UralZIS- 355M: iinkcukacha. Truck. Phambene Automobile Plant ogama emva Stalin

Ababhali-mbali technology yasekhaya bakholelwa ukuba loo mhla xa swa Miass yemoto kwavela UralZIS- 355M, laphela ilixa trehtonki ZIS-5. Yena "Zakhar Ivanovich," njengoko igama ngabantu. Yeyiphi ngexesha lemfazwe waba lamandulo. Kutheni na ke? Isibakala sokuba 355M yaba ukuguqulwa yokugqibela edume "Zahara". Kodwa ke umatshini, ngasendleleni, waba uphuhliso yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaye elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo, waye kakubi kwabeka emva kwimbali Soviet jikelele.

prehistory

Ekwindla 1941 Moscow amashishini zokhuselo, ekwakukho phakathi kwabo i Stalin Factory (ZIS), babalekiswa ukuya kwimpuma lizwe esixekweni: Ulyanovsk, saseChelyabinsk, Miass. Novemba 30 nyaka, isigqibo senziwa qho zakhawuleziswa Miass Factory №316 kwiKomiti yoKhuselo State (GKO), benza kwimveliso iziqhushumbisi, ukuguqula, kwaye asebenzise izibonelelo zemveliso kwekomkhulu izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo, ukuba alungiselele imveliso iinjini ukuba iimoto kunye kwimida vehicles.

Ngo-Apreli 1942, imisebenzi olwenziwe - izityalo ndayizuza. Emva konyaka, isigqibo T-eyilwayo, isityalo kwakhona ilindelwe-inguqu - kwi emxinwa-linge iilori ezivelisa. Kuba oku izityalo evela Ulyanovsk apho eqokelelweyo trehtonki ZIS-5B zaye zadluliselwa Miass. Ukususela kulaa mzuzu ukuya phambili, onke amandla-mveliso omtsha imoto swi ekuvelisweni iilori.

Phambene "zahar"

July 8, 1944 kwafika emasangweni mveliso yokuqala phambene "uZahara", kodwa phantsi igama lakhe - UralZIS- 5B.

Miass trehtonki peculiarity kukuba xa kuthelekiswa ne imodeli eMoscow evenini lula yaye kungabinandleko ukuya kumda. Ukuze wenze oku, amaphiko wangqisha imilo asondezwe zisuswe isakhiwo ngokubeka endaweni ye welding T-ezimile. Ngaphakathi endlwaneni alekwe clapboard. iibhodi ibaleka Metal umphetho ivili zathathelwa indawo iinkuni, beziya ngodaka yentsimbi - on ngamaplanga, izibane ezimbini kwasala kuphela ekhohlo (lokuqhuba). Ukufudumeza inkqubo ekharejini ndaze window ucango ngoku kungenjalo ifakiwe. inkqubo wazaphula zazisebenza kuphela kwi-asi angasemva.

amanyathelo ukuvumela umatshini ngamnye ukugcina 124 kg oxwebhu metal ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu imfazwe. Ukongeza, isiqabu kumatshini, kunye ne-77-enjini injini ZIS-5m, ukwanda tshintshayo zayo-35%, kwakunye ilori phambene baba eyongayo ukuya 10-16% xa kuthelekiswa ne-Moscow ZiSami.

Phezulu ukuya kumhla

Emva kokubuyela Plant ogama emva Stalin ukusuka ngobungxamo kwikhaya labo, isebe lesixeko ukuze kuphuhliswe ngakumbi "Zakhar Ivanovich," wahamba ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: e Moscow ZIS-5 yokuqala similise okwaloo ZIS-150, ngoko ke ZIS-164, yaye ngalo ZIS-164A (imodeli eliphakathi ) kwi ZIS-130. Oko kukuthi, nkqubela phantsi endleleni. In Miass ke nangoku ziqokelelwe akudala ZIS-5B.

Bekuya kuba okungalungile bathi UralZIS- eliyiyo ukuphucula "Zahara". Ngowe-1947 Urals baqalisa ukwakha UralZIS- 353 - trehtonki zaphuculwa. Lo msebenzi kwaqhubeka de-1951, kodwa kukho ingxaki enganyibilikiyo: yokuzama ukufumana ukususa, cab endala-lixesha emboxo, nabayili ndinyuke kunye khetho ukuba ijongeka ngokufanayo ZIS-150, kunjalo, ukuba enze ababu- ukuvelisa serial kwiimeko ezikhoyo kwakunzima gqitha. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi kwi projekthi wamiswa.

ngumlinganiselo wexeshana

Ekubeni umatshini omtsha zange isebenze ukugqiba, kwaye ZIS-5 kuzo zonke izibalo iphelelwe, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuqalisa imveliso abaqeshwa ngokungesosigxina, ilori ephawulwe UralZIS- 5m.

