Ukubalwa miso ubushushu: umzekelo. Ukubalwa ndawo, amandla sokufudumeza

Ukubalwa miso ubushushu ngoku kuthatha ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emihlanu. Nawuphi na umbutho ivelisa yaye ithengise izixhobo ngokuqhelekileyo unika wonke inkqubo yokugaya yakhe. Kokuba simahla zikotshwe kwiziko lewebhu inkampani okanye uchwepheshe babo baya kubuyela kwi-ofisi yakho uyifake simahla. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba izibalo ezinje ichanekile, hi nga amthembe kwaye hayi ukuba ekrelekrele ukuba umenzi ngokulwa kwithenda okhuphisana ayo? Ukukhangela wokubala electronic kufuna ulwazi okanye ubuncinane ingqondo iindlela zale mihla ukubala sokufudumeza. Makhe utolike iinkcukacha.

Yintoni a sokufudumeza

Phambi kokwenza ukubalwa miso ubushushu, masikhumbule, yaye yintoni uhlobo kwisixhobo onjalo? Teplomassoobmennyh izixhobo (aka sokufudumeza, okwabizwa ngokuba izixhobo exchange ubushushu okanye TOA) - isixhobo sokudluliselwa ubushushu ukusuka njengesipholisi omnye komnye. Kule nkqubo utshintsho ubushushu njengesipholisi kwakhona ukutshintsha Ukuxinana zabo, ngokufanelekileyo, ubunzima izalathisi izinto. Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkqubo ezo zibizwa ngokuba ubushushu kunye nokudluliselwa abaninzi.

iintlobo of transfer ubushushu

Ngoku makhe sithethe iintlobo transfer ubushushu - kukho amathathu kuphela. Imitha - transfer ubushushu imisebe. Ngokomzekelo, singakwazi khumbula Akukho nje elunxwemeni ngosuku lehlobo efudumeleyo. Kwanaba ke kubananisi ubushushu anokufunyanwa emarikeni (izifudumezi umoya tube). Nakuba kunjalo, kaninzi ngenxa ukufudumeza ekhaya, amagumbi indlu siye kuthenga oyile okanye ukufudumeza yombane. Lo ngumzekelo olunye uhlobo transfer ubushushu - පිළිතුරු iimpendulo. පිළිතුරු iimpendulo ngokwemvelo, mbulo (isicatshulwa, kwaye kwibhokisi kufuneka umzimba) okanye mechanical drive (kunye fan, umzekelo). Uhlobo yokugqibela isebenza ngakumbi.

Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela isebenzayo transfer ubushushu - lo conductivity wobushushu, okanye, njengoko kuthiwa, Uhanjiso (Uhanjiso of IsiNgesi -. "Conductivity"). Nawuphi injineli ngubani oza ukubamba uyilo wobushushu le sokufudumeza, okokuqala zonke ucinge ukuba ukhethe njani izixhobo kakuhle xa ubuncinane isithuba. Kwaye iyakwazi ukufezekisa oku yi Uhanjiso. Umzekelo woku luncedo kakhulu umhla TOA - kubananisi plate ubushushu. Plate TOA ngu definition - a sokufudumeza elithi lidlulise ubushushu ukusuka njengesipholisi ukuya kwenye uthango eyahlula kubo. Le ndawo ujonge kunokwenzeka phakathi kwabaneshologu mabini kunye nezinto oyinyaniso ezikhethiweyo, neepleyiti zabo iprofayili Ubukhulu balo babulingana nesandla ezikhethiweyo ukunciphisa hardware lo gama kugcinwe iimpawu zobugcisa yokuqala efunekayo kule nkqubo.

iintlobo sokufudumeza

Phambi kokuba ukufeza ekubaleni sokufudumeza zigqitywa hlobo yayo. Zonke TOA lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezinkulu ezimbini: kubananisi ubushushu recuperative kunye okungenisa. Umahluko therebetween eziphambili ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwi TOA recuperative kobushushu kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa udonga olwahlula ubushushu ezimbini eziphakathi, uze wadibana enye kwenye eendaba ezimbini okungenisa, ngokufuthi efuna ukuxubana elandelayo kunye ukwahlukana sahluli ezizodwa. sokufudumeza okungenisa zahlulwe kubananisi ubushushu ukuxubana umlomo (isiganeko izinzile okanye esiphakathi). Lwaba ethetha, ibhakethi lamanzi ashushu, wabeka up engqeleni, okanye iglasi neti eshushu, ebeka lupholile efrijini (soze musa ukukwenza!) - oku ngumzekelo loo TOA ukuxuba. A thela iti esesosini ze okupholisa le nto ukuze ufumane umzekelo sokufudumeza okungenisa kunye esatsiba (isosara, kulo mzekelo kudlala inxalenye esatsiba), apho eqala emoyeni okukufutshane kwaye ithatha kwithempritsha yayo, uze ukhetha inxalenye ekufudumaleni Wagalela kuwo neti eshushu afuna kokubili ikhokelela kumajelo eendaba imo lwesilinganiso thermal. Noko ke, njengoko sele ufumene ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwe-conductivity thermal ukudlulisela ubushushu ukusuka kwenye eliphakathi ukuya kwenye, ngoko, luncedo ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele transfer ubushushu (kwaye ngokubanzi) TOA namhlanje - Kakade, recuperative.

