Version of Ubuntu: isishwankathelo, iimpawu, iimbono kunye nohlaziyo. Indlela ukwazi inguqulelo ye Ubuntu?

Ubuntu kukhupho zenzeka rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ukusuka Ltd - umqambi yokuqala. version nganye entsha ye "Ubuntu", ukongeza igama, usebenzisa unyaka kunye nenyanga woyekelelo njengoko serial number. Ukukhululwa lokuqala iqokobhe, umzekelo, ekuthiwa Ubuntu 4.10 waza wakhululwa ngo-Oktobha 20, 2004. Ngenxa yoko, amanani iinguqulelo elizayo yethutyana; ukuba ukukhululwa lilibaziseka ngenyanga de ezinye iinyanga (okanye iminyaka) ngokuphathelele kuhlelwa, inombolo nokwabiwa kutshintsha ngokufanelekileyo.

wenza njani uncwadi?

Ubuntu version ngokwemveli ayipheleli kukhupho GNOME (malunga ngenyanga), nto leyo, ekhutshwe malunga inyanga enye emva kukhupho of X.Org. Ngenxa yoko, "Ubuntu" umba ngamnye ukunikela inguqulelo entsha ye GNOME kunye X.

Wonke edition yesine ephuma kwikota yesibini kunyaka ngamnye de-ababalwayo, wenza njengoko ulwabiwo ngenkxaso ixesha elide. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezi kukhulula OS azivelele ze ukufumana uhlaziyo iminyaka emihlanu yaye ngenkxaso yobugcisa evela Iincwadi Ltd. Ezi ziquka ezithathelwe Ubuntu 6,06, 8,04, 10,04, 12,04, 14,04 no 16,04. Noko ke, yonke loo lwezinikezelo lo zakhutshwa ku "Ubuntu 12,04?" inkxaso kuphela iminyaka emithathu kuphela.

Ezinye iinguqulelo ekhutshwe phambi 13,04 ngokuqhelekileyo igcinwe kangangeenyanga ezili-18, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo musa iwe umhla phambi kokuba elandelayo distribution 'ixesha-ekubetheni'. Kodwa ke loo nto yatshintsha, ekubeni Ubuntu13.04 - ixesha inkxaso liye lathotywa ngesiqingatha, neenyanga ezili-9.

Inguqulo ye Ubuntu yinto entsha?

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukukhululwa entsha yale OS Ubuntu 16,04 LTS Xenial Xerus. October 21, 2015 ababhekisi phambili wachaza ukuba Ubuntu 16.04 LTS iya kubizwa ngokuba XenialXerus, okanye "nomatse abanobubele." Oku Shell out ngoAprili 21 2016 kwaye ngoko nangoko ayazise ziingcali. Ungamchaza njani na?

I-bume yokungagqibekanga desktop gqolo ukuhlala efanayo - Unity 7, kunye ukhetho ukunyusela uguqulelo 8 ukukhululwa wongeza inkxaso iinkqubo cephalometric kunye ZFS-ifayile, LXD-hypervisor (usebenzisa Seccomp) ukwenzela OpenStack, kwakunye nenkxaso phakheji Snappy. Ukongeza, inkqubo yokusebenza isebenzisa Systemd endaweni Upstart njenge Ukuqalisa inkqubo.

Le ukukhululwa indawo Ubuntu Software Centre kunye software GNOME Software, kwakunye iphelise ezingalunganga ifayili ISO. Ngolu hlobo lulandelayo evela izimvo leengcali, Ubuntu Software Centre isixhobo embi ixesha elide kakhulu. Uhlaziyo yangoku kuye kwaphucuka kakhulu kwi "Ubuntu" kumsebenzisi ngamnye.

Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba Ubuntu 16,04 LTS awuxhasi AMD kuvala (fglrx) abaqhubi cards mifanekiso AMD / ATI, kwaye endaweni icebisa software free amdgpu Radeon. Noko ke, ukuze ukunika ukusebenza yemizobo kangangoko.

Ukukhululwa lokuqala olu guqulelo lwe Ubuntu - 16.04.1 - ziza kufumaneka kubo bonke abasebenzisi kunye July 21, 2016.

Okulandelayo kulindeleke ukukhululwa "Ubuntu"

April 21, 2016 kwabhengezwa ukuba Ubuntu 16.10 uya kubizwa ngokuba Yakkety Yak, kwaye inguqulelo iya kukhululwa-Oktobha 20, 2016. Le ukukhululwa iza kuquka Umanyano 7, kodwa izakunika ukhetho of version 8, kubandakanywa ISO uguqulelo ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuchaza awabo. Nezinye iziphuculwa wamemezela ziquka inguqulelo entsha ye-software software Ubuntu, eziya kuxhasa ukulanda ngokukhawuleza, inkxaso ngcono ukuba kude kufikwe kumgca ufakelo yomyalelo (kuphela izicelo ngaphandle GUI), inkxaso ukufakelwa semigca kunye codecs multimedia, kwakunye nokuphuculwa nokukhuthazwa izicelo ihlawulwe.

