Alexander Solzhenitsyn, ngeMbasa kaNobel; ngokuba imveliso xa yanikezelwa?

Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - i-Nobel Prize, umbhali omkhulu Russian kunye sekuhleni. igama lakhe linxulunyaniswa labefundisi iincwadi yamandulo zehlabathi, ine- ukhohlakale semvelo kunye izigwebo categorical ngayo yonke into eyenzeka kweli lizwe ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi. Solzhenitsyn yakwazi ukuthetha amazwi ezifikelelekayo yobuzwe egameni yezigidi, ngokukhuthaza ingcamango yesizwe, wakhuthaza ukuba ubulungisa nokulunga.

Solzhenitsyn: Provenance

"Yintoni kuphakanyisiweyo phakathi kwabantu ezilizothe kuye uThixo!" - siphikise uncwadi umdala Russian ayinakwenzeka ngemihla yethu. umsebenzi nzima Aleksandra Isaevicha isebenza njengobungqina ngqo ngokuqaphela kwakhe iinyaniso ezilula yobukho bomntu. Wazalwa umbhali ngo-1918 kwi-North eCaucasus, unyana ka abasuka abalimi Kuban. Abazali Solzhenitsyn bakaThixo abantu abakrelekrele, ukufunda nokubhala kunye nenzululwazi ezisisiseko. Aleksandra Isaevicha uyise wafa ngaphambili ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, akazange abone umntwana wakhe. UMama umbhali, Taisia Zakharovna, ndafumana umsebenzi oloba emva kokufa komyeni wakhe, kwafuneka ukuba naye Sasha elincinane Rostov-on-Don. Apha nobuntwana ikhaya umbhali enkulu.

Uthando weencwadi ebuntwaneni

Kubonakala, i Aleksandra Isaevicha elizayo yaba adalwe esikolweni. Kakade ke, ootitshala Mhle umthamo engakholelekiyo komntwana, kwaye ndandingacingi ukuba Solzhenitsyn iphumelele ngeMbasa kaNobel "amandla ethical ngayo walandela izithethe ebalulekileyo iincwadi Russian" - ekhalayo igama elisemthethweni kangaka kudidi. Noko ke, le utyekelo ukuba baqambe inkwenkwe nokuchasanisa izahlule evela kwinani labafundi iintsuku zesikolo.

Ngempumelelo ethe wafunda e Rostov University zemvelo nemathematika, umbhali omkhulu elizayo ndoyike ngutitshala yesikolo. Ubomi eEdeni wemidlalo kumgca elilinganisiweyo: ukudibanisa umsebenzi kunye nokuqhubeka ukuba bafunde ifomu imbalelwano (Faculty of Philosophy e Moscow), waza wachitha ixesha lakhe nanceba ekudaleni amabali, izincoko kunye nemibongo. Eziye zenzeka ebomini bakhe buqu: uAleksandr Isaevich watshata umfundi Natalia Reshetovskaya, abanomdla uncwadi kunye nomculo. Ekwindla 1941 umbhali wabizwa ukuba bakhonze. Emva kweminyaka embalwa yokufunda kwisikolo wamajoni, Solzhenitsyn weza ngaphambili, apho wakwazi ukuba sizakhele ixesha sikhululekile umsebenzi wokubhala.

Ukuqala ukulwa urhulumente yezopolitiko

Ukufumana Solzhenitsyn Nobel Prize - hayi kangako ngenxa italente ekuchubekeni okanye ubuchule bakhe phinda imigca ngokunengqiqo, ngenxa yomzabalazo zokunyanzelisa nzima nasekuphazamisekeni anti-eSoviet. Papasha i íOpus yokuqala lemfazwe Aleksandru Isaevichu zange baphumelele: ngo-1945, Solzhenitsyn, ukuba umthetheli, wabanjwa ngenxa incoko nomhlobo, equlethe ukugxeka Iqabane Stalin.
Umzamo yombhali ukujongela phantsi igunya ngoozwilakhe malini kuye iminyaka esibhozo kule nkampu. intando Amazing nolangazelelo lomntu: ukuba entolongweni, engazange azishiye yena ingcamango ukuxelela ihlabathi malunga angathabatheki wolawulo kaStalin.