Ngaphandle, oko phantse ayahlukanga ukusuka "uZahara", ngenxa yokuba imoto nangoku kusekwa endala-style cabin, kuphela amaphiko ngoku babanjwa, imilo iimeko, efana esiphezu iimoto pre-imfazwe. Kodwa ngaphakathi ilori I zitshintshile lukhulu.

"Akunakuba" New ukuba ilori endala

Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukuguqula "zahar" inophawu injini oluhlaziyiweyo, eziye kuphuculwe: igeza kunye nentloko cylinder, Pistons aluminiyamu efakwe kunye isiBeki entsha. Ndawonye, oku kwenza kube lula ukutshintsha ratio ucinezelo ngokuvusa ukuba 5.7 (i wangaphambili 4.6), ngenxa eli gunya okwandileyo kwe-injini (ukusuka 76 ukuya 85 l. C.) Yaye 7% unciphiso kulawulo amafutha. Isantya phezulu matshini linyuke nge-10 km / h, kwaye ngoku 70 km / h.

Kwakhona kule lori kuyilo laphumeza oyile ocwenga flow, injini block imbawula, ukubonelela ishishini kuqala injini ukuqala-up, kwanaxa izidanga iqabaka ngezantsi-20; gear entsha ingalawuleki; itanki amafutha 110 litres; kwi ombane 12; kunye nenani nezinye iziphuculwa ezincinane. Hi ndlela leyi, uninzi ezintsha elithathiweyo kunye "353rd 'anamava.

Ethetha '353rd "

Ngowe-1956 wafumana ithuba lokujongana UralZIS- 353 ukuhamba, ekugqibeleni, ukusuka kwindawo kwabafileyo. Ngeli xesha, i Gorky Automobile Plant usebenza kwi-Gaz-62. Ekuqaleni, abayili ezicwangciselwe olu beko truck kwebhonethi. Ngoko ke, lo ndlwana baba inguqulelo ngokutsha ephezulwana umfuziselo ndingaz-51. Kodwa kungekudala bamshiya. Gorky wagqiba ukusebenzisa-moya, nto leyo yayiza kufakwa kwi-injini. Noko ke, ngenxa, uguqulelo yokuqala ukucekisile, izitampu babekulungele, kwaye ngoku ke ayikho imfuneko.

AA Lipgart - Utitshala Bauman University, ngaphambili ukuba umyili oyintloko kwegesi, kunye injineli kwi mveliso e Miass, bazi kakuhle iingxaki Urals. Yaba nguye wayengulowo wabhunga sele ongeyomfuneko kwi ndingaz izitampu adlulisele ababesebenza UralZIS-, ngoko kwakuhlile.

Car UralZIS- 355M

Ngenxa yokufuna elorini entsha UralZIS- 353 yaye omnye iziphawuli babalwayo - "355M". Nangona le moto yayigqalwa ukuphucuka endala "Zakhar Ivanovich," enyanisweni efanayo kwakungenakwenzeka imodeli ilori entsha. Wamavili wahlala phantse ingaguqukanga, ngamanye iyafana naleyo ZIS-5 (3842 mm), kodwa imilinganiselo esisiseko UralZIS- batshintsha 355M, ikakhulu ngenxa elide ukuze umzimba eqongeni 470 mm. Ekubeni le ukuguqulwa ngenxa yokukhula umthwalo-Ukuthwala kumatshini (ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-3-5), kwaye umzimba ngokwawo, kunye yayo obandayo njani kwisisu semoto ziye bya le njongo ukusebenzisa i lokuvelisa eziqinileyo, kwakunye izikwere engqongqo ngaphezulu. Hi ndlela leyi, kuyabonakala ukuba UralZIS- 355M, endlwaneni leyo luguqulelo bububumbi ephezulwana ndingaz-51, kunye nomzimba omtsha ufana ikhule kangakanani, "Ezisongwayo."