Ndazi njani Ubuntu uguqulelo kwifowuni yakho?

Ngamanye amaxesha abasebenzisi ukulibala ngqo ukuba loluphi uguqulelo lwe Ubuntu iyasebenza wezixhobo zabo. Ukuze ufumanise ukuba akuthathi kakhulu. Nida ziza kuchazwa ukuba ukwenza njani oku kwilayini yomyalelo kwaye imbonakalo-mfanekiso yeprogram elungele umsebenzisi.

Khangela uguqulelo "Ubuntu" ukusuka terminal

Le ndlela iya kusebenza nokuba yintoni inguqulelo OS yaye yintoni desktop bume usebenza e-Ubuntu Linux. version Russian yi ngetsheki ngendlela efanayo.

Okokuqala, vula i-terminal. Ukuba usebenzisa Umanyano okanye enye imbonakalo-mfanekiso yeprogram elungele umsebenzisi, unako ukufumana isicelo ngokuthi yesiphelo e Launchpad.

Xa uvula i isikhawulezisi somyalelo, kukho umyalelo elula ukuba unako ukusebenzisa ukufumana uguqulelo yakho "Ubuntu" .Le umyalelo lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: lsb_release thini.

Emva koko, lo mgca luzakubonisa ulwazi malunga yokusebenza kwindlela yakho, kuquka igumbi ukusasazwa.

Ukukhangela uguqulelo Ubuntu ne Unity

Ukuba usebenzisa Unity, umsebenzi ke lula kakhulu. Okokuqala, yiya "Ezikhethwayo System" kwi desktop, apho ifumaneka kwi main menu ka Unity. Kwakhona uye "Izicwangciso System" kwi Launchpad Unity, ukuba kube lula kuwe. Indlela ukukhangela uguqulelo Ubuntu ngale ndlela?

izicwangciso System menu yindlela ezisebenzisekayo ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi kwilayini yomyalelo ngqo ukusuka GUI. Ukongeza abasebenzisi ukuba ifake, ixesha utshintsho, njalo njalo - oko konke kwenziwa kwi menu. Nqakraza kwi tab "Okunye" ibekwe phantsi "Ezikhethwayo System."

Ngoko ke uya ukubonisa zonke iinkcukacha malunga uguqulelo "Ubuntu" oyisebenzisayo. Le yindawo enkulu ukubona iinkcukacha malunga nenani iinkqubo zokusebenza nje kuphela, kodwa ukufumanisa ukuba imemori yimalini ekhoyo kwisixhobo, yintoni uhlobo yakho CPU (CPU) kunye GPU (graphics), kwakunye amandla lilonke kwi hard disk.

Noko ke, ukuba ufuna inani elipheleleyo uguqulelo yakho Linux Ubuntu (umzekelo, «14.04.3 LTS», hayi nje «14,04 LTS»), kuya kufuneka ukuba usebenzise indlela yelayini yomyalelo echazwe ngasentla. Kujongano lomzobo ayikwazi ukukunceda.

Indlela ukuhlaziya i "Ubuntu" uguqulelo elilandelayo

Abantu abaninzi abanomdla ukuba izixhobo zabo zihlaziyiwe kwaye efanelekileyo imini OS langoku. wenza njani version ngcono Ubuntu?

Okokuqala kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba nawuphi na uphuculo enxulumene kukhupho nenkqubo yokusebenza enkulu, uthwala umngcipheko yokusilela, ilahleko data okanye ngokwenzakala yoqwalaselo software. backup olumanyanisiweyo kunye novavanyo olubanzi kuyacetyiswa kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na imeko, nkqu ukuba ungumsebenzisi phambili.

Ezantsi tutorial lona wenza ifowuni yakho iyasebenza Ubuntu 15.10, abqwalaselwe Sudo-amalungelo ukulungiselela imisebenzi yezolawulo.

Nangona iinkqubo ezininzi zihlaziywe nangoko ngaphandle kobunzima, isisombululo ikhuseleke bekuya kuba ukuya kwifayile wesiqalo, inguqulelo entsha, uyifake ukusuka ekuqaleni kwaye ukuqwalasela inkonzo novavanyo ngenyameko kwaye ungenise lwe data isicelo linyathelo eyahlukileyo.

Into ekufuneka uyazi phambi kokuba nokuphucula?

Khumbula ukuba iilayibrari, iilwimi kunye neenkonzo inkqubo zinokutshintsha kakhulu. Ngo-Ubuntu 16,04 iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kuthelekiswa ukukhululwa LTS edlulileyo, eziquka utshintsho ukuba ukundululwa endaweni Upstart inkqubo Systemd, yaye kugxininiswa inkxaso Python 3 no-7 endaweni PHP PHP 5.

