UMthetho, kungakhathaliseki ilifa. imithetho Mendel kaThixo. genetics

Ngenxa yoko, inzululwazi uphando K. Correns, G. de Vries, E. Cermak ngo-1900 zaye "bafumana" kwimithetho yemfuza, mawuqulunqwe 1865 umseki inzululwazi kwimfuza - Gregor Mendel. Ekuhloleni zabo, ISAZINZULU yasebenzisa indlela Hybridological ngawo imigaqo ilifa iimpawu kunye neempawu ezithile eziphilayo ziye zavela. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga imithetho esisiseko yokosulela yofuzo, ukufunda imizila yemfuza.

Mendel nophando yakhe

Isicelo indlela hybridological wamvumela ukuba ukumisela Iqela lemithetho, ngoko le imithetho Mendel. Ngokomzekelo, kwathiwa umthetho yokufana le ngxilimbela sizukulwana sokuqala (umthetho wokuqala Mendel). Wacaphula ezibonisa ubunyani _F-1 ibhastile inkalo omnye kuphela, nelawulwa yi isakhi lubalaseleyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ewela izityalo ze-ertyisi iintlobo zembewu ezahluke umbala imbewu (mthubi noluhlaza), zonke ngxilimbela sizukulwana lokuqala imbewu umbala kuphela ebengezelayo. Ngaphezu koko, nabo bonke aba bantu elo kweejini efanayo (baba heterozygotes).

umthetho yocalulo

Ukuqhubeka umnqamlezo phakathi ndlovu ethathwe evela ngxilimbela-isizukulwana yokuqala, Mendel wafumana _F-2 iimpawu cleavage. Ngamanye amazwi, phenotypically ezichongiweyo izityalo kunye alleles sofuzo uvavanyo osemqoka (umbala oluhlaza of iimbewu) kwi-mali sikhulu esisisinye kwisithathu zonke hybrids. Ngoko ke, inkululeko ezisemthethweni zelifa wavumela Mendel ndizilandile nje indlela ukudluliselwa njengoko zofuzo lubalaseleyo kwaye sofuzo kwizizukulwana eziliqela hybrids.

zibuko khe kunye poligibridnoe

Ekuhloleni kamva, Mendel nzima iimeko ukuphunyezwa kwazo. Ngoku, ngokuba ukunqumla izityalo zathathwa, njengoko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inani elikhulu izibini abalinganiswa ezizezinye. imigaqo Scientific balandela ilifa lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo ngezakhi kunye neziphumo cleavage wafumana, leyo angamelwa indlela ngokubanzi (3: 1) ^n, apho n - inani leeperi abalinganiswa ezinye nezahlukileyo abantu umzali. Ngoko ke, ngokuba lokukhwela gqith-ezimbini phenotypically oqhekeza ngxilimbela isizukulwana yesibini iya kuba ifomu: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 okanye 9: 3: 3: 1. Oko kukuthi, isizukulwana lesibini ibhastile inokubonakalisa iintlobo ezine phenotypes: isityalo esimthubi agudileyo (9/16) yawo, kunye ukushwabana esimthubi (3/16), kunye iimbewu eluhlaza agudileyo (3/16) yaye eziluhlaza ukushwabana (part 1/16 ). Ngoko ke, umthetho, nokuba ilifa wafumana ubungqina bakhe zemathematika, yaye poligibridnoe ziyazalana wabonakala njengethuba monohybrid - "phezulu" phezu kwezinye.

iintlobo zelifa

Xa genetics, kukho iindidi ezininzi iimpawu ukudluliselwa kunye neempawu evela kubazali abantwana. Isibaluli apha ulawulo imilo osemqoka olwenziwe nokuba isakhi single - ilifa monogenic, okanye ngaphezulu - ilifa polygenic. Ngaphambilana siye Wajonga umthetho, nokuba ilifa zobuntu mono hybrid-ezimbini ukusukelwa, ezizezi yokuqala, eyesibini neyesithathu umthetho Mendel. Ngoku cinga le fomu njengoko lilifa edityaniswe. isiseko theoretical component na ingcamango uTomas Morgan, ebizwa chromosome. Izazinzulu lubonise ukuba, kunye neempawu zesini kwinzala ngokuzimeleyo, apho zikhona iintlobo ilifa autosomal kunye adhesion ezinxulumene-sex.

Kule meko, kukho imiqondiso ezimbalwa omnye azuze kunye njengoko elawulwa yemfuza akhiwe kule chromosome enye bayibeka ecaleni - nenye. Bakha iqela nedibanisa inani yabo iseti ngokulinganayo haploid zofuzo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye karyotype abantu 46 zofuzo, engqamana kumaqela nedibanisa 23. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba encinane umgama phakathi zofuzo kwi chromosome, kokukhona kwenzeka phakathi inkqubo crossover, nto leyo ekhokelela isenzeko yokwahluka kwemfuza.

Njengoko zofuzo ilifa ibekwe kwi X chromosome

Siyaqhubeka ukufunda iipateni belifa, ngokuthobela imfundiso chromosomal uMorgan. Izifundo Genetic lubonise ukuba abantu kunye nezilwanyana (iintlanzi, iintaka, ezanyisayo) kukho iqela mpawu mechanism ilifa elo, ukuba achaphazela umgangatho ngamnye. Umzekelo, idyasi umbala ziikati, umbono umbala kunye negazi amahlwili ebantwini alawulwa yemfuza akhiwe ngesondo X chromosome. Ekubeni iziphene esihambelanayo izakhi phenotypically wabonakalaliswa ngendlela kwezifo ilifa, iigene ebizwa. Ezi ziquka kubazali kunye nombala ziimfama. Ukuvulwa Mendel kunye T. Morgan uvunyelwe ukusebenzisa imithetho fuzo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo umphakathi wabantu amayeza, ezolimo, nokuzala izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezincane.

Ubudlelwane phakathi genes kunye neempawu zazo sizimisele

Nge kuphando lwemfuzo mihla, kwafunyaniswa ukuba imithetho ezizimeleyo yelifa zezi lokunabisa ngokungaphaya, ekubeni umlinganiselo "1 sofuzo - uphawu 1", ingxaki, ayikho jikelele. Zesayensi saba amatyala ezaziwayo amanyathelo sofuzo ezininzi kunye nonxibelelwano nealellnyh iimilo zabo. Iintlobo ezinjalo ziquka epistasis, complementarity, ipholima. Ngaloo ndlela, kufunyaniswe ukuba isixa melatonin yesikhumba ebala onoxanduva umbala wayo, ilawulwa liqela iimpawu zamafa. Le kweejini lubalaseleyo ngakumbi izakhi linoxanduva Yindibanisela kombala, lo mnyama kwesikhumba. Lo mzekelo ubonisa ngumbala efana neeplastikhi. Kwizityalo, le fomu ilifa semvelo iintlobo cereal yosapho apho iinkozo umbala kulawulwa polymeric iqela yemfuza.

Ngoko ke, lo kweejini yento ephilayo nganye iqulathe inkqubo epheleleyo. Kuye kwasekwa ngenxa uphuhliso ngembali iintlobo - phylogeny. Isimo iimpawu ezininzi neempawu ezizodwa - sisiphumo AGRICULTURE DEPARTEMENT gene, zombini allelic ne non-allelic, kwaye benokuba nempembelelo uphuhliso iimpawu eziliqela eziphilayo.