Ukhulule Accident kwezinto radioactive kokusingqongileyo

Ngokuba imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yabantu ifuna amandla. Igula ngayo ukutya ngexesha nokuphefumla. Ukuba uthetha malunga impucuko liphela, kubalulekile ukuba iinjongo imveliso yezamandla. Oveliswa izityalo ngamandla amakhulu. ke imithombo eyahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa imveliso yezamandla. Abaninzi kubo udale i ingxaki yehlabathi hayi kuphela okusingqongileyo njengoko sonke, kodwa ngenxa impilo yabantu ehlabathini ngokukodwa.

Iintlobo zezityalo amandla kunye neziphumo zomsebenzi wabo

Ucalulo ezi nkqubo amandla yenzelwa kuxhomekeke imithombo basebenzisa. Ngoko ke, kukho izityalo amandla thermal. Basebenza kumafutha eziphili zamandulo (igesi yendalo, amalahle, i-oyile). Xa amandla inkqubo yokuvelisa iimveliso yokutsha benziwa leyo ichaphazele uhlobo, eyonakalisayo kuyo. Xa izityalo lombane, kusetyenziswa amanzi. Umsebenzi wabo ke ngokungalunganga kuchaphazela emoyeni. Kodwa emadamini eyakhelwe nokubanika izinto, imilambo sifana kakhulu, esebenza ngokungafanelekanga izilwanyana kunye nezityalo le ndawo. izityalo amandla Wind sebenzisa ukudlula komoya. Kodwa ke, nabo, kungaba nozipho. Umzekelo, i-injini yomoya nga kuwa, ebangela umonakalo izakhiwo ezingqongileyo.

Accident ukukhulula izinto eziyingozi

usongo olumandla olubangelwa kwizakhiwo zoshishino ukuyisebenzisa imichiza umsebenzi wabo. Imiphumo iingozi kwizikhululo ezinjalo jikelele ngokwendalo. Imbali igcwele Kwiimeko ezinjalo. Iingozi nekharbon imichiza ziyingozi isoyikiso yobuntu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. inventri ezininzi iikhompawundi eziyingozi sele izicokisi ioli, ukuzithethelela, yintlama noshishino iphepha. Iingozi kwenzeka ezikhutshwayo imichiza kwizityalo intsimbi, iziseko zorhwebo, inyama kunye Iideri. A yonge iikhompawundi eziyingozi abakhoyo production enterprises bezimbiwa isichumiso. Kwezi Mills kunye ukungasebenzi zingenzeka kunye ukukhululwa ingozi ammonia. Le ezimbaxa ichaphazela iphecana yokuphefumla yabantu. Le ngozi ne kokukhutshwa ammonia kunokubangela ukufa kwabantu kummandla sentlekele. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le khompawundi kwizakhiwo zoshishino sele uhlobo sukube okanye engamanzi. Elesibini isetyenziswa rhoqo.

Kule inkqubo yokuvelisa, ngexesha ekugcinweni, ekuthuthweni zixinaniswe iikhompawundi ngokuqhelekileyo sukube ankulwe zibe kwimeko ulwelo. Oku unga nciphisa ngokubaluleka umthamo wabo. Noko ke, ingozi kule kwenzeka ntoni bunciphe. Usongo ekhethekileyo kubantu kunye nobume bendalo lwengozi kunye nokukhululwa arhente eziphilayo. Banakho kwenzeka kwizakhiwo inxaxheba kwimveliso isitofu, xa izitora, iilebhu. Kwimeko yokukhululwa kokusingqongileyo arhente zebhayoloji yenzeka usulelo, nto leyo ithetha obunamanani omkhulu wabantu.

ngezigaba

Accident ukukhupha izinto eziyityhefu zihlelwe ngokwesikali. Ngoko ke, ukubeka yehlabathi, yengingqi, zasekuhlaleni kunye nenjongosenzi. Zonke iindidi iingozi kunye nokukhululwa zizinto ezinetyhefu luphawulwa lokusekwa ahambelanayo indawo sisilonda. Inowuthi xi le khompawundi kwi kwishishini, ukuba incinane iya kuba neziphumo. Noko ke, xa nayiphi na kwimeko yengozi iikhemikhali sizivale kuba nefuthe elibi abantu ababandakanyekayo kwisakhiwo mveliso.

kunye ukukhululwa ingozi radiation

Imizekelo iingozi ezinjalo baziwa ngokwaneleyo kakuhle. In Russia kunye inkulu kubo hlabathi na kuqhuma iChernobyl amandla enyukliya. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1986, ngomhla we-26 Apreli. Ngaloo mini, iimvavanyo bathwalwa enye lweenkqubo bezokhuseleko. Ngexesha lo msebenzi, kwakukho udubulo ezimbini. Ngenxa yoko, igumbi injini kunye nenxaxheba kwiyunithi reactor yatshabalala. NgoAprili 26 Meyi 10 - mzuzu ze yokumisa lokugqibela wabatshabalalisa reactor - emoyeni lalimalunga 190 iitoni izinto radioactive. Umonakalo omkhulu kwenziwa eUkraine, Belarus nasentshona Russia. Imiphumo yale ngozi yokukhupha izinto radioactive sichaphazele 20 ithi.

