Yintoni i-ekwenziweni komthetho? Kwamanqanaba, iintlobo, imigaqo-yokwenziwa komthetho

Kuye kudala abangqine into yokuba umntu abe sisidalwa lwentlalo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba awukwazi ayisekho uluntu ngaphandle. Ngapha koko, oku apho umntu wadibana ngohlobo lwazo nasekuphumezeni umsebenzi. Kodwa phantse ngawo onke amaxesha kwakukho ingxaki yokulawula kunye nokulawulwa nobudlelwane kwezentlalo. Ngenxa yokuba ubunzima ubhalo ezahlukeneyo, impefumlelwano inani elikhulu lezifundo, kwaye iimpawu ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiqela loluntu apho nobudlelwane kwezentlalo "live". Ukusombuluka yokupasa uluntu luphela, olu hlobo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu iyatshintsha.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, unxibelelwano noluntu, enyanisweni, ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Njengoko lokulawula kwabo, oko kuye kwafunyanwa kwinkqubo ngamava abuhlungu. suku ilungile. Kodwa ummiselo walo kolu didi ayikwazi kwenziwa ngqo. Komthetho, oku kufuna imithetho ezikhethekileyo ngokusesikweni, nto leyo iya kuhlala-nkqubo eziphathekayo zoluntu. Inkqubo yokudala le migangatho enobunzima kunye neempawu ezithile ibaluleke kakhulu ububanzi umthetho xa uwonke. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kuzama ukuqwalasela-ekwenziweni komthetho, ingqiqo kunye nezigaba yale nkqubo, kwakunye nezinye iimpawu eziziimpawu kuyo.

Kakuhle eli lungelo

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele ekwenziweni komthetho, amanyathelo, imigaqo, yaye iinguqulelo kule nkqubo, kufuneka baqonde ukuba yintoni kanye onke. Siye ngaphambili wabonisa ukuba ekunene - le nto, njengokuba umalusi nobudlelwane kwezentlalo. Kodwa ke uluvo owomileyo kakhulu kolu shishino lwezomthetho ngokubanzi. Ngokubanzi ukuthetha, ilungelo - iseti imithetho yokuziphatha, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo iinkcazelo esesikweni, iwaranti, ukunyaniseka jikelele, njl Kungenxa nokuphunyezwa kwezibonelelo zoMgaqo le migaqo ikhutshwa phandle ulungelelwaniso ngqo yonxulumano eluntwini ... Yonke imisebenzi thaca yaphunyezwa ukuze kuphunyezwe ulawulo lomthetho kunye semthethweni wolawulo, kwakunye ukuphelisa eyaphula nawuphi inkululeko. Kwelinye icala, ekwenziweni komthetho, nto leyo izigaba ziza kuboniswa kweli nqaku, linoxanduva kulwenziwo eligunyazisiweyo kwemimiselo yezomthetho esemthethweni.

Iimpawu ilayisensi isigaba

Into yokuba ilungelo - lo kuqala umba zomthetho, simisela ukuba ubukho kuwo ngeqela iimpawu ezithile. Kuyinto ngenxa kubo ukuba sikwazi ukuthetha malunga nenkqubo kunye nokuzimela kolu didi kwezinye nabalawuli yonxulumano noluntu. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa uphawu imiqondiso amalungelo ungaquka mpawu zilandelayo, umzekelo:

- Regulatory. Loo nto kanye apho imiqathango yomthetho. ubukho ivumela izazinzulu ukuba bafunde umthetho kwezigqibo, isigaba neempawu kule nkqubo.

- uhlobo esisiNyanzelo imithetho kubangela umsebenzi kwezibonelelo ngokupheleleyo bonke abemi ngaphandle kokukhetha.

- Intellectual nesimilo eyomeleleyo unothanda. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoko banelungelo "imveliso" zentlalo siveza intando yoluntu. Kwaye ivela emsebenzini wakhe yengqondo.

- State liqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ekusebenziseni ilungelo. Omnye umzekelo ekwenziweni komthetho, amanyathelo ezo zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku.

- Ilungelo khona njenge structured inkqubo oluneqela mimiselo.

Zonke iimpawu zibonisa ukuba kukho ilungelo ekwimo esemthethweni, ukuba umsebenzi wayo ophambili - ummiselo kawonke - lingaphunyezwa. Kwelinye icala, nawuphi na ummiselo kuvela uphume ndawo. indalo yabo yingqokelela yeenkqubo ngamnye, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba uqonde ukuba yintoni na-ekwenziweni komthetho. Isigaba Concept, imigaqo yale nkqubo iza kwenziwa uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha zonke umsebenzi.