yokubala Thermal beemeko

Nayiphi ekubaleni sokufudumeza okungenisa zingenziwa ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-thermal, ukubala kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye namandla. Zizinto ezingundoqo, nto leyo eluncedo ngokuyilwa izixhobo ezitsha kunye nobuchule zezona sokubala imifuziselo ezilandelayo zohlobo olufanayo line izixhobo. Umsebenzi ophambili we-TOA ubalo thermal kukuqinisekisa ubushushu indawo umphezulu exchange efunekayo ukuze ukusebenza ezinzileyo le sokufudumeza nokugcina parameters ezifunekayo iplagi eendaba. Lidla ngokufuthi izibalo ezinje iinjineli banikwa amaxabiso engenasizathu ubunzima kunye nobukhulu neempawu izixhobo elizayo (eziphathekayo, iityhubhu ububanzi, iipleyiti, imilinganiselo, umqadi geometry, uhlobo kunye nezinto finning et al.), Kodwa emva kokuba ubushushu uqobo kuqhutywa eyakhayo calculation umzimba. Ngapha koko, ukuba injineli inyathelo lokuqala ingqalelo indawo umphezulu ayimfuneko umbhobho elinikiweyo, umzekelo,-60 mm, kwaye ubude sokufudumeza ngaloo wajika malunga amathandathu meters, kusengqiqweni ukucinga utshintsho multistage sokufudumeza okanye uhlobo bundle tube, okanye ukwandisa sangqa kwimibhobho.

yokubala hydraulic

izibalo hydraulic okanye hydro-mechanical kwaye ashukimisayo eyenziwa ukuchonga nkwenza hydraulic (ashukimisayo) ilahleko xi nga sokufudumeza, yaye ukubala ukusetyenziswa namandla okuzisombulula. Ukubalwa nayiphi na indlela, umzila okanye umbhobho ukuba ukufudumeza medium sicatshulwa mlonyeni njongo iphambili yabantu - ukuqinisa inkqubo yotshintshiselwano ubushushu kwisiza. Oko kukuthi, omnye medium kufuneka sidlule, yaye omnye ukufumana ubushushu kangangoko kwindawo lokuphumla ubuncinane indima yawo. Oku kusebenza umphezulu kobushushu owongezelelweyo ngendlela kumphezulu fin kuphuhliswa (kuba ukungcola laminar sublayer umda kwaye kuphuculwe ukuhamba sophazamiseko). Iqondo eliphezulu balance ngokuphathelene e iilahleko hydraulic, kwiinkalo umphezulu ubushushu wotshintshiselwano, ubunzima kunye nobungakanani neempawu, kwaye imveliso nobushushu lirhoxisiwe kusisiphumo aggregate thermal, hydraulic neyakhayo TOA calculation.