Ngowe-1975, ngoNovemba 30, oko kwazeka ngengozi kunye nokukhululwa PB kwi eLeningrad NPP. Unobangela wengozi yaba ukunyibilika kweentonga ipetroli imiphantsi amafutha. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ngokuyinxenye wabatshabalalisa ummandla yokuqala esebenzayo yeyunithi reactor. Umoya Elahliwe malunga 1.5 million curies of yemisebe. Ngelo xesha linye abahlali kwiindawo ezingqonge le isoyikiso empilweni zabo Abalumkiswa.

Kwimeko yengozi nekharbon radioactive kunye nakwamanye amazwe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1952, ngoDisemba 12, kukho ingozi yokuqala yehlabathi yale hlobo. Ngenxa yoko kukho iphutha yenzekile yokunyibilika nobushushu kunye noluphakathi ongundoqo reactor. Umthamo bomsebenzi khompawundi waye emoyeni. Ukongeza, umyalelo ka 3800 m ³ amanzi angcolile batyhileka ibe umsele injongo nzulu ukuze p. Ottawa. Ngowe-1966, i-ngozi ngenyukliya ES "uEnrico Fermi" eUnited States. Le ngozi yenzeke ngenxa yokunyibilika kwenxenye ye-core. Abasebenzi babeke ngexesha lawo ukumisa reactor. Ngowe-1969, xa ES zenyukliya eFransi "St. Laurent" umqhubi wenza impazamo. Ngenxa yoko, i-ngaphakathi yeqokobhe reactor sele unawo umyalelo-50 kg amafutha otyhidiweyo. isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda radioactive wakhutshwa kwi-atmosfera. ukusebenza reactor sele zivaliwe phantsi unyaka.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Imitha izinto eziyingozi entsonkothileyo eyaziwayo, apho kusetyenzwa, iyagcinwa, iyathuthwa okanye wasebenzisa isixa esithile kwezinto radioactive. Imbuqo okanye enye intlekele zokukhanya wayo lunokwenzeka abantu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, umoya kunye nezinye izinto zendalo. Accident yokukhupha radiation - ngesihelegu, evela ukugxojwa imithetho yokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ufakelo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngexesha Imo yonxunguphalo lukhupha iimveliso yokubola okanye imitha ionizing ukuba imida ezicaciswe ngaphezu ngokwemigangatho emiselweyo. Xa ukhulula ingozi izinto radioactive kufuneka & Vala samandla, izixhobo, izixhobo equlethe izinto eziyingozi.

iintlobo into

Accident ukukhupha izinto radioactive ukuze kwenzeke:

• izityalo amandla enyukliya (NPP, NCP).
• Izinto ngamandla enyukliya (shipboard, umkhosi-AE, isithuba).
• Zomjikelo amafutha enyukliya neyuranium kushishino radiochemical. Ezi izinto nazo ziquka indawo yokungcwaba kunye okurisayikilisha.
• Warehouses kunye zikhali.

Ukusebenza fuel

Ngexesha lamalungiselelo uranium dayokhsayidi wafumana (umgubo). tableted wayo wabeka izinto amafutha kunye neendibano. Kamva, basebenzisa lo reactor. Lwezibaso anokuthunyelwa ukuba kulahlwa. Kwezinye izakhiwo, recycle inkunkuma ukucatshulwa amacandelo ayimfuneko. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inxalenye kusetyenziswa (kwakhona). processing fuel olwenziwa izityalo ezizodwa. Yokungcwaba oluqhutywa kwamatanki ezikhethekileyo concrete kwi nemingxuma ngokwendalo okanye.

