Ukubhubha kweemveku: oonobangela, izalathisi, kwaye ukungavumelani kwe olungumgubo

Omnye umlinganiselo yophuhliso lulonke kweli lizwe, iimpawu zenqanaba kwazo kwezoqoqosho ngokweenkcubeko ukufa, yaye ingakumbi abantwana. Isiseko yokubala inani labantwana ezithathiweyo abasweleke ngexesha elithile. Kukho kwakhona igama elithi "ukufa". Esi salathisi kakhulu ngokucacileyo ibonisa imeko yezibalo kweli lizwe. Kwakunye kwinqanaba unyango.

Yintoni izinga lokusweleka kweentsana?

Inani leentsana ngenye indlela kuthiwa izithole. Kodwa le nkcazo akuyonyaniso. Ebuntwaneni lubalelwa ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya kunyaka. Ngoko ke, ukubala kwinqanaba lophuhliso lwabantu kweli lizwe, la manani zithathwe. Kwakhona lokusweleka kweentsana - uhlobo lwe ekunokubonwa ibonakalisa zonke iindlela zoncedo abantwana kunye noomama, imeko yentlalo noqoqosho kweli lizwe, izinto kunye neemeko nesempilweni. Kwakhona kulo mzobo ibandakanya kakuhle-ntle labemi, impumelelo yomsebenzi othintelo kwi amanyathelo epidemiological.

abasemagunyeni Health, emva kokuhlalutya nemiba kunye noonobangela lokubhubha kwabantwana, linokuyiqhuba inani amanyathelo eya kuncuphisa ukuba inani lino-minus. Kwakhona yenza kube lula ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokujongana imikhwa emibi yolutsha, ukomeleza yokuphila esempilweni. Ukuba urhulumente nabo bonke abasemagunyeni zayo ziya abakhuphisana sokuncitshiswa nokuyibulala phakathi kwiintsana, kuya kunika ithuba lokuba ukwandisa izinga wokuzalwa kunye inqanaba lophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho.

imiba efanelekileyo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umbuzo Izibalo omkhulu kakhulu. Infant kwanokufa eRashiya kunyaka ngamnye kuba isihloko ngakumbi ezibaluleke ngakumbi. Nangona ukususela 1985 esi salathisi eRashiya kuvame ukuba asidli kwezinye iingingqi imeko vice versa. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho 2015-th ngobukhulu izinga lokusweleka kweentsana lokukhula ibhaliswe kwimimandla Pskov, ukulungela ukusebenza, ESmolensk kunye Orel, kwakunye Karachay-Cherkessia kunye Republic of Mari El.

kwinkqubo yempilo karhulumente yabela izizathu zokuba kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo le ngxaki.

1. Umntwana umntwana ngaphantsi okuba ezikhuselweyo. Abazali uthathe uxanduva ngokupheleleyo ukulungiselela ulolongo kunye nokugcinwa yezixhobo ezidingekayo umntwana wakho. Ukuba ilizwe iqala le ntlekele kunye nemeko ezingazinzanga zoqoqosho nezentlalo, into yokuqala ochaphazelekayo labantu. Ukususela oku kuza into yokuba abazali ukuze ukukhusela ngokupheleleyo nokuqinisekisa umntwana wakho yonke into oyifunayo.
2. Ngexesha lentlekele kweli lizwe lifinyele kunye nempilo ekuzaleni. Kungangena ezahlukeneyo izinto, kwakunye nokwandisa ipesenti inenimba lwezidumbu, nto leyo ngokufuthi ekhokelela ekuswelekeni kweentsana.
3. Xenga kwe umgangatho wenzala kunye nokufa. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi xa kukho inkxaso izinto ezifanelekileyo kunye noncedo oluvela kurhulumente.

Konke oku kungentla - kuba yinxalenye encinane kuphela yale ngxaki, nto leyo kungokunje sibi kakhulu. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa izinga lokusweleka kweentsana, kubalulekile ukuqaphela isizathu sokuba ukwenzeka kwayo.

Inani leentsana: Oonobangela

Izinto ezibangela lokusweleka kweentsana luxhomekeke kwinqanaba yophuhliso lizwe. unikwa njani ixesha uncedo lwezonyango kunye eziphathekayo sabantu, oko kubonakala kwinani labantu. Ukuba uthatha amazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu, apho izinga lokusweleka liphezulu kakhulu, kuba iintsana noomama akusoloko inganikezelwa uncedo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kumazwe phambili kakhulu, eli nani lincitshiswe, ekubeni abantwana abaninzi lempatho.

