Zemvelo: iintlobo eziphilayo. Ntlobo yendalo

Ecosystem - a kwizakhiwo eziqhelekileyo zendalo, ezithi zenziwe iseti eziphilayo neendawo eziphila kuzo. Uphononongo kula maqela ukuba bazibandakanye kwezenzululwazi kunye nendalo.

Igama elithi "eziphilayo" wabonakala ngowe-1935 Sebenzisa oko wanikela eziphila IsiNgesi A. Arthur Tansley. Natural okanye eyenziwe ngumntu isakhiwo zendalo ngawaphi amacandelo omabini abaphilileyo ngqo ibekwe lulwalamano nakufuphi ukutya kunye nokusiwa kwe-eneji flow - zonke zibandakanywe kwigama elithi "eziphilayo". iintlobo eziphila ngexesha elifanayo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi-unit esisiseko ye nenzululwazi onokuphila sub-yahlulwe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kwaye befunda esingqongileyo.

Ukwahlukanisa ngu imvelaphi

On iplanethi yethu kukho zendalo ezahlukeneyo. Iintlobo eziphilayo zihlelwa ngendlela ethile. Noko ke, ukuba tie ndawonye onke ukwahluka iiyunithi biosphere akunakwenzeka. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho ukuhlelwa eziliqela iinkqubo eziphilayo. Umzekelo, umahluko imvelaphi yabo. Zezi:

1. Natural (zendalo) eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka ezo kwizakhiwo apho ukuhamba kwezinto lwenziwa ngaphandle koncedo lomntu.
2. (Anthropogenic) ecosystem Man-eyenziwe. Bona ngabantu kwaye abakho kuphela xa oko kuxhaswa ngqo.

yendalo

izakhiwo Natural ezikhoyo ngaphandle koncedo lomntu, kuba uhlelo zangaphakathi zazo. Ezi ndidi zilandelayo yendalo ngokusekelwe energy:

- baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo radiation elanga;

- ukufumana amandla azo hayi kuphela umzimba wasezulwini, kodwa evela kweminye imithombo yendalo.

Eyokuqala kwezi ecosystem ababini balala emqokozweni. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela yemvelo ibalulekile ukuze umhlaba yethu, ngenxa yokuba kukho iindawo ezinkulu kwaye kuchaphazela ukuyilwa zemozulu, nyulu imiqulu elikhulu lomoya, njl

izakhiwo Natural ukufumana amandla kwimithombo ezininzi elinemveliso kakhulu.

unit sokuzenzela semvelo

Ezahlukeneyo anthropogenic eziphila. iintlobo Ecosystem yelo qela ziquka:

- agro-ecosystem, sisiqhamo ukuziphatha kwezolimo kwabantu;

- tehnoekosistemy evela uphuhliso shishino;

- urbanoekosistemy evela nokusekwa zokuhlala.

Zonke ezi ntlobo eziphila yomntu eyenziwe badalwa nxaxheba ngqo woMntu.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo amacandelo zendalo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Iintlobo zendalo ezenzeka sivele ezahlukeneyo. Kunye kwezenkolo ukwahlula ngokusekelwe iimeko zendalo lobukho babo. Ngoko ke, kukho amaqela amathathu kunye a Inani leeyunithi ezahlukeneyo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngayo.

Eyona eziphambili ze yendalo eziphilayo:

- emhlabeni;

- amanzi;

- Maritime.

iinkqubo ezweni zendalo

Ukwahluka lohlobo ecosystem eziphila luquka:

- Arctic nenamathafa wasezintabeni;

- ihlathi coniferous boreal;

- ma Evuthuluka ummandla ziingcathu;

- emathafeni;

- amathafa kunye zlakovniki lemvula;

- chaparali, ummandla kunye ehlobo ebusika zemvula;

- Intlango (njengoko amatyholo kunye herbaceous);

- semi-evergreen amahlathi, ibekwe kwiindawo iqapheleka amaxesha nobushushu;

- evergreen yimvula amahlathi emvula.

Ukongeza iintlobo eziphambili, kukho eziphila yenguqu. Le ihlathi-kumathafa, semidesert, njalo-njalo. D.

Izizathu ubukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nezakhiwo zendalo

On Yini zibekwe kwiplanethi ezahlukeneyo eziphila zethu zendalo? Iintlobo imvelaphi zendalo zokuhlala zezityalo nezilwanyana kwindawo ethile ngokuxhomekeke kwemvula kunye nobushushu emoyeni. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kwemozulu iindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi uye umahluko ebalulekileyo. Xa oku akufani, kunye nemali yonyaka ye kwezulu. Kunokuba ibe kuluhlu omise ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kuma-250 okanye ngaphezulu. Kulo mzekelo, imvula okanye ngokufanayo kuwo onke amaxesha onyaka, iyawa isabelo iphambili kwixesha elithile kumanzi. Ingxubevange kwiplanethi yethu, yaye iqondo yonyaka abangenagama. Oku kunokuba amanani ukusuka amaxabiso akhabanayo okanye ukufikelela amashumi amathathu anesibhozo degrees Celsius. zokufudumeza Various kunye nomoya mass rhoqo. Ingase okanye ukuba umahluko ezibalulekileyo kulo nyaka, ezifana kwi-ikhweyitha, kwaye ezihlala ziguquka.