Ukuphuculwa kweemoto "th 355"

Updated injini evenini nayo nokuhlaziywa enkulu: i abayili belisebenzisa entloko cylinder emanzi nokonyuka imingxunyana sicatshulwa, kunye crankcase umoya. Ukongeza, iprofayili cam basis of a cam, kuphuculwe inkqubo ukusifaka kufakwa lombhobho ibloko anti-umhlwa nqanawa. Zixhonywe crankshaft angasemva oyile itywina azibandakanyi ukuvuza oyile crankcase ngokusebenzisa sisichazela ukuba ZIS-5 waba engxakini azalwa. Improvement iindlela kwi drive kakhulu kwanciphisa ingxolo ngexesha lomsebenzi injini. Ngokubanzi, Update powertrain UralZIS- 355M kwehle ubunzima bayo ngu-30 kg.

Ezinye iinguqu ezenziwe kuyilo lori

Le ukudluliselwa kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu packings ibhokisi Akunakuba, kusetyenziswa Okuye kwabethelelwa nasekugcineni umboniso, ngalo ixesha elide-stop gear wesithathu, njengoko kudla bekunjalo "kaTsohare". Ngapha koko, CPT nangakumbi ncam malunga crankshaft injini.

Angawaconganga ukuguquka kunye nokwakhiwa kwo UralZIS- 355M. Ngaphambi kokuba ngakumbi unit pivot, ngokunjalo ukusebenzisa grease evenkileni. Ngenxa yokuba le ilori entsha yandisiwe umkhondo ivili ngaphambili, umqadi asi kwasemnqamlezweni zisiba nde. Ngelo asi ngasemva, i abakhi phambili veke reducer inzuzo kunye ingaphakathi phantsi amagiya ecaleni kwaye utshintshe iikomityi ulungelelwaniso umahluko.

Ukunqunyanyiswa ngaphambili yenziwe ngohlobo kukho imithombo igqabi evuthelweyo ngokothuka absorber, nto leyo eyenza mhle ezithambileyo. Ngasemva, phezu koko, uye ngenxa nzima ukuya sheets cross-icandelo ukwanda podressornikov ubukhulu.

Ukuphucula uphume isithuthi, oko kubeka indlela esungulayo omtsha yeefom lula kunye gear ratio ka 20.5: 1 (v ZIS-5, kwaba 15.9: 1).

Ukongeza, UralZIS- 355M wasebenzisa olunye-wire inkqubo volt-12 mihla, wabeka Front kunye iqhosha foot-namafutha yokukhanyisa (kude-kufuphi), eli relay zalathisi ulwalathiso. Kuba serviceability ebusuku phantsi ukwesona efakiweyo isibane. Ukongeza, iqela lenjongo isixhobo sele zihlaziyiwe, yaye kwakukho zokukhanya ndlwana eluphahleni.

A patency truck elungileyo inika ukucoca okwandileyo, nto leyo ufanise engile entry-phuma (44 degrees - ngaphambili, 27.5 - ngasemva), kunye nokuphucuka iimpawu imoto ye-injini.

UralZIS- 355M: ezizodwa zobugcisa

Bayazibela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Wheel ifomula - 4x2.
• Imilinganiselo - 6290 mm x 2280 mm x 2095 mm.
• Clearance Ground - 26.2 mm.
• Wamavili: diff - 1675 mm, Front - 1611 mm.
• Kwirediyasi ujikelezo (lwangaphandle) - 8.3 yeemitha.
• ubunzima Gross - 7050 kg.
• Ukuvimbela ubunzima - 3400 kg.
• Payload UralZIS- 355M - 3500 kg.
• amandla injini - 95 l / s.
• kwitanki yezibaso - 110 iilitha.
• Ukusetyenziswa zepetroli - Iilitha ezingama-24/100 km.
• santya siphezulu - 75 km / h.

Imveliso lothotho inani imoto entsha

Nangona isibakala sokuba UralZIS- 355M elide kangaka wazama ukuba imveliso, ukuba lalenze isicwangciso ukukhulula unyaka omnye kuphela (1959), yaye emva koko kuphela ukuze ukuthethelela bonke ngaphambili kutyalwa kubiza. Nangona kunjalo, umzekelo zange ashiye umgca ibandla iminyaka esixhenxe, ikakhulu ngenxa yovavanyo high umthengi.