Yintoni i-ekwenziweni komthetho?

Ekwenziweni komthetho, imigaqo, iintlobo, amanqanaba eziza kwenziwa kamva kweli nqaku, oko ke kuxhomekeke yokuqonda ezininzi theoretical component. Lo msebenzi izazinzulu kukhokelele ukuvela ingqikelelo ye-ekwenziweni komthetho. Ngokutsho definition wakhe, oko yinkqubo apho imisebenzi ethile ye ezikumila kwezomthetho, ezijolise kuphuhliso, ukwamkelwa kunye nokupapasha i-NPA. Kulo mzekelo, ngokupheleleyo zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, Imithetho uyilo ekhethekileyo wenkqubo ethetha ubhalo lwabo esemthethweni. Ukuqwalasela zonke iinkalo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo mthetho-kwezigqibo - inkqubo iintshukumo ezithile leyo ikhokelela ekubeni ukuvela imithetho ezintsha yomthetho okanye mimiselo yonke.

Thaca umba lungabonakala ngengqiqo emxinwa, elibanzi, ekubeni ezi ngxaki yeyona omnye ethandwa kakhulu kwicandelo theory karhulumente kunye nomthetho. Ngapha koko, ukususela umgangatho walo uya kuxhomekeka ngempumelelo inkqubo ngakumbi ummiselo osemthethweni ngokubanzi.

Legislating ngengqiqo emxinwa ibende

Ngengqiqo imxinwa eli binzana umsebenzi owenziwa ngurhulumente ukwenzela ukupapashwa ngezenzo zomthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, eli binzana zinjalo. ukuqonda esibanzi sele umahluko omkhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya kungekuphela nje likwinkqubo yokuqulunqa imigaqo, kodwa imisebenzi ezazingaphambi kwalo. Ngapha koko, ukusebenza kolawulo unxulumano loluntu luxhomekeke nje kuphela umgangatho PPA, kodwa kwinqanaba inkcubeko zomthetho, Indlela pravorealizatsii njalo njalo. N. Ngenxa yoko, i -ekwenziweni komthetho, ingqiqo, imigaqo, iintlobo, amanqanaba ezo thaca kweli nqaku, yinto entsokothileyo isenzo njengoko ixesha edition ngqo imithetho ngokusesikweni yokuziphatha, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Imithetho-siseko ye-inkqubo yokwenza-mthetho

Njengalo naluphi na inkqubo ukuba umlinganiswa lomthetho, ngokusekelwe umthetho ekwenzeni imigaqo ethile ngokubanzi. Enkosi kubo, le nkqubo iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo lingaphunyezwa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngaphakathi ebaleni zomthetho. Kule mihla kukho le migaqo ilandelayo apho i-ekwenziweni komthetho kuliwa, ezizezi:

- Democracy. Le nto ifundiswayo kukuba, xa imimiselo khupha kufuneka athathe ingqalelo imidla yawo onke amacandelo abemi ngokupheleleyo. Ngamanye amazwi, le iadvanteji kungenzeki iimfuno othile.

- Umgaqo semthethweni kukuba lo msebenzi-ekwenziweni komthetho usoloko, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zenziwa ngaphakathi iinkqubo zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda.

- impela zibalulekile na umgaqo ka. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo kufuneka kwenziwa ikakhulu ziingcali kwiinkalo zobomi, onommiselo ilungiswe ngokwezi ummiselo. Ngapha koko, ngaphandle kokukhetha imithetho echaphazela amaqela emikhulu. Ngoko ke, "ndlala" sabo sibe nefuthe elibi hayi kuphela kubudlelwane eluntwini, kodwa eluntwini.

- Zonke nemimiselo kufuneka athobele umgaqo zexesha. Ngoko ke, lo ummiselo yonxulumano loluntu kufuneka ihlelwe xa kunokwenzeka ukuba imeko ethile efunekayo.