Ngeempawu kwizakhiwo

Ntlobo yendalo, iqela ezisentlabathini kukhokelela kwinto yokuba ngamnye kubo iimpawu zayo ahlukile. Ngoko, kwi kumathafa, usebenziso, okanye ukuya emantla hlathi, kukho imozulu kubanda kakhulu. Kuba le ndawo luphawulwa obushushu ngezantsi avareji kwaye ukutshintsha imini polar nobusuku. Summer kule mimandla ithatha iiveki nje ezimbalwa. Kulo mzekelo, umhlaba ixesha Sukugcina kubunzulu imitha encinane. Umbilo kwi kumathafa ziwe ngaphantsi kwe-200-300 mm ngonyaka. Ngenxa kwezi meko zemozulu, la mazwe izityalo ihlwempu, bemelwe yi kade sandayo ulele, moss kunye nezinambuzane amatyholo okanye cranberries nenomlanga kunye iiblueberries. Maxa wambi, unako ukufumana ezinde ezincinanana.

Akukho ukuqhama ezahlukeneyo kunye nezilwanyana. Yena zimelwe adle, ezincancisayo ezincinane emgodini, kunye amarhamncwa ezifana ermine, impungutye and weasel. Ihlabathi yeentaka limelwe owl polar, buntings ikhephu kunye plovers. Izinambuzane kwi kumathafa asisininzi - iintlobo Diptera. Tundra Ecosystem sesichengeni kakhulu ngenxa yokuba uyakwazi kakuhle ukuze achache.

A iintlobo ngeentlobo zamahlathi ezahlukeneyo boreal, ibekwe kwimimandla esemantla of America nakwamanye amazwe aphesheya. Ngokuba lo ecosystem luphawulwa ebandayo yasebusika kwaye elide imvula ezininzi ngohlobo ikhephu. Le flora imelwe kwimiboniso evergreen coniferous, njengokuntshula fir kunye nespruce, pine kunye larch. Abameli zehlabathi izilwanyana - ixhama nezikhumba, neebhere kunye oonomatse, Sable kunye wolverine, ingcuka kunye ingqawa, Impungutye ngoboya. Hlathi luphawulwa amachibi ezininzi imigxobhozo.

amahlathi wofika kukho yokulandela eziphilayo. Iindlela olu hlobo eziphila ezifumaneka kwimpuma US, East Asia kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Le ndawo sezulu ngamaxesha, apho iqondo lobushushu ebusika lihla ngaphantsi zero, asibekeke kwisithuba sonyaka ukusuka 750 ukuya 1500 mm yemvula. Le flora yalo eziphilayo enikwa imithi ezinjalo ebanzi-zodonga ezifana beech, um-oki, uthuthu kunye Linden. Kukho amatyholo kunye umaleko enamandla namakhambi. Le zezilwanyana imelwe amabhere kunye na- maxhama, ingqawa kunye iimpungutye, nomatse kunye shrews. Live kule ecosystem, izikhova nezinqolamthi, thrushes kunye ookhetshe.

Emathafeni imimandla epholileyo e Eurasia nakuMntla Melika. oogxa babo tussoki e New Zealand, kwakunye pampas yoMzantsi Merika. Imozulu kule mimandla esibonakala amaxesha onyaka. Ehlotyeni, umoya elibaselwe ngumoji-ziingcathu imfudumalo amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu. Amaqondo obushushu ebusika ophambene. Kulo nyaka, kukho phakathi 250 750 eemilimitha ye kwezulu. Le flora ye emaqeleni imelwe ikakhulu zengca Turf. Phakathi izilwanyana kukho inyathi kunye neula, yiSAIGA kunye oonomatse, nemivundla kunye marmots, iingcuka nakoodyakalashe.

Chaparali ise kwiMeditera, ngokunjalo e California, Georgia, Mexico kunye kunxweme kumazantsi eAustralia. Oku wobulali nemozulu epholileyo apho ekuweni omise kwemvula 500 ukuya kuma-700 kulo nyaka. Kohlaza kukho amatyholo kunye nemithi kunye ziluhlaza walamba engqongqo, efana zepistasi asendle, ube ngowakhe kunye nabanye.