yokubala ekuhloleni

Ekungqinweni sokufudumeza lwenziwa kwimeko apho kuyimfuneko ukubeka uqhelane yombane yaso nasiphi na indawo umphezulu kobushushu. Kumphezulu egciniweyo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, xa kufunwa njalo yi-terms of reference, ukuba umenzi isigqibo ukwenza umda eyongezelelweyo ukuqiniseka kanye ukuba lo ubushushu ziya kukhutshwa kwi nolawulo, kunye ukunciphisa iimpazamo izibalo. Kwezinye iimeko, okugcinelwa ezifunekayo ngokusondeza kulwakhiwo dimensions iziphumo kwezinye (evaporators, economizers) xa kubalwa umthamo we miso ubushushu esixhotyiswe ngokukodwa kuqaliswa umda komhlaba kwi nokungcoliswa oyile isiguquli ezikhoyo kwisekethe ifriji. Ewe, namahlwempu umgangatho wamanzi kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Emva kwexesha, ukusebenza kakuhle kubananisi ubushushu, ingakumbi xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, umhlwa luhlala phezu komhlaba izixhobo kobushushu, ukunciphisa transfer lomlingani ubushushu, yaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekuthotyweni olwaye lwamfimfitha andize ubushushu. Ngako oko Injineli ofanelekileyo, ukubala yobushushu umzimba "ngamanzi-amanzi", inika ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo reserve eyongezelelweyo kumphezulu exchange ubushushu. Ukukhangela ukubala kwaye achithe ukuze ubone indlela izixhobo ozikhethileyo ziya kusebenza kwezinye iindlela aphakamileyo,. Umzekelo, kwi the izimiso central emoyeni (Ufakelo air-ubonelelo) Izifudumezi ukufudumeza yokuqala neyesibini ezisetyenziswa ngexesha esibandayo, kwaye zisoloko zibandakanya ihlobo uzipholisa unikezelo lokondla umoya amanzi abandayo kwi ubushushu emoyeni umzimba ityhubhu. kubanika zona ziya asebenza njani kwaye yintoni na iparameters ukuvavanya ukubala kweminwe.

Uqikelelo zophando

izibalo Uphando TOA olwenziwe ngokwesiseko iziphumo ekubaleni thermal nokuqinisekiswa. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, njengoko umthetho, ukuba enze izilungiso zamvanje isakhiwo ifowuni iyilelwe. Kwakhona wenza ukuba ulungise iikoteshini ezi babekwa imodeli ubalo laphumeza TOA wafumana empirically (ngokuba data ahlolwayo). Ukwenza uphando ibandakanya ubalo zamashumi ngamanye amaxesha amakhulu izibalo yi isicwangciso okhethekileyo, buphuhliswe buqaliswe buphenjelelwa ekuveliseni ngokutsho kwithiyori okuba yoyilo ucwaningo. Ngokutsho iziphumo ityhila ukuba baphenjelelwa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo kunye eziphathekayo kwizalathisi zomsebenzi TOA.

nezinye iimbalo

Ukubalwa kwindawo sokufudumeza, musa ukulibala malunga ukuxhathisa izinto. izibalo amandla TOA kubandakanya ukutshekisha le yunithi aqikelelweyo ombane, uncamathiselo torsional ukuya zihlandlo zokusebenza ubuninzi kuvumelekile iinkcukacha kunye iindawo ezithile ikamva sokufudumeza. Kunye nemilinganiselo amancinane imveliso kufuneka womelele, oluzinzileyo nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ekhuselekileyo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba iimeko enzima.

yokubala Dynamic wenziwa ukufumanisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo sokufudumeza kwi iindlela zokusebenza bume.

Iintlobo design sokufudumeza umzimba

TOA Recuperative kuyilo lungohlulwa lube inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo kwamaqela. Eyona eyaziwa kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi - a oguquguqula ipleyiti ubushushu, umoya (Finned ityhubhu), iqokobhe nobushushu ityhubhu kubananisi "umbhobho umbhobho", iqokobhe-and-ipleyiti, kunye nabanye. Kukho ngaphezulu kakhulu iintlobo ezikhethekileyo exotic, umz, ezijikeleze (njengecochlea-umzimba) okanye ize, leyo ukusebenza neencindi viscous okanye non-Newtonian, kunye nezinye iintlobo ezininzi.

Ubushushu umzimba "ityhubhu in tube"

Cinga ukubala elula miso "ityhubhu kwi ityhubhu" ubushushu. Ngokwemo, olu hlobo TOA kuba kakhulu lula. Ngexesha ukuqala i izixhobo tube engaphakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo hot transfer ubushushu fluid kuncitshiswe ilahleko, kwaye kungena izindlu okanye ityhubhu engaphandle njengesipholisi okupholisa run. Iinjineli Task kulo mzekelo kunciphisa ukuya ukumiselwa ubude sokufudumeza ngokusekelwe kummandla umphezulu kobushushu ubalwe kunye ngobubanzi kwangaphambili.