- Umgaqo kokunyanzeliseka, enyanisweni, ubonelela isenzo yokwenene "iimveliso" yonke inkqubo yokwenza-mthetho. Ukuze benze oku, kufuneka athobele imiqathango esemthethweni, ezoqoqosho kunye nezinye.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imigaqo kunye linyathelo pravotvorchestva ngokwaneleyo kakhulu ixhomekeke omnye komnye ukususela ngozalisekiso ngqo le nkqubo isoloko wenziwe kuphela kunye nemiyalelo uchazwe apha ngasentla ekuqaleni kolu didi ngokusemthethweni. Ukongeza, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa umsebenzi ekwenziweni komthetho, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

Imisebenzi yenkqubo yokwenza-mthetho

Inxalenye esebenzayo enikwe kweli nqaku didi kube lula ukubona kwiindawo ezithile zomsebenzi wayo. Ngamanye amazwi, singakwazi ngokucokisekileyo ukuqonda oko iinxalenye kushishino ilawulwa yi-ekwenziweni komthetho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi iqela le misebenzi ilandelayo, ezizezi:

- Ukuhlaziya-sikhokelo zolawulo, oko kukuthi, ngokusebenzisa umthetho-ngokwenza yonke imigangatho endala yokuziphatha bayiyeka, uze wenze ezintsha ezifaneleke ngakumbi ezenzekayo ngoku.

- Inxalenye ebalulekileyo umsebenzi wokwenza-mthetho kukuba ukugcwalisa izikhewu zomthetho, oko kukuthi, zonke nobudlelwane kwezentlalo azilawulwa yi ngokwemimiselo yomthetho, "ukudibana" zemimiselo ezithile PPA.

- Legislating kuvumela inkqubo icocekile kwemimiselo yi-odola yawo kunye nokudalwa lwemigangatho.

Zonke ezi nkalo zemisebenzi esibonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwi zigaba ekwenzeni-mthetho. Nabo ke, le ngqo 'isimntwiso' ngemisebenzi abasemagunyeni ukuseka umgaqo-sikhokelo yolawulo karhulumente.

Amanqanaba komthetho

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, yonke inkqubo pravotvorchestva iqulathe amanyathelo athile. ukuphunyezwa kwazo algorithm ngenxa yeemeko yethutyana, kwakunye ngolandelelwano ethile, nekufuneka ukuba badlwengulwe. Nazi ezi zigaba eziphambili komthetho, ezizezi:

- ulungiselelo idrafti NAP;

- Ulwamkelo ezisesikweni ye-NPA.

Abanye abaphengululi Kwakhona bonisa isigaba yophuhliso nezibonelelo ezingummiselo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bayo ngumba zisamkeleka kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba uphuhliso kanye, njengoko umthetho, yaphunyezwa kwisigaba kumalungiselelo zigaba. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbono uye unelungelo lokuba khona, kuba amalungiselelo ayo musa kube nengqondo.

Iimpawu kwinqanaba ngalinye

Inqanaba le-ekwenziweni komthetho kwi Russian Federation ibonisa inkqubo kanye yokuseka-sikhokelo yolawulo karhulumente. Kwinqanaba ngalinye le nkqubo iqulethe eziliqela amanyathelo ngamnye. Ngoko ke, inyathelo lokuqala ikhutshwa phandle la manyathelo alandelayo, ezizezi:

• Ukwenza isigqibo malunga ngendalo nokulungisa uyilo NAP.
• Formation of iqela leengcali abaza kusebenza kwi ekudalweni kwisenzo emisiweyo.
• Ukuyila wesi.
• Ingxoxo uyilo lokuqala PPA.
• thethwano ngqo kunye nezibonelelo kwimibutho PPA.
• Ukwamkelwa kwedrafti yomgaqo.

Olona phawu ephambili kwinqanaba lokuqala kukuba oko kwenziwa ngaphandle esenza-mthetho. Njengoko umthetho, ukulungiswa NPA uphumle phezu kwamagxa awo lwazi karhulumente. Kodwa esenza-mthetho ayisoloko anenani elifunekayo leengcali kwisigaba unxulumano kwezentlalo, nto leyo eya kulawulwa ezithile PPA. Bona ke ibakala lesibini, amanyathelo ayo zisoloko kuphunyezwa emzimbeni ekwenzeni-mthetho. Luquka ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukongeza iingxelo kwi ummiselo idrafti, esiya kwamkelwa.
• Ingxoxo uyilo isenzo olumisiweyo wanika abantu.
• Nokusayinwa i PPA emva ukwamkelwa walo ngoko nangoko.
• Evakalisa ukwamkelwa PPA kwi imithombo esemthethweni.