Ezi nkqubo eziphilayo, njengoko amathafa ibekwe East and Central Afrika, Umzantsi Melika kunye Australia. Inkoliso yabo ezise- South India. Lo ngummandla eshushu neyomileyo kwemozulu, apho ebudeni bonyaka iwela ukusuka mm 250 ukuya 750 zemvula. Uhlaza ikakhulu - Cereal enengca, apha kuphela yaye kukho eminye imithi avuthulukayo ezinqabileyo (imithi yesundu, Baobabs kunye acacias). Fauna imelwe neqwarha kunye antelopes, imikhombe kunye neendlulamthi, amahlosi kunye neengonyama, griffins, njalo njalo .. Uninzi kwezi iindawo igazi-owanyayo izinambuzane ezifana okweempukane izibawu.

Entlango zifumaneka iindawo eAfrika, kumantla Mexico, njalo njalo. D. Imozulu owomileyo, ngokuna ngaphantsi kwe-250 mm ngonyaka. Days ezinkqantosini ezishushu kunye nobusuku obubandayo. Izihluma imelwe Cacti kunye namatyholo inqabe kunye neenkqubo ingcambu olubanzi. Phakathi yasendle nomatse eziqhelekileyo kunye nempuku, antelopes kunye kweengcuka. Le ecosystem ethe ngokulula kutshatyalaliswa phantsi kwempembelelo amanzi kunye nomoya ukhukuliseko lomhlaba.

Semi-evergreen amahlathi avuthulukayo ashinyeneyo zifumaneka kuMbindi Merika Asia. Kwezi ndawo, kukho interchangeability onyaka nobushushu. I-avareji imvula ngonyaka - ukususela 800 ukuya 1300 mm. amahlathi ihlalwa zasendle luninzi.

evergreen Tropical Amahlathi emvula afumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi iplanethi yethu. Apho ke kuMbindi Merika, kumantla Umzantsi Melika, sentshinyela Afrika enkabeni nasentshonalanga, kwiindawo ezingaselunxwemeni kumntla-ntshona Australia, kwakunye kwiziqithi zePasifiki namaLwandlekazi Indiya. Imozulu efudumeleyo kwezi amalungu ziyahluka amaxesha onyaka. ezina lugqithe ngaphaya umda ka-2500 mm kuwo wonke unyaka. Le nkqubo iphawulwa ezahlukeneyo omkhulu enezityalo nezilwanyana.

Akhoyo izakhiwo zendalo, njengoko umthetho, musa ukuba naziphi na imida ecacileyo. Phakathi kwabo imfuneko yokuba ummandla yenguqu. Akubalulekanga nje impefumlelwano inane iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, kodwa kukho iintlobo ezikhethekileyo ze eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, kummandla utshintsho iquka iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana nezityalo ngaphezu ezingqonge ummandla wayo.

Water izakhiwo yemvelo

Ezi yunithi semvelo sinokubakho amanzi kunye neelwandle. Iqela lokuqala ezi ziquka eziphilayo ezifana:

- Lenthic - ichibi, amachibi, amachibi, okt emi amanzi;

- Lothic thaca imilambo, imilambo, imithombo;

- emanzi ngohlobo anemigxobhozo, amahlathi ashiye izantyalantyala kunye amadlelo yonxweme.

Iintlobo eziphilayo zaselwandle ziquka:

- pelogichesky complex - kolwandle;

- amanzi wonxweme kummandla kweshelfu lizwekazi ;

- ummandla upwelling apho lokuloba elinemveliso luyenziwa;

- sisebunzimeni, zokupaka, amachweba, leyo ke amachweba;

- iindawo emanzini anzulu-manzi.

UMZEKELO complex yemvelo

Zemvelo ukwahlula iintlobo ngeentlobo zendidi yendalo. Kunjalo, ubukho ngamnye kubo zibangelwa enye nesigqibo seengcinga efanayo. Ukuze siqonde ngakumbi kakhulu intsebenziswano yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo kubo ubunye ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, cinga uhlobo eziphila ngayo amadlelo. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zizilwanyana kwaye abe negalelo elingqalileyo umchiza Ukwakhiwa zezulu kunye nomhlaba.