Inani leentsana inenani kwiimbangi ezichaphazela inqanaba layo ezifana:

• Zangaphandle - ubukhulu becala kwenzeka kwixesha osana. Ukuba ixesha ukunceda usana, umntwana iphila.
• izifo ezosulelayo.
• Iingozi.
• izifo zemiphunga - ngamanye amaxesha umntwana akakwazi ukunika uncedo ngexesha, yaye uyafa.
• okungahambi bekhubazekile.
• iimeko yezifo avela kwithuba osana.

zonyaka yokufa

Oogqirha kufunyaniswe ukuba lokufa kwabantwana lwenzeka ngexesha. Inqanaba kwiinyanga ihlobo nobusika, izinciphiso yasekwindla nemvula yasentwasahlobo. Le ndlela isekwe kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Izinto ezibangela ukusweleka kweentsana ehlotyeni ngenxa yokuba kwandisa umngcipheko nezifo ezosulelayo. Njengoko usazi, xa imozulu ishushu, kwiintsholongwane ndiyandise izihlandlo ezilishumi ngokukhawuleza, ngoko, amathuba osulelo lwe ukunyuka umntwana. Kwaye, ukuba umama sifo uvikivwa, kwaye umntwana wazalelwa amandla, sifanele sibe sibi kakhulu ngale nto.

Ebusika kwandisa kwinqanaba iingqele, yaye ngokufuthi izinga lokusweleka kweentsana inxulunyaniswa nayo. izifo zemiphunga zithathwa ngomnye unobangela wokufa kweentsana ukuvela ngeli thuba. Amaninzi, abantwana ababulawa yingqele, nto leyo ebangela zithe zadala. Unga phawula utyekelo ukusweleka nyaka buthathaka. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, ngexesha ubusika kwaye uhlala kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Usana izinga lokufa

lokusweleka kweentsana luphawulwa ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya kunyaka omnye. Oku kusetyenziswa ukuvavanya impilo bonke abantu kweli lizwe, kwakunye nomgangatho lulondolozo lokuthintela kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo kwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana. Bamkela iintlobo zonyango eziliqela apho lokusweleka kweentsana kufuneka ibhaliswe. Oku la maxwebhu alandelayo:

• Kagqirha f sokufa. 106 / y.
• incwadi kagqirha malunga osana ngokufa f. 106 - 2 / y.

La maxwebhu mabini ezifunekayo zobhaliso nokufa kweentsana. Ukubala izinga lokufa, kuyimfuneko ukwazi indlela ethile, oko sijongeka njengoku:

• inani labantwana abangaphantsi konyaka omnye owafela ngaloo nyaka, ukuba masihambelane inani labantwana wazalelwa kunyaka wekhalenda elinikiweyo.

Kodwa la manani olungachanekanga, ukusukela inani labantwana abazalelwe amaxesha ngonyaka.

NGUBANI lithethelela ukuba uhlobo entsha yokubala, leyo ibonakala ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi izinga lokusweleka kweentsana. Amabuzi Ifomula icebisa ukubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• PMS = (inani lokufa iintsana abangaphantsi kweminyaka kunyaka 1 unyaka): (2/3 wazalelwa ngonyaka wekhalenda elinikiweyo + 1/3 uzelwe engasaphili kunyaka ophelileyo) x 1000.

Le ifomyula luchaneke kakhulu, kodwa nani yaba yeyona othembekileyo, kufuneka baphumeze uhlalutyo ukusweleka kweentsana. Kwakhona izinga lokusweleka kweentsana kudla kuyahlukana ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ixesha.

Uhlalutyo yokufa kweentsana

rate Ukufunda nokuqhuba uhlalutyo kokusweleka, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba luquka:

• Inani labantwana abathe bafa kulo nyaka wekhalenda.
• Inani yokufa kwinyanga nganye ngethuba lonyaka wekhalenda.
• Inani lokufa kwabantwana abangaphantsi konyaka omnye.
• Izinto ezibangela ukusweleka kweentsana.

Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina uhlalutyo data, ungenza awunakucwangcisa umphakamo apho iya kubonakala ukuba izinga lokusweleka kweentsana. Ifomula kule imeko inokuba nomahluko, konke oko kuxhomekeke kwindlela ethembekileyo ezifunekayo iziphumo. Kufuneka kwakhona nga rivali leswaku lokusweleka kweentsana abelwa edyokhweni. Konke oku ifakiwe Ucazululo ngokupheleleyo isenzeko. Eliphezulu izinga lokufa waphawula kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kokuzalwa, kuba eli xesha kubalulekile. Okulandelayo, izinga lokusweleka kweentsana ngokuthe kunciphisa.

factor

Kukho into ekhethekileyo egqiba izinga lokusweleka kwabantwana abangaphantsi konyaka omnye. Ngaphambili, izinga lokusweleka kweentsana yaba okufanayo kuyo yonke iminyaka yobudala. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, it has iqondo: usana - nyaka ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-1, nabantwana - ukususela kunyaka-1 ukuya kwiminyaka eli-15. Ngokusisiseko, lo mkhwa uye waphawula ukuba izinga usana ziyafana ubukhulu ukuya ubukhulu yokufa yabantu ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala engama-mahlanu anesihlanu.

indlela yokubala Coefficient kwahlukile kakhulu kuzo zonke ezinye iindlela. Konke oku kungenxa yokuba umgangatho lokusweleka kweentsana esoloko itshintsha. Kwakhona, kunokuba utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kulo nyaka, yaye ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kakhulu ukubala inani elichanekileyo. Ngoko ke, ukubala kwenziwa lula kakhulu: njengesiseko ngokuthatha inani lokufa kwabantwana kwixesha elithile kwaye angqamane nabo kunye nenani ngokokuzalwa. Kukho iindlela ezininzi yokubala lomlingani, ezibandakanya iimpawu idata kunye nokuchaneka izibalo.

grid demographic

Ukwenza kube lula ukubala izinga lokusweleka kweentsana, sebenzisa igridi ekhethekileyo yezibalo. Kubonisa ngokucacileyo zonke iinkcukacha kangangexesha elithile. Kwakhona net demographic efunekayo ukuze kube lula ukuba masihambelane eziphilayo iintsana kwabafileyo.

Le inkqubo izikwere. Imigca leyo tyaba - iminyaka yobudala. iilayini ezithe nkqo - iminyaka yekhalenda. Inani ababeleki ngonyaka wekhalenda elinikiweyo uchongwe inombolo ethile kwigridi. Kwakhona imigca oxwesileyo ukwandisa nadlulisela ulwazi oluthile. Oku umgca yobomi, ukuba kuboniswe ngomhla unyaka wokuzalwa. Ukuba ukufa kwenzeka, indawo ukuphela komgca.

Kukwakho iifomyula ezizodwa apho sinako ukubala izinga lokusweleka kweentsana kunye nenani kunye nomhla wokuzalwa.

lokufa Ukuncipha

Izinga lokufa - oku isalathisi engundoqo impilo yesizwe kunye karhulumente. Kwaye enye analysis phuzu uhlahlelo ukufa ukuya kunyaka omnye. Kwakunye nezizathu zokuba kutheni abantwana kufa. Kwakhona musa ukulibala ukuba uphuhliso lwesifo lokubhubha kuxhomekeke ukusebenza abasemagunyeni zempilo kunye nokusebenza kwazo ngempumelelo.

Ukubhubha kweemveku, ukuncitshiswa apho kungenxa umgangatho amanqanaba ezentlalo nezoqoqosho kufuneka amazinga aphantsi. Kwaye oku kusetyenziswa iindlela zokujongana nayo nokubandakanya zonke iinkalo zobomi bobabini abemi kunye norhulumente. Amanyathelo engundoqo ukunciphisa ukufa kufuneka ube:

• Ukuxhasa nokomeleza nokhathalelo lothintelo kwimpilo.
• amanyathelo lweNtlalo kunye othintelo ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni umgangatho wokuphila, ulondolozo yemfuza, kwaye ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo.
• ezempilo eya kunceda ukuchonga nokuthintela izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.
• amaziko Rehabilitation.
• Uthintelo Primary lujoliswe indlela yokuphila esempilweni.