Vitebsk, abemi: ukwakhiwa yobuhlanga kunye nobuninzi

Yabemi Vitebsk imalunga 369 000, nto leyo evumela mzi lokuhlala kwindawo yesine ngokubhekiselele kubemi e Belarus. Iinkcukacha zakutsha nje thaca kwisiza ngokusesikweni Vitebsk IKomiti yeSigqeba yeNgingqi, ukuba ukuchonga iipateni ukuba inani labantu bomthonyama liyancipha, kodwa inani abavela kwamanye amazwe abo sifudukele kwisixeko lonyuso yokuhlala isigxina.

Ke kaloku, kwisithili zasezidolophini kunye nommandla likhaya phantse 100 kwiintlanga. Loo sisincoko ezahlukahlukeneyo kwabangela isigqibo ukusekwa kwemibutho yesizwe. Kwisixeko kukho imiqathango ulondolozo kunye nokuphuhlisa inkcubeko yabo bambalwa yesizwe. Ngqo Vitebsk kuye kwavela lenkampani zesizwe ezifana:

• Russian;
• Ukrainian;
• Roma;
• European;
• Latvian.

Unxulumano Key data ingqesho - yesisa ntle, ezomthetho kunye nezinye uncedo bakubo, kwakunye nemfundo yenkcubeko yabemi.

Le unxulumano phakathi kwabantu yabemi Vitebsk

Ulwazi lokuqala malunga labemi kunye nenani wabonakala kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1641 mzi waba malunga namawaka alishumi ngamafa. Kwaye ke inani labantu abahlala kwisithili ezisezidolophini, sele ngelo xesha abantu abaninzi kancinane ishumi lamawaka.

Izinga lokukhula baqhubeka de leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, xa abemi yaba likhulu anesithoba amawaka abemi. Kodwa ebudeni bemfazwe isixeko Vitebsk kunye labantu bayo ubunzima iilahleko ezinkulu yoluntu eziphathekayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni unciphiso kakhulu inani zabemi. Ngoko ke, kwaba 100 amawaka abantu, kwaye ngo 1920 wayewele-80 000 ngo-1917, yabemi Vitebsk. Emva kokuba kwinani labemi laqalisa ukukhula. Phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II wayehlala esixekweni phantse amawaka 170 abantu.

Ingaba elona nqanaba lisezantsi labantu yabhalwa ngexesha lemfazwe kunye nomsebenzi. Eli xesha uthathwa kakhulu kunzima: adubula abantu, ukufa abemi kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, ukuthwala abahlali ngebhaxa ...

Kodwa amaxesha kunzima zigqithile. Ngomhla isikhumbuzo mzi, ezizezi nenkulungwane Vitebsk, eyayibanjelwe 1974, abantu sele abantu 270,000 kwaba. Ngu ngokuwa eSoviet Union, abemi Vitebsk waqalisa ukuhla kwakhona.

nokwakheka National of Vitebsk

Idatha yokuqala malunga nokuqulunqwa yobuhlanga yabantu Vitebsk yabonakala ngexesha kubalo kwi imeko Russian ngo-1897. Isiphelo malunga nobuhlanga ye abaphenduli zivezwa ngolwimi lweenkobe. Statistics kwakhona yenziwe yi iziphumo ngophengululo zenkolo kunye nezigaba zabantu.

Ngokutsho 1641, edwelisa-inishiyali sabaphenduli (lezibizo ngakumbi lweziqhulo nabanini nempahla), ukugqithisela yabantu abantu bomthonyama - Belarusians. Ukongeza, abemi bechongiwe abameli ngurhulumente Russian. Akukho nasinye nemihlaba, ukuba angagwebi ulwimi unxibelelwano kunye nonqulo ngemihla, ngoxa akangowakhe amaYuda. Njengoko kuphawulwe, e Vitebsk kuba waphawula kukungabikho amaYuda, kodwa eminye imithombo lwabonisa ukuba waphila kwindawo encinane, yaye wancedisa ukuziphendulela imeko ezaxhobela Russian ngo-1654.

Ukubalwa lokuqala jikelele yoBukhosi Russian

Ukubunjwa kazwelonke laloo mzi ekuqaleni ezichongiweyo jikelele ubalo abemi Russian Empire (1897 yeminyaka). Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwikholam "ubuzwe", amaphepha babhala uhlanga, ngokusekelwe ulwimi lwenkobe abemi abaphenduli. Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, ezi data musa ibonisa umfanekiso wenene, kuba ngaloo mihla, abantu abaninzi ekuthiwa ulwimi lwabo ulwimi unina kwezinye izizwe.

Ngokwesiseko amanani kufunyanwe kubalo lokuqala jikelele (1897), yaveliswa uhlalutyo ubume yesizwe mzi. Ezi nkcukacha kuboniswa njengepesenti kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo, kummandla zokuhlala ezidolophini. Ngenxa yoko, ukwakhiwa nobuhlanga Vitebsk thaca le datha ilandelayo:

• AmaJuda up-50% labantu;
• isabelo Russian accounted for 29%;
• Belarusians baba 12%;
• Izinti 5%;
• German Vitebsk baba 1.5% kuphela;
• abantu ubambe ulwimi Latvian waba ngaphezu kancinane kwe-1%;
• Lithuanian - ngaphantsi kwe 0.1%.

Ulwimi labantu lwesixeko

Ngenxa yokuba ubalo (2009) ngabemi ', ulwimi unina uninzi lwabantu wavota Vitebsk Russian (60.5% senani kubemi abahlala esixekweni). Ukufuya ulwimi Belarusian yaba phantse amashumi amathathu anesine ekhulwini. Ukubunjwa nabani ongenayo ulwimi lweenkobe okanye abantu ulwazi nezinye iilwimi, kuquka ezintlanu nesiqingatha ekhulwini labantu.

Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina Enyanisweni, yintoni iilwimi ukunxibelelana abemi kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ungenza ungenakuxhomekeka datha ilandelayo:

• inani labantu ukunxibelelana Russian ekhaya, kuba phantse-92% yabo bebonke;
• ulwimi Belarusian esetyenziswa yi phantse-3% abahlala ezidolophini;
• abantu abathetha ezinye iilwimi okanye avume ukuba abonise ulwimi kugqibelelo yonxibelelwano, phezulu 5.5%.

ulwimi lwesibini, nto leyo eye elona ngabemi, i Belarusian - 24,6% (abo ekhaya uthetha Russian) kunye Russian - 1,5%.

Fund ukhuseleko loluntu abemi besixeko Vitebsk

Protection Fund lweNtlalo ibonelela abemi balo eziliqela iinkonzo zentlalo. Iindlela apho iinkonzo zibonelelwa ukhuseleko loluntu kwabemi:

• ubonelelo yepenshoni naziphi na iintlobo;
• ukuqeshwa kwabantu zezibonelelo, ukukhulisa abantwana;
• inkxaso yabemi, abakulo kufuna umsebenzi;
• kusekwe imigangatho isezantsi pay;
• uncedo isicelo abahlali yokusebenza ngokuba lowo imisebenzi ingxaki;
• bangabonwa kunye nokupheliswa zokuphula ukuba impilo nokhuseleko.

Iintsapho okanye single parents, izibonelelo zoluntu zibonelelwa ngokusekelwe lengeniso ngomntu ngamnye kwisithuba seenyanga ezilishumi ezidlulileyo.

Urhulumente unako ukunceda abemi abazibona nemeko enzima, ochaphazela ukusebenza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye nobuso. Iintlawulo zenziwa maleko abasemngciphekweni ekuhlaleni yabemi.

izibonelelo zentlalo ezinikwa abemi senze, ethe yabelwa ngomlinganiselo wesithathu ukukhubazeka okanye abantu abangekho imfuneko sabele webutho, kodwa ezifuna unyango, ngokutsho axilongwe.

karhulumente yangoku kunye nabahlali Vitebsk

Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2017 yabemi Vitebsk yi 369.9 amawaka. Abantu. Emva ukwehla elide kwenani abemi besixeko ekugqibeleni waqalisa ukukhula ngesantya ngokuthe. Abemi abaninzi Belarusians (80%), ngaphantsi kancinane ubomi e Vitebsk Russian (12.7%) kunye Ukraine (1.3%). Phakathi nabameli bezinye iintlanga kakhulu ubuninzi bazo amaYuda nezibonda. Namhlanje kwi-Russian ethetha-60% yabemi Vitebsk, Belarus babize izizalwane 33,8%, nezinye iilwimi (okanye ulwimi lwenkobe Unknown) - 5.6%.

Uqhekekile umzi yahlulwe kwizithili yolawulo ezintathu. Ukongeza, isithili ezidolophini ibandakanya ilali ezintathu leholide apho basekuhlaleni abantu bathenga nemiqolomba nokwakha izindlu lizwe. Ngokwembali, ishishini kunye iziko lenkcubeko sixeko kwisithili Oktyabrsky, apho kuba uninzi amaziko kamasipala. izibonelelo Industrial bebekelwa ikakhulu kummandla Railway, nayo leyo equka zokuhlala abazeleyo ngasentla. yesithili Pervomaisky - a zokulala, izikwere cwaka, iipaki eluhlaza kunye nezibonelelo. Ngokwembali, kule ndawo abahlukunyezwa kwimiboniso emibini ezahlulwe yimilambo Western Dvina kunye Luchesa.

Vitebsk Modern - isixeko wemithendeleko. Qho ngonyaka, oku kuthatha indawo ngaphezu iziganeko mabini yenkcubeko. Isiganeko ibalulekileyo i "Slavic Bazaar".

Esi sixeko amaziko emfundo. Uninzi zizikolo eziziisekondari (38), igrama (9) kunye nezikolo eziphakamileyo (5) Colleges (11), abancinane eziguqulweyo (93). Amaziko yamanqanaba aphezulu ezintlanu kuphela, kodwa Vitebsk yenye kwiiyunivesithi yezonyango ngobukhulu, iyunivesithi Belarusian kuphela, nto leyo uvelisa oogqirha bezilwanyana. Ingakumbi aphuhliswe kakuhle kumaziko kunye nezemidlalo emfundo izibonelelo, kuba ukongezelela zokwenza umthambo eqhelekileyo, iiyunivesithi kunye izikolo kumachibi okudada, iidolophu ezincinane zemithambo kunye kwibala lweembaleki.