Emnandi - le nkqubo lizama, nto leyo iquka iintlobo lweziqalelo. Abanye babo - makroprodutsenty, nto leyo utyani herbaceous, idala iimveliso kweziphilayo zoluntu eziphila. Ngaphezu koko, ubomi sinzima yemvelo ngeendleko ikhonkco lokutya eziphilayo. Imifuno, isilwanyana okanye abathengi zaseprayimari Zitya ingca kunye nezahlulo zabo. Ngawo la abameli izilwanyana njengoko izilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezinkulu izinambuzane, iimpuku kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezingenamqolo (unomatse nomvundla, nesakhwatsha njalo njalo. D.).

abathengi Primary ezityiwa aphakamileyo, eziquka iintaka ezidla kunye ezincancisayo (ingcuka, nenciniba, nesihuluhulu, impungutye, njalo njalo. D.). Okulandelayo ukudibanisa umsebenzi yezibolisi. Ngaphandle kwabo ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukugqiba inkcazelo eziphilayo. iintlobo ezininzi nomngundo neentsholongwane, kwaye ezi zinto zibe kwisakhiwo yendalo. Ezibolileyo ukubola imveliso zomgquba kwi imeko bezimbiwa. Ukuba iimeko ubushushu zivuma, kumsi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezifileyo ngokukhawuleza ukungena iikhompawundi lula phantsi. Ezinye zezi amaqela aquka e iibhetri yayo ekwakhiweni, ezithi leached kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona. inxalenye uzinze ye kumsi eziphilayo (wamatye, neselulosi njalo njalo. D.) abole ngokucotha lokondla izihluma.

eziphila anthropogenic

Kwizakhiwo yendalo ngasentla nga khona ngaphandle koncedo lomntu. Ihluke kunjalo kwimixokomelwano ezenziwe ngabantu. ukuxhumana abo zisebenza kuphela inxaxheba ngqo woMntu. Ngokomzekelo, agroecosystem. Imeko ephambili yobukho wayo nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga, kodwa ithombo "mali" kwi ngohlobo uhlobo yesibaso.

Inxalenye yale nkqubo iyafana yezendalo. Ukufana ne kwisakhiwo yendalo waphawula ngexesha lokukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso ezenzeka ngokuncama amandla elanga. Noko ke, ezolimo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukulungiswa komhlaba nokuvuna. Kwaye ezi nkqubo zifuna inkxaso-mali amandla abantu.

Ukuze isixeko libhekisa ecosystem ntoni iintlobo? Esi sakhiwo anthropogenic apho ebaluleke kakhulu amandla amafutha. tu xa kuthelekiswa ukuhamba kwelanga ngaphezu amaxesha amabini okanye amathathu. Isixeko inokulinganiswa anzongonzongo okanye emqolombeni eziphilayo. Eneneni, ubukho bezi biogeocenosis ikakhulu ixhomekeke kokufumana izinto kunye amandla avela ngaphandle.

eziphila ezidolophini kwenzekile ngenxa yenkqubo yezembali, ebizwa kwabantu ezidolophini. Phantsi sakhe, abemi amazwe eshiya kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ukudala abemi abaninzi. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo mzi ngakumbi nangakumbi ukomeleza indima yalo ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Kulo mzekelo, kuba impilo yomntu ngokwakhe uye wadala kwinkqubo yasezidolophini. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba ezinye izixeko esekungcoleni yohlobo bezityholo kunye nezakhiwo ezikhoyo zendalo. System baloo lali ingabizwa ezidolophini. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nophuhliso kolu shishino iye itshintshe yonke into. Enjani eziphila ziquka isixeko kabani intsimi isityalo imisebenzi okanye mveliso? Kunoko, oku kubizwa ngokuba mveliso kunye nasezidolophini. Esi sakhiwo iqulathe kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo apho zikhoyo izinto, ukuvelisa izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ecosystem isixeko ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ngakumbi zendalo kunye, ukongeza, ezahlukeneyo kumfula inkunkuma.

Ukwenzela ukuphucula imeko yabo, umntu kudala kufutshane nemizi yazo-ebizwa ngokuba ibhanti eluhlaza. Ziqulethe uluhlu ingca enengca kunye amatyholo, imithi kunye namachibi. Ezi eziphilayo ezincinane-ubungakanani zendalo ukuvelisa iimveliso eziphilayo, engaquki ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini sixeko. Kuba ubukho abantu bafuna ukutya, amafutha, amanzi nombane avela ngaphandle.

Inkqubo ezidolophini yatshintsha kakhulu ubomi emhlabeni. Impembelelo iinkqubo esidalwe ngumntu yabantu ubukhulu becala zatshintsha uhlobo indawo enkulu yomhlaba. Kulo mzi kuchaphazela kuphela imimandla apho yakhe bokwakha kunye zokwakha iiprojekthi. Ichaphazela indawo enkulu nangaphaya kwemida yawo. Umzekelo, ngokwandisa imfuno iimveliso zamashishini zinkuni abantu bagawula amahlathi.

Ngexesha ukusebenza kulo mzi kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto kwi-atmosfera. Bona singcolisa umoya natshintsha iimeko zemozulu. Kule mizi, amafu ngasentla ngaphantsi kwelanga, inkungu ngakumbi yimikhwitsho, kwaye lifudumele kancinane emaphandleni ajikelezileyo.