AS

izityalo amandla enyukliya kukho izakhiwo apho uguqulo amandla enyukliya zibe amandla thermal kunye amandla ombane. Ubushushu ephuma kwi-reactor kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa umphunga, nto leyo kwenzeka ujikelezo turbogenerator, kunye noluphakathi zokufudumeza fluid. AU elifaka turbines umphunga, inkqubo eyenziweyo imveliso ubushushu imijelo namandla, NER. Namhlanje, iintlobo ezimbini kubenzi ezisetyenziswa eRashiya. In lokuqala - vodovodyanyh - luvo njengemodareyitha kunye namanzi njengesipholisi. Ngeeyunithi ziko elikhulu kwamandla channel isetyenziswa ngaphezu mifanekiso. Kusebenza njengemodareyitha zemithambo-luvo. Iingozi nekharbon radioactive kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba:

• Ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi iseti ubugcisa, neentsilelo uqeqesho lwabo.
• ezifunwa Low kunye nokusilela ingqalelo ngakwicala arhente, ii-ofisi zabaphathiswa, ii-arhente, amashishini kunye namanye amaqumrhu asemthethweni kwaye amagosa anoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuthobela kunye nokhuseleko kumaziko kwinkqubo zokuyilwa, ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza elandelayo.

izakhiwo umkhumbi

Ezi izinto zifakelwa izixhobo zenyukliya zixhotyiswe nge zamandla ukukhanya-manzi kunye nohlobo metal engamanzi. iiyantlukwano zabo angundoqo ukusuka units isithethi akumi:

• Ukusetyenziswa uranium aphuculweyo kakhulu zibe kukudla.
• Ubukhulu encinci.
• inqanaba eliphezulu lokukhuselwa.

Izizathu apho ingozi kungenzeka ukukhutshwa ezinemitha ebangwa kukuqhekeka kweathom kwezi sayithi depressurization yokuqala yomtya reactor kunye ukungena kwamanzi aphantsi kokhuselo.

EAEC nendawo NPS

Kwi enyukliya zomkhosi isebenzisa nitrin. Kuyinto ezinokutsha kunye into enobungozi afana. Ubangelwa iingozi kwi EAEC unokuba depressurized wesiphaluka reactor yokuqala kunye umonakalo. Space isityalo amandla enyukliya kuba yayimfutshane ngesithomo. Ubukhulu Small ziyaphunyezwa yi ukusetyenziswa amafutha kakhulu equlethe neplutoniyam-238 kunye kwiteksti-90 ukugxila eliphezulu. Izizathu apho ingozi zingenzeka kunye ukukhutshwa kwezinto radioactive kwezi zinto iimeko ezingaqhelekanga kunye engagunyaziswanga uphumo umthamo ekujongwe ukuba wawisa yawa.

ezase

izixhobo neziqhushumbisi kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya zigcinwe loxolo ezivenkileni ezikhethekileyo. Bona apho zikulungele kunikezelo kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ezinye zazo zisetyenziswa tufwile. Kaninzi kwiingozi kwenzeka kungquzulwano kunye zothutho zikhali, umlilo evenkileni ibandla, yokugcina, ezintsonkothileyo, kananjalo phantsi kwempembelelo kombane.

Enterprises NFC

Ngomhla kwizakhiwo kumjikelo kwamafutha enyukliya, njengoko umthetho, iingozi zenzeke ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• Ukudumba radioactive materials nezinto zokubasa.
• Amanqanaba ezingaphezu uninzi lwezinto ngezinto iikhompawundi fissile.
• Ezivuzayo kunye amakhefu lweetanki zokugcina.
• Accident evela imveliso yokugqibela.

Enterprises operation Umjikelo amafutha enyukliya lwenziwa ngenxa nezokukhupha uranium esikrwada, ukuzityebisa yayo. Kwezi izakhiwo kwakhona uyenziwa yeseli sibaso NER, ukubhaliselwa inkunkuma eqhumayo, ngokunjalo nokugcinwa kunye nokulahlwa lokugqibela. Onke amashishini zahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu:

• izityalo Radiochemical.
• Izakhiwo zamashishini uranium le.
• Ezininzi izinto radioactive.

Kuba izakhiwo zamashishini uranium ziquka izinto apho zefula yokutsala ore okanye indlela evulekileyo, kwakunye nokusetyenzwa yayo elandelayo. Olu didi kwakhona kubandakanya izinto zokucoca yokusebenza nabamashishini ematyeni ezizodwa kunye nokusebenzisa yayo usebenzisa kwe- igesi.

Iintshukumo xa isiginali alarm

Kwimeko yengozi nekharbon radioactive kungekho imiyalelo kumyalezo kufuneka bazikhusele sesichengeni. Ukuze oku kwenzeke, ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba basebenzise izixhobo standard-umba (iimaski, respirators), kwaye xa engekho lwabo - itshefu, ukuba ibotshwe ngezithandelo, isikhafu njalo njalo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba indawo kwisakhiwo ekufutshane okanye igumbi lakho. impahla engaphandle neembadada kufuneka abekwe umboniso okanye ingxowa, vala iifestile neengcango, kunye migodi. Qiniseka ukuba ndivule umabonakude, oonomathotholo balindele ukufunyanwa imiyalezo amanyathelo anokuthