabeni Fontainebleau: Italy Pellegrino kunye Zhyust De Juste, isiFrentshi Simon Lerua, Claude Baduen Charles uDoreen Fleming Tirey Leonard et al.

Kwinkulungwane XVI eFransi ayenziwa uhlobo portrait, ezibukekayo kunye ipensile. Of umdla ethile imisebenzi ngo- Jean Clouet, wapeyinta umzobo inkoliso wenkundla French.

Le Umfanekiso eli thuba eFransi onxulumene igama Michel Colombe, kumasifundisane Yenza kuquka imifanekiso isiqabu notoliko bulumko na amangcwaba. Kwakhona abanomdla kumsebenzi Zhana Guzhona, ezele musicality ezizodwa kunye imifanekiso kwimibongo nendlela yokusebenza.

Counterweight ku evumelanayo umhle ngobuhle bayo nondiliseko Goujon art waqalisa umsebenzi omnye nomkroli eli thuba - Germain Pilon. Bona kufana nangokubonakalisa babo hypertrophy iimvakalelo kunye iimvakalelo ezidluliselwa imisebenzi expressionist kwinkulungwane XIX. Zonke abalinganiswa ezifanelekayo kakhulu, nokuba yendalo, usinga kunye lisibekele.

Art French: kwinkulungwane ye-17

ngekhulu XVI yaba xesha yemfazwe isiphithiphithi ukuya kurhulumente isiFrentshi. Kwikota yokuqala kwenkulungwane XVII, umbane lwakukhula eFransi. Ingakumbi inkqubo okukhawulezileyo mandla lonke ulawulo amandla aphumileyo phantsi Louis XIII, xa wonke umntu kweli lizwe wangqubeka Cardinal Richelieu. Abantu wagcuma phantsi kwedyokhwe abasebukhosini kwemithwalo umsebenzi yonke imihla. Noko ke, ukumkani absolutist kuye isandla kuphela ukomeleza nokwandisa amandla eFransi, kodwa yokuba kweli xesha eli lizwe libe elinye ephambili, phakathi kwezinye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo Oku kube negalelo kuphuhliso kunye iindlela eziphambili inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa kweli lizwe.

French art kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuba kalukhuni ichazwa inkundla esemthethweni, eyathi yavakaliswa isimbo bamakhazikhazi ephambili ezimbejembeje.

Mu kuya kwa nshita nokuvelela ebaxiweyo zobugcisa yobuciko zokuhombisa France labiwe iinkalo ezimbini: ngokoqobo kunye classicism. Eyokuqala yaba isibheno vangama ubomi benene njengoko kwakunjalo, ngaphandle zenze. Ngaphakathi kolu lwakhelo, ukuphuhlisa uhlobo portrait, yeBhayibhile kunye neendidi nangqondo.

Classicism kwimizobo French ibonakalisa ubukhulu becala isihloko umsebenzi yoluntu, uloyiso oluntu phezu ngamnye, iinjongo sizathu. Bona kubekwe ngokuchaseneyo ukungafezeki zehlabathi lokwenene, ngumnqweno lowo azabalazele, enikela izilangazelelo zobuqu. Zonke iindidi inento yokwenza ubugcisa entle yaseFransi. Isiseko yobugcisa classical waba isithethe art samandulo. Kwaye oku kubonisiwe bokwakha kakhulu zakudala. Ngaphezu koko, lo ngowona sesakhiwo yaba ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi izinto ezibonakalayo karhulumente yaye subordinated ngokupheleleyo absolutism.

Ixesha kwinkulungwane XVII urhulumente waseFransi luphawulwa ulwakhiwo inani elikhulu lomongo ensembles zokwakha kunye izakhiwo ebhotwe. Ngeli xesha, ukuba izakhiwo wempangelo uyeza ukuba nkulu zona.

Ukuba sithethe malunga vangama ka utyekelo ikhankanyiweyo kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo, kufuneka ukhankanye umsebenzi Nikolya Pussena - ummeli emangalisayo ilixa zobugcisa Liquka ngaxeshanye kunye imbono nolahlo ngokubanzi zehlabathi, namandla ongenakoyiswa wobomi art samandulo.

Art French: 18 Century

Ngokumalunga zobugcisa yaseFransi yenkulungwane XVIII, oku isihloko okuzimeleyo incoko elide. Ngokufutshane, ubugcisa French eli xesha ingxwaba Eyona nto ezimbi ebomini karhulumente: i absolutism waqala ukubola, basebukhosini wayephila ubomi ngobuhle, parasitizing phezu kwamanye amacandelo oluntu. kwavela phakathi inginginya, neziphumo revolution yongxowankulu, nto leyo ekhokelele Republic yasekwa eFransi. Konke oku kubonakala vutshila France ngenkulungwane ye-18.

Ukwanda entsha babengene ezinxulumene kunye nempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi umgaqo lwesizwe akasenawo kakhulu umculo. Kwindawo yokubonela, indima ephambili ukwenza comedy, ngokubonakalayo ekuphuhliseni masque enobulungisa, opera zobugcisa. koqobo ezimbalwa lwaba izifundo zonqulo, beqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa yehlabathi. inkcubeko French yale xesha ezahlukeneyo yaye elinezinto. okuchithwa art wabhenela ukubhengezwa wonke abantu kweeklasi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo: iimvakalelo zakhe namava, kwicala bemihla ngemihla, uhlalutyo nasengqondweni.

French art 19

Siqhubekela phambili. Makhe sithethe ngokufutshane ngobuchule French kwenkulungwane XIX. Ubomi eli xesha urhulumente iphawulwa enye ngeenxa lokukhula ukunganeliseki ezithandwayo kunye wavakalisa amazwi olululo emva kokuba indlu yasebukhosini yaseFransi. Umxholo umzabalazo kunye ubuqhawe ibe ngomnye phambili kubugcisa obubonwayo. Kwakhona lwabonakala ngeendlela ezintsha yokudweba - historicism kunye romanticism. Kodwa academicism kubugcisa bezinto ezibonakalayo kule xesha kunzima.

Ukufunda umbala into kwi kumzobo kukhokelela kuphuhliso ebonakalayo uhlobo landscape, kwaye kwakhona zonke iinkqubo yokudweba French.

uphuhliso Special ifumana kweli thuba kwezobugcisa kunye nobugcisa njengoko uninzi zibonise neminqweno yabantu. zithandwa kakhulu ke imbande, asizivumeli ayibobuchule elula usebenzisa imifanekiso satirical ibonisa azinaziphene, kwaye iingxaki eluntwini.

Enyanisweni, lo documentary uba yembali umthombo era ngasekhohlo. etchings Ngokutsho banokufunda ngembali XIX kwinkulungwane France.

art French, njengoko sele sibonile, enkulu kakhulu nolwahlukileyo, futhi uhlobene ngokusondeleyo awohluke karhulumente French. era nganye - ibloko enkulu efuna disclosure ekhethekileyo ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba benze inqaku elinye.