Iyafuna esongeza ukuba obizwa sazisa ingqikelelo i sokufudumeza ofanelekileyo, oko ke iyunithi ubude ongapheliyo, apho coolants kwi counter, yaye phakathi umahluko lobushushu kwavusa ngokupheleleyo. Uyilo "umbhobho kumbhobho" ekufutshane idibana nezi mfuno. Kwaye ukuba baleka ulwelo transfer miso, oko kuya kuba i-ekuthiwa "counter-yokwenene" (njengoko kuchasiwe umnqamlezo-njengoko plate TOA). uxinzelelo Ubushushu kakhulu ngempumelelo izakufunyanwa xa umbutho kwezithuthi. Noko ke, wenza i "umbhobho kumbhobho" kubalwa sokufudumeza kufuneka ibe sengqiqweni yaye ukuba umlibale malunga icandelo yezicwangciso kwakunye lula ufakelo. ubude evrofury - 13.5 m, kwaye zonke izibonelelo zobugcisa apha naphaya ukuze skid nofakelo izixhobo ubude.

Shell kunye tube sokufudumeza

Ngoko ke, oko yinxalenye ekubaleni kwisixhobo enjalo kakuhle lungena ngokukhululekileyo ukubalwa iqokobhe kunye ityhubhu nobushushu umzimba. Le apparatus, apho ityhubhu bundle na meko (istili), zihlanjwe coolants ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke izixhobo kuyo. Xa capacitors, umzekelo, Ndigidima ibhatyi refrigerant, namanzi - kwityhubhu. Ngale ndlela lwezithuthi iindawo lula ngakumbi kakuhle ukulawula ukusebenza kweyunithi. Kule evaporators, Kanti, lo refrigerant amathumba kwi tyhubhu ukuba ihlanjwe kulwelo lupholile (amanzi, brines, glycols, njalo njalo). Ngoko ke, ukubala-ityhubhu ubushushu umzimba kuyehla ukunciphisa isayizi izixhobo. Ukudlala kunye ububanzi we istili, lo ubukhulu kunye nenani kunye nobude embilwini kwemibhobho izixhobo yenjineli engena ixabiso abaliweyo kwingingqi umphezulu exchange ubushushu.

sokufudumeza air

Enye kakhulu ngazo kubananisi ubushushu kude - a finned kubananisi tube ubushushu. Ewe kuthiwa jiko. Apho ke nje kuhlenga ukususela fancoils (ukusuka IsiNgesi. Fan coil +, ngamanye amazwi, "fan" + "coil") ineebloko zangaphakathi ukwahlula iinkqubo ukuba giant recuperator igesi ulwelo (ukhetho ubushushu ukusuka gas ulwelo eshushu kunye nokudluliselwa kuba ukufudumeza) e boilers e mn. Kungenxa yoko le nto ekubaleni oguquguqula coil kuxhomekeke isicelo, apho ubushushu ingena ukusebenza. Iicooler Industrial emoyeni (VOPy) ifakelwe nasemagumbini yokothuka-engumkhenkce inyama, xa umbane kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kunye nezinye izinto ze ifriji ukutya, zifuna iifitsha ezithile kulwakhiwo kuyilo zabo. Umgama phakathi lamella (fin) kufuneka nkulu ukwandisa ixesha intsebenziswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwimijikelo ndikufuna. Vaporizers for DCS (data centre), phezu koko, yenza sikwazi kumgama nokubotshwa mezhlamelnye compact ngakumbi ubuncinane. sokufudumeza ezinjalo zisebenza kwi "ummandla olunyulu", engqongwe lokucoca entle (ukuya ku HEPA grade), nangona kunjalo, oku ubalo lwenziwa ngaphandle sokufudumeza tubular ekuye kwagxininiswa ukunciphisa kumlinganiselo jikelele.

kubananisi plate ubushushu

imfuno Okwangoku likriwa kubananisi ipleyiti ubushushu. Ngokutsho kuyilo yayo eyakhayo, ukuba gasketed ngokupheleleyo kwaye semi-welding, kunye mednopayanymi nikelpayanymi, nge welding, kwaye ngesinyithi indlela kwe- (ngaphandle solder). Uyilo Thermal ye miso ipleyiti ubushushu bhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo kwaye ingakumbi nzima ukuba yinjineli. Inkqubo yokukhetha banokudlala uhlobo iipleyiti, imijelo enzulu uyila, uhlobo fin, ubukhulu sentsimbi, izinto ezahlukeneyo yaye, okubaluleke - ezininzi iimodeli ubungakanani eqhelekileyo yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu. sokufudumeza enjalo ephantsi ububanzi (kuba zokufudumeza umphunga wamanzi) okanye (kubananisi ubushushu yokungcola iinkqubo umoya-moya) eliphezulu elimxinwa. Ngokufuthi asetyenziswa, yaye eliphakathi kunye lenguqu kwisigaba, okt njengoko condensers, evaporators, Iicooler umphunga, predkondensatorov njalo njalo. D. Yenza uyilo thermal of sokufudumeza abasebenza kwindawo ipateni biphasic, kunzima kancinane sokufudumeza le "ulwelo-ulwelo", kodwa ngenxa injineli onamava le ngxaki solvable yaye akukho nzima kakhulu. Ukuququzelela ezi zibalo abathungi zobunjineli mihla zisebenzisa database computer, apho unako ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi kuyimfuneko, kuquka kwisigaba kwisazobe nayiphi refrigerant na imo iLotto, umzekelo, inkqubo CoolPack.