Inyathelo pravotvorchestva RF inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo yenkqubo kunye umzimba apho ithwalwa. Eneneni,-arhente ezahlukeneyo karhulumente ukuthatha ezahlukeneyo amandla PPA zabo zomthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo kokupapashwa kwayo nazo ziya kwahluka. Ngaloo ndlela, kokuqwalasela zonke izibakala ngasentla, sinokugqiba ukuba zigaba ukwenza-mthetho zizinto zonke izigaba ezithile zenkqubo. Noko ke, kufuneka ezichaphazela zabo, ukuba sijonga kubo ngokusebenzisa bemilo le nkcukacha ze 'umzimba-umvakalisi, "yaye null and void isenzo umthetho olawula le nkqubo ilungu elithile.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo kunye amanqanaba ekwenziweni komthetho - oko yingcamango ezinxulumeneyo. Ekubeni iimpawu zazo ezithile ukuba nefuthe ngqo kwi enye kwenye. Ngamanye amazwi, uhlobo iya kuxhomekeka pravotvorchestva umongo ukuphunyezwa kwayo yenkqubo.

Types of kwinkqubo yowiso

Siye ngaphambili wabonisa ukuba iintlobo kunye amanqanaba komthetho ezi ngongoma zihlobene. Noko ke, udidi yesibini sele kuxoxwe ngasentla. Ngoku sizama ukucacisa kakuhle lucalulo inkqubo yokwenza-mthetho. Ngoko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu mbono ingqalelo izimvo kwinqaku iingxaki, ichonge inani yezi ntlobo-ekwenziweni komthetho, ezizezi:

- Legislating ngenxa ngokukhawuleza, oko kukuthi, ebantwini, nge-zimvo, kunokuba ngamabhunga anyulwe.

- Law-zigqibo, oluqhutywa yimibutho kwamandla karhulumente ngethuba umsebenzi wabo. Umzekelo izinto ezinjalo izenzo Russian Federation, uRhulumente Duma, urhulumente, njalo-njalo. N.

- Law-zigqibo, evela kwabanye amagosa amagosa karhulumente afana nomongameli kunye nabaphathiswa.

--yokwenza umthetho ngazo zinakho ukuqhutywa ngoorhulumente beengingqi.

- Amanye amaziko kunye nemibutho kufuneka igunya lokukhupha imithetho yendawo elinobuchule kuyo.

Ngokwentelekiso inoveli kwi-nkqubo yolawulo ye-Russian Federation i imibutho eyenza-mthetho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, ezifana nemibutho yabasebenzi. Kwelinye icala, ukuba bakwazi ukukhupha izenzo zabo - oku bububhanxa. Ekubeni inkululeko enjalo ichasene nemfundiso nayiphi na inkqubo yezomthetho. Kwelinye icala, imibutho yoluntu nga kuchongwa kunye namaziko efanayo ezinika izenzo bekhaya elinobuchule kuyo.

Kukho kwakhona umzekelo kucalulo yenkqubo yokwenza-mthetho. Umzekelo, zonke iintlobo nabanako ukwahlulelana phakathi kwabo ngokusekelwe ixabiso kuluntu nakuRhulumente. Ngoko ke, ezi ndidi zilandelayo, umzekelo:

1. Imithetho. ekwenziweni Inyathelo kunye ngobuwena classically imithetho efana kakhulu. Xa ezingundoqo zalo, udidi yokugqibela yi isethi amanyathelo apho urhulumente udala imithetho - lokuqala ukusukela-siseko izenzo amandla omthetho ngaphezulu.

2. wokuzibandakanya Amanxusa wenziwe, njengoko umthetho, izidumbu olawulo. Abawenza imiyalelo ePalamente, ukusombulula ngokukhawuleza naziphi na iingxaki ngaphakathi komda wayo wokufaneleka.

3. owayamileyo ekwenziweni komthetho iyafana amagunya. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokuqala sithetha nkqubo nemimiselo, ezo ephantsi yi amandla omthetho imithetho. Kananjalo athathwa kwinkalo yomsebenzi imizimba ngamnye olawulo kunye nee-arhente.

Oku kulandela uluvo lokuba ekwenziweni komthetho, iqonga ingqiqo, imigaqo leyo ezaqhutywa eli nqaku yenziwe kwi "ngokweemilo" ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke iqondo ukubaluleka ubudlelwane kolu yoluntu. Ukongeza, idlala ilungu ebalulekileyo uphumeza inkqubo. Ngenxa yokuba imveliso eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwimimiselo zabo amandla zomthetho, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili ngumbhali.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza wajonga ekwenziweni komthetho, ingqiqo, iintlobo, izigaba kule nkqubo. Xa ndiqukumbela, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le mbono sisabalulekile kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Ekubeni okunene inzaliseko yalo kukhokelela abantu imida ezintsha ngolawulo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ukongeza, ngenxa ekufundweni ekwenziweni komthetho njengenkqubo, siphuhlisa kakhulu iindlela ekudaleni umthetho ezizodwa kunye ngempumelelo.