imiyalezo Creative Solzhenitsyn: ixesha ukususela kowe-1957 ukuya 1964

Kuphela 1957, umbanjwa yezopolitiko sele yesiqhelo. Mhlawumbi malunga Nobel Prize, Solzhenitsyn yaye emva koko akazange acinge, kodwa kuhlala cwaka malunga ingcinezelo kule minyaka idlulileyo akayi. Ngexesha "Khrushchev nobudlelwane" waba ngomnye efanelekileyo umsebenzi zombhali. Ubunkokheli ngoko Soviet, hayi nje akuzange kumthintele ukubhentsiswa-nkqubo yolwaphulo komanduleli wayo; kodwa ovumeleke ukuba ashicilele inoveli "One Day kwi Ivana Denisovicha." Umsebenzi esibhaliweyo olufikeleleka lula ukuba abantu ngokubanzi, livelise yesiqalo obathi: kwakumalunga usuku ibanjwa kwinkampu intetho. Papasha i bali laqala eYurophu, zonke abahlalutyi wancoma umsebenzi eyamenza ukuba ayeke nokuthumela amabali rhoqo ukupapashwa.

Ukuthintelwa imisebenzi Solzhenitsyn ngayo kwi-USSR

Utshintsho wobunkokheli karhulumente elite yee-70s kwakhona ukudlalwa kungekhona isandla Solzhenitsyn. Phambi kokuba umbhali Nobel Prize wazama push to ukulungiselela ibhaso yesizwe - i uLenin Prize. Noko ke, candidacy wakhe ngexesha ivoti ofihlakeleyo komiti isusiwe. Hi ndlela leyi, oku kungekho ndlela kuchaphazela ukuthandwa yombhali: funda Solzhenitsyn, yonke iklasi ka-nezazi eSoviet. Thenga iinoveli kwi kwivenkile kwakungenakwenzeka, kodwa imisebenzi ngokoqobo abahamba phezu kwezandla zakhe, eshiya umfundi ngamnye isithuba zingadlulanga iintsuku ezigqithileyo kwisithathu. Amanye amabali ashicilelwe ngaphandle kele, njengoko incwadana - kuba lula kwaye yenza kube lula ukufihla imizobo umbhali wavalwa xa kuyimfuneko.

ingcinezelo Political nxamnye umbhali

Ngo-1965, urhulumente waqalisa angenelele ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi zombhali. Kudliwa ngqangi, yokugcina umbhali yoncwadi kaThixo, umlomo 'ebusuku ebonisa ekuchubekeni kunye nokupapashwa zenoveli omtsha "Umhlaza Ward", leyo kuthiwa "ngokoqobo egqwethekileyo" yaye yathatyathwa anti-yiSoviet, yaye ekugqibeleni ukugxothwa Writers' abafundi Union - afana nemilinganiselo zamthintela umsebenzi wokubhala, kodwa abakwazanga ukumisa upapasho lwangaphesheya iinoveli. Nantoni na lingekho ekhaya, weza ejikeleza aphesheya. Noko ke, umbhali akazange ukunika ngokwayo imvume yayo elo nyathelo, eqaphela luxanduva esikalini.

Nobel Prize: intshatsheli ibhaso ngaphandle

Xa Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn iphumelele ibhaso le-Nobel, umabonwakude eSoviet bazama ukuyifihla kuluntu iindaba ibhaso le "yoohlohlesakhe" amabhaso kubemi balo. Isibindi umbhali imisebenzi apho inyaniso ubomi uye ngaphaya "ngokoqobo yobusoshiyali", ufanelwe imbeko lokwenyaniso. Enyanisweni, nesibindi kunye beqinile ekufuneni ubulungisa kawonke - oku kanye Solzhenitsyn waphumelela Prize Nobel. Kodwa, endaweni yokuba umsitho ibhaso e Stockholm, apho uAleksandr Isaevich wamenyelwa, isiganeko ibhiyozelwa kwisangqa ekupheleni kwabo babesondele kuye bantu babephulaphule usasazo evela eSweden kunomathotholo kweli umhlobo lizwe nomqambi Mstislav Rostropovich. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ingongoma umdla malunga Nobel Prize ngenxa yemisebenzi Solzhenitsyn umbhali waba yintshatsheli ngohlobo lwayo, ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa lebali ibhaso lokuqala wathabatha iminyaka 8 kuphela ubudala - kwimbali mabhaso inzuzo ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza ngamazwe.