Ukongeza, uyilo imoto rhoqo wongezelela ubungcono: ngo-1959 - emkhonweni kwepali cardan sliding yaye yathathwa sisichazela yenaliti, 1960 - ukumiswa phambi endaweni absorbers lever kukothuka lixesha ziye zasekwa ngcono - owawusisibonakude, 1961 - umoya crankcase waba ivalwe.

Naphezu ezininzi ezingalindelekanga, imbonakalo kumatshini ihleli injalo, ngaphandle ukutshintsha nombhalo wanyamalala shunqulelo "ZIS", yaye ngoku wayefana - "UralAZ". Nangona phakathi kubaqhubi beelori kuhlala "zahar," okanye kungenjalo ngokuba "Urals".

Ukulungiswa "Urals"

Eli shishini mveliso livelisa lihlaziya, nangona kuyinyaniso ukuba kukuthi, "uZahara" entsha, kwiinguqulelo ezimbini: UralZIS- 355M - ibhodi, kwaye eyesibini - nje isisu semoto, apho amaninzi kusetyenziswa phantsi etankini.

Ekubeni "Uralets" alwa ne mass flatbed semi-ezisemthethweni inokuba iitoni ezintlanu, kunye nengeniso lokwenene elithoba, ngoko le moto isoloko isetyenziswa itektala semitrailer.

Kwakhona kwemfuno nayo UralZIS- 355M - amaplanga, erhuqwayo - ngamanyala. Ukongeza konke oku kungentla, kwisisu semoto 'Zahara' yayisetyenziswa njengendawo oomatshini yamanzi, ezimotweni, amatanki assenizatorskaya, izitishi isiguquli. Ngowe-1958 Urals wakhululwa bonke-wheel uguqulelo drive evenini, Noko ke, oomatshini iqela Ndandimncinci kakhulu ingakumbi version Tipper.

Ngowe-1960 e Kazakhstan ngokwesiseko ziqokelelwe UralZIS- 355M ibhasi kunye izihlalo ezingama-40, yaye inqwelo-uhlobo. Ngokufutshane, imoto ukusuka miasstsev yajika yaphumelela kakhulu, nangona kwakukho ukulungisa okuphela trehtonki ZIS-5 ubudala.

Apho ufuna

imveliso iminyaka 355 lothotho inani lokuqala kungqamane uphuhliso kumazwe enyulu namanqa, ngoko ke imoto ikakhulu wathunyelwa eSiberia, eMpuma Ekude, ngokunjalo Kazakhstan. Kumbindi nasentshonalanga USSR imoto kunikelwa hi mpimo lowutsongo. Ngowe-1962, iqela iilori in version kumazwe wathunyelwa Afghanistan eFinland.

Iyonke yemoto yezityalo eziveliswa amawaka 192 aba matshini. Ngu imigangatho yemveliso mass kobungakanani encinane, kodwa imoto uye buqu ukuba ukugcinwa phantsi, kakhulu umatshini ezithembekileyo irobust ezongeziweyo, nabakhulu, ngokwemigangatho, kukugcina. Nangona ingxelo kwi etoni TTX 3.5, ingakumbi ngaphandle ngepali ke, yena ithwele, neetoni ezintlanu imithwalo. Abaqhubi omthandayo yaye nokuphuculwa lothelekiso, kuba ngelo xesha ilori incinci liyi phambi imbawula cab. kumiswa Ewe, kwaza kwaqokelelwa ngempumelelo kunye injini kunye imoto elungileyo avumele umqhubi ukuba andicingi siqinisekile, nokuba endleleni embi kakhulu.

Ngokubanzi, UralZIS- 355M, nangona ube kwebali shishino yemoto yiSoviet, nangona kunjalo, indima ka lula, ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenziseka afanelekele kakuhle. Akukho nto ngenxa yokuba lo matshini wathunywa ukuba basebenze nzima kakhulu kuzo zonke iingingqi zeli lizwe.

Imoto yokugqibela off line ibandla lweshishini 16 Oktobha, 1965. Ngale mini, laphela ixesha of "Zakhar Ivanovich".

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ezikwimeko ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kuhle wahlala iimoto malunga mabini kuphela, yaye emva koko, abaninzi kubo phantsi amandla ayo ukuba alikho kurhulumente, yaye wazilungisa akwenzeki. Kwaye ngenxa iindawo akafumaneki kwi injini. Kakade ke, ezinye iingcibi wakwazi ukufaka phantsi ukwesona le ZIL injini kodwa ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye nexabiso imoto ebilahlekile.