Yintoni na iintsholongwane kunye nendima yazo ngokwendalo

Ehlabathini ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, oososayensi baqalisa ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga ngomahluko phakathi prokaryotic kunye iseli eukaryotic , yaye ngokuthe ngcembe babelwa ubukumkani olwahlukileyo eziphilayo, ukungabikho idibene umahluko iiseli, - Protista. Nangona kunjalo, yintoni na iintsholongwane ngelo xesha nje ukufunda: kuphela kwinkulungwane XX. olu lwazi sele systematized. Iibhaktheriya babekwa kuzo zonke iimeko-bume, onako ukunakha into ephilayo. Lukunyamezele amaqondo aphezulu nezisezantsi, etyuwa kunye iasidi. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukumkani iintsholongwane uhlala nje kuphela bume, apho ukubola into ephilayo kuba nobomi babo, kodwa exineneyo populates ezininzi kwiinwebu kwezilwanyana nabantu, ukunceda ukugaya ukutya, yaye bekhuphisana ngamagciwane. Ingakumbi enkulu indima yabo nethe nitrogen, ekubeni icyanobacteria bayakwazi kokuphatha-nitrogen kuphela esesibhakabhakeni. Noko ke, ezinye bacterium-arhente causative zizifo: iri-, anaerobic kunye nosulelo isisu, negcushuwa, ikholera kunye anthrax.

morphology

Ultrastroenie iintsholongwane ibonakala kuphela ne kwemikroskopu, ke, ukuba iintsholongwane ezinjalo, nendlela ukuzikhangela oku ngaphandle, uyakwazi ukubona ukuntywiliselwa microscopy usebenzisa iindlela ezizodwa bala. Amacala kula Cya ziyahluka ukusuka microns 0.1 ukuya kwi-10, kodwa kuvumela morphology amagciwane ukwahlula ngokwamaqela amathathu eziphambili: ungqukuva - cocci (mono-, abanini kunye tetra-, streptococci kunye sartsiny), intonga - bacilli (mono-, diplo- , streptococci) nesijijekileyo - vibrio, spirilla kunye spirochetes. Phantsi kweemeko zaselebhu ukumisela uhlobo neempawu enzyme bazibonise kwi zesiqhelo okanye ezizodwa imidiya sezondlo ngokusebenzisa ithanga ukusekwa, yaye kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye babe indlela eyahlukileyo lokukhula.

isakhiwo

Ngokubanzi, yintoni intsholongwane umisela ultrastructure zabo. Ngaphandle ukufotokopa iibhaktheriya iseli eludongeni, eliquka kweengqimba peptidoglycan, teichoic acid kunye lipid. Ingqalelo kuqala kugqiba isakhono amagciwane Igram edyojiweyo indlela kwi smear, ngako kuyo zihlelwa kwi wulwe + ne Gr. Abanye babo babe isakhiwo ezongezelelweyo yokhuselo - capsule equlethe K iantigens kwaye uthintele phagocytosis yazo ngaphakathi silwanyana, iziphumo namachiza imiba mechanical. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni na iintsholongwane, kuyimfuneko ukufunda ubume babo intracellular ngu: iibhaktheriya azele kukho icytoplasm, leyo uyapheliswa nezinye organelles (ribosomes, chromatophores) kwaye ukufakwa kwezondlo (lipids, iswekile). Ezi, njengazo zonke prokaryotes hayi ndikhuphe ngumongo kwaye zonke iinkcukacha yemfuza ligcinwa nucleic acid molecule kabini-berhaxwa nezinze kwingingqi ye nucleoid yaye zigxunyekwe inwebu ngaxa linye. Beyond inkcazelo yayo yemfuza sibhalwe plasmid leyo ukumisela iimpawu kunye nophuhliso imiba izifo. Intshukumo abayisebenzisayo misila kunye spirillum, ezisisigxina emzimbeni carcinomas yeseli, yaye ukwanda kwabo kwenzeka ngokwahlula kubini.