Besoyika ukuba kwimeko yokuhamba aphesheya, abasemagunyeni bala kuye kwakhona-entry, uhlale ekhaya. ukunikezelwa ngqo of Solzhenitsyn, ibhaso Nobel yabanjwa kuphela ngo-1974, kwiminyaka emine emva kumsitho kwethenda.

umbhali nobunzima emva kokuba Nobel Prize

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba isaziso oyiphumeleleyo yodumo World ekuchubekeni ibhaso iphulo efakwe ngaphambili nxamnye naye baqala ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuzuze amandla. Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo kwiminyaka ekhaya zonke iintlelo lombhali zitshatyalalisiwe, kunye nokupapashwa Paris "Nqabakazi Gulag" umsindo abameli beenkokheli wamaKomanisi kuphela.

Umhlolokazi ngayo umbhali, uNatalia, ndiqinisekile kolu thungelwano, kunye ejele wasindisa Solzhenitsyn ka-Nobel Prize for Literature. Le mbasa iye igcinwe umbhali inkululeko kuphela ubomi, kodwa wenza kube lula ukwenza nangona imingcele Soviet. Xa Alexander Solzhenitsyn waphumelela Nobel Prize, nababusi eSoviet Union negative-nye zaphelelwa kwamathandabuzo ukuba yokuhlala ngakumbi 'udushe "yaye" anti-eSoviet ze ngezimvo "kweli lizwe liya komeleza kuphela isikhundla sakhe.

Ukugxothwa endaweni inyaniso: Iminyaka eli-16 elubhacweni

Kungekudala Andropov, ngoko intloko iKGB kunye neprojekthi Umtshutshisi General Rudenko ukuze amgxothe umbhali weli lizwe sele ilungiswe. Isigqibo sokugqibela abasemagunyeni Kungekudala ukuza: Ngo-1974, i-Elawulayo ePhakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR "kuba ikhomishini eyondeleleneyo izenzo ayihambisani ukubayinxalenye ubumi ye-USSR kunye ekonakaleni kwe-USSR", Solzhenitsyn Ndixuthwe nobumi yakhe wagxothelwa eJamani.

Ndiwise umthetho kaMongameli 1990 ubumi umbhali kunye nentsapho yakhe wabuya. Ukongeza, ekwindla ka nyaka we-Nobel Prize Solzhenitsyn kwakhona Ndakhumbula lonke elo lizwe. Ezipapashwe "Komsomolskaya PRAVDA" kwinqaku inkqubo yakhe ilungiselelo yobungxowankulu Russia sele yamkelwe kakuhle kakhulu kuluntu. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva Solzhenitsyn wawongwa State Prize for yashicilelwa eFransi ngowe-1973, "The Gulag Archipelago." Kungekudala, yonke imisebenzi epapashwe ngaphandle kwe Russia zapapashwa kwilizwe lakhe, yaye phakathi kowama-90 kunye wabuyela ekhaya kunye nomfazi wakhe kunye noonyana, inxaxheba ngoko inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni.

Ukubuya semisebenzi yezentlalo Solzhenitsyn kule '90

Nobel Prize uAleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Russian waba isimntwiso kwizangqa lwentando amandla, lweli ukwakha, chaza anti-Communist entsha. Okumangalisayo kukuba, umbhali wafumana iintlobo-NMMU, ukuya esebenzayo ye-Ofisi kaMongameli.

Ngelo xesha, ukuthetha esidlangalaleni Solzhenitsyn wabonisa ukuba lilize izimvo zakhe zangaphambili eluntwini. Ukuba ummeli live ukuba eziqaphelekayo, classic iincwadi kazwelonke ngexesha elifanayo ubungqina nxamnye kolawulo kaStalin ngokungenabuntu, uAleksandr Isaevich wabeka phambili iingcamango osisa ngokupheleleyo kude izinto langoku, ngoxa iphepha kabuhlungu yembali Russian kwixesha elidlulileyo.