Calculation Umzekelo sokufudumeza

Eyona njongo ephambili yale ekubaleni i ekubaleni indawo umphezulu kobushushu kuyimfuneko. Ubushushu (efrijini) igunya idla elikhankanyiweyo ngokwemiqathango reference, kodwa umzekelo yethu siya kubalwa kunye naye, ukuze, nithi, itsheki yeemfuno zemigaqo. Maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba idatha entsusa angathunyelwa alawule isiphoso. Omnye wemisebenzi injineli abanobuchule - eli Imposiso ukufumana alungise. Ngokomzekelo, ukwenza ubalo ipleyiti sokufudumeza umzimba ka "ulwelo - ulwelo". Makube ukuba umahluli yesekethe (uxinzelelo umaphuli) ekwakheni eziphakamileyo. Ukuze bawubuyise uxinzelelo izixhobo, ulwakhiwo izakhiwo rhoqo kakhulu kusetyenziswa le ndlela. Kwelinye icala sokufudumeza amanzi emnyango Tvh1 = ᵒS 14 uphume Tvyh1 = 9 ᵒS, kunye G1 isantya sokuqukuqela = 14 500 kg / h, yaye kwelinye - naye ngamanzi, kodwa apha parameters zilandelayo: Tvh2 = 8 ᵒS, Tvyh2 ᵒS = 12, G2 = 18 125 kg / h.

amandla (Q0) ukubala ifomula balance thermal (bona inani ngentla, ifomula 7.1 ..), Apho CP - amandla ezithile thermal (ixabiso itheyibhile). Kuba lula yobalo Ezi nqobo thatha amandla ubushushu EOT = 4,187 [kJ / kg * ᵒS]. We ingqalelo:

Q1 = 14 500 * (14 - 9) * 4,187 = 303557,5 [kJ / h] = W = 84,3 84321,53 kW - kwicala lokuqala kunye

Q2 = 18 125 * (12 - 8) * 4,187 = 303557,5 [kJ / h] = W = 84,3 84321,53 kW - kwicala yesibini.

Qaphela ukuba, ngokutsho olungumgubo (7.1), Q0 = Q1 = q2, nokuba ngowuphi na icala ekubaleni olwenziwe.

Ngaphezu koko, kwi transfer bubushushu equation eziphambili (7.2), sifumana indawo eziyimfuneko umphezulu (7.2.1), apho k - transfer ubushushu lomlingani (kucingelwa ilingana 6350 [W / ^m2]), kunye ΔTsr.log. - umahluko kuthetha-ubushushu, ibalwa ngefomula (7.3):

? T sr.log. = (2 - 1) / ln (2/1) = 1 / ln2 = 1 / 0.6931 = 1.4428;

F ngu = 84321/6350 * 1.4428 = 9.2 m ^2.

Kwimeko apho inani transfer ubushushu ayaziwa, ukubala kancinci ezinobunzima oguquguqula nembasa ubushushu. Formula (7.4) zithathwa inombolo Reynolds apho ρ - mninzi [kg / ^m3], η - viscosity eliguqukayo, [N * s / m ^2], v - uqina medium kwi bile [m / s], d cm - imigubo yazala ubukhulu [m].

Ukususela itafile singxamele ixabiso efunekayo Prandtl [IMizekeliso], kunye ifomula (7.5), siya ufumane inani Nusselt, apho n = 0.4 - kwemiqathango zokufudumeza elulwelo, kwaye n = 0,3 - zokupholisa kwiimeko lulwelo.

Ngaphezu koko, ifomula (7.6) ibalwa transfer bubushushu lomlingani ukusuka njengesipholisi ukuya eludongeni nganye, kwaye ifomula (7.7) Kucingelwa transfer bubushushu lomlingani, nto leyo endaweni kwifomula (7.2.1) ukubala indawo umphezulu kobushushu.

Kulo iifomyula ngasentla, λ - thermal Uhanjiso lomlingani, ϭ - Ebubanzini bodonga channel, α1 kunye α2 - transfer ubushushu okuza ngamnye udonga transfer ubushushu.