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka kukho uphuculo ezinkulu nayiphi na inkqubo, kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba ukulahlekelwa data ukuba uhlaziyo ehamba kakubi. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza ukuphumeza le njongo - ukwenza ukhuphelo lwe yonke inkqubo lwefayile. Ukusebenzisa Digital Ocean kwamathana, ungasebenzisa indlela elula - ukucima le nkqubo kwaye zenze kube khangela.

Phambi kokuba ubuyekeza ukukhululwa, into eyenzwe kukuba ukufaka iinguqulelo ezidlulileyo zonke iipasela yoguqulelo lwangoku. Qala ngoluhlu lwe imiqulwana nkonzo: update Sudo APT-Fumana.

Wena uya kuboniswa uluhlu updates enokuthi yenziwe. Khetha "Ewe" kwaye cinezela Ngena. Le nkqubo ingathatha ixesha. Lwakugqitywa wayo, sebenzisa sasaz-Ougadougou, neya kuthi yenze uhlaziyo ezinxulumene yoqwalaselo utshintsho, ukongeza okanye ukususwa kupakisho ezintsha njengoko kuyimfuneko. Yonke imibuzo inkqubo wathi "ewe" kwaye silindele inkqubo ukugqibezela.

Ngoku ukuba kuhlaziyo bamuva Ubuntu 15.10, ungenza indawo OS ngomhla versiyu16.04. isixhobo Download ngokuba "Ubuntu" uhlaziyo. Ukuze wenze oku, ukusebenzisa umyalelo zilandelayo: uhlaziyo komlomo-fi sudo.

Ngokwemveli Debian oyiyekayo banikwa amathuba ukwandiswa ngokuguqula /etc/apt/sources.list APT, nanto leyo icacisa ngokuphandle zokugcina impahla. Ubuntu usasebenza kwimigaqo ze Debian, ngoko ke inkqubo baya kuqhubeka ukusebenza ngaphandle kobunzima. Endaweni yoko, nangona kunjalo, kungakuhle ukuba usebenzise isixhobo ezinikwa iprojekthi "Ubuntu", oqhubekekisa zonke iitsheki version entsha inikeza update le sources.list, kwaye eminye imisebenzi. Kuya ngokusemthethweni Kucetyiswa ndlela ukuhlaziya kumncedisi ukuba abulawe ngoqhagamshelo ekude.

Qala ngokusebenzisa uhlaziyo ngaphandle iinketho: sudo amagorha-ukufumana sasaz-uphuculo.

Ukuba uqhagamshele kwindlela yakho nge ssh (mhlawumbi wena unayo Digital Ocean kwamathana), uyacelwa ukuba ufuna ukuqhubeka. Kukwenziwa yomyalelo, uhlobo Y kwaye cinezela Ngena ukuba uqhubeke.

Okulandelayo, ukuze yaziswe ukuba isipili lokungena wafunyanwa. Kwindlela Digital Ocean, ungenza ngokukhuselekileyo ngoyaba esi silumkiso kwaye aqhubeke nokuphuculwa njengesipili wasekuhlaleni 16,04 ifumaneka ngokwenene.

Uya kubuza "Ingaba ufuna ukubhala ngaphezulu 'sources.list' fayile '? Ukuba ukhetha "Ewe", apho kuya kubakho uhlaziyo ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo yokusebenza. Ukuba ukhetha "Hayi" uhlaziyo luya kurhoxiswa.

Emva kokuba izintlu ezintsha iphakheji ikotshelwa kwaye livavanye utshintsho, uza kuyalelwa ukuba ukuqala uhlaziyo. Press Y, ngoko ukuze uqhubeke.

ekulayisheni

Ukufakela ugqibo unokuthatha iiyure eziliqela. Emva kokuba inkqubo download alinakurhoxiswa.

Emva iiphakheji ezintsha ziye zagqitywa ufakelo lwakho, uyacelwa ukuba ukulungele ukususa iiphakheji eziphelelwe lixesha. Xa isikhawulezisi somyalelo ngaphandle uqwalaselo lomsebenzisi, le nkqubo kufuneka ibe ekhuselekileyo. Nqakraza "ewe". Ukuba ukuvuselela inkqubo yakho yonke ubukhulu becala, ungafaka d ukukhangela uluhlu lwempahla leyo iza kupheliswa.

Okokugqibela, ukuba konke kuhamba kakuhle, uza kwaziswa ukuba uhlaziyo lugqityiwe kwaye kufuneka kwakhona. Faka Y ukuba uqhubeke.

ukugqitywa

Linda ukuba computer ukuba ivuleke kwakhona kwaye ukuxhulumana kwakhona. Xa inkqubo kweziqalo, kufuneka ubone umyalezo engqina ukuba Yasikwa ku Xenial Xerus Ubuntu (uguqulelo esitalini ngenkxaso).

Ngoku ufuna ukucwangcisa i ufakelo zomsebenzi Ubuntu 16,04. Mhlawumbi, uya kufuneka ukuphonononga utshintsho uqwalaselo oluyimfuneko kwaye zisasazwa iinkonzo izicelo.