Ukugxekwa imisebenzi yokugqibela kaNobel

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi ukungangqinelani ka Solzhenitsyn ngoku, ngokutsho abagxeki, kwaba ethi "iminyaka emakhulu mabini Ndawonye". Lo msebenzi yapapashwa ngo-2001. Kodwa ngenxa iminyaka elishumi yokusebenza nzima ze umbhali nje wothuswa abameli kwisigaba yenzululwazi kunye nembali. Ndindisholo Wazibiza ingcamango a zombhali - imbali yamaYuda eRashiya. Le mveliso kuye kwabangela isiphithiphithi nabagxeki ukudideka kunye nengqumbo - kutheni Solzhenitsyn owavuswayo isihloko sele yingxaki ubudlelane phakathi kweentlanga ezimbini?

Imibono malunga imisebenzi Solzhenitsyn kaThixo mbaxa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ezinye ingqalelo wobugcisa yomsebenzi, Manifesto lokwenene ingcamango yesizwe Russian, ngoxa abanye wabeka up uvavanyo ezahlukahlukeneyo umsebenzi umbhali, esithi ukuba umbhali phantse bedumisa amaYuda, kwaye kuya kufuneka ukuba ubhale ngokwahlukeneyo ngabo ilukhuni. Othile wafumana udibaniso uthotho kweenoveli ngokuphandle anti-isiJuda. Solzhenitsyn ngokwakhe nakanye wagxininisa coverage kakhulu injongo nolungenaxanasi yesihloko.

UPawulos: ixabiso Solzhenitsyn kule ncwadi ehlabathini

, Ukuze bazigwebe bokuyila lombhali khangela izinto ezintle nezimbi incwadi yakhe kusekutsha kakhulu - le ncwadi ayikagqitywa. Kodwa ke, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukufaneleka yesihloko lo msebenzi kuya kubangela ngaphezu kwesinye wave leengxubusho neempikiswano.

Kuba Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize akazange baphiwe ebomini. Umbhali uye uthathe indawo ofaneleyo kwimbali iincwadi Russian nehlabathi, imibono kwinginginya malunga nemeko lokwenyaniso kweli lizwe, benza ubuntatheli umsebenzi wentlalo. Uninzi imisebenzi umbhali wavelisa izigidi iikopi zombini eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe. "I Gulag Archipelago", "I-Circle Kuqala", "Cancer Ward" kunye neminye imisebenzi abaninzi baye babe nofifi lwendlela kwihlabathi-umbhali, isabelo sakhe wawa nezilingo ezininzi ezinzima zobomi.

Khumbula, ukuba asingekhe silibale!

Umbhali omkhulu wafa ngo-Agasti 2008. Unobangela kufa Solzhenitsyn oneminyaka eli-89 ubudala waba ukusilela intliziyo congestive. Ngaloo mini ndlelantle ekuchubekeni nguDmitry Medvedev wakhupha umthetho obandakanya ugcino lwe memory yombhali kunye sekuhleni. Ngokungqinelana nesigqibo njengoMongameli abafundi best zeeyunivesithi Russian ziye zasekwa yokufunda Solzhenitsyn, omnye kwezitalato ikomkhulu ngoku nayo ibizwa ngegama ukuhlonipha Aleksandra Isaevicha, kunye Rostov-on-Don kunye Kislovodsk na amangcwaba, vula umonakalo.

Namhlanje, ezinye yemisebenzi Solzhenitsyn kaThixo ziqukiwe kule nkqubo yogunyaziso ubuncinane yemfundo jikelele uncwadi Russian. Abafundi bafunde ibali "One Day kwi Ivana Denisovicha," ibali "Matryona", kwincwadi engobomi bomntu umbhali afunde izifundo kwimbali, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2009 uluhlu lwe imisebenzi yobugcisa, kucetyiswa ukuba ukufunda, zincediswa yi "I Gulag Archipelago." Noko ke, abafundi bafunde ikopi ingaphelelanga yenoveli - ukunciphisa imveliso izihlandlo eziliqela, umhlolokazi Solzhenitsyn iye igcinwe isakhiwo sayo kunye walungisa ngokobuqu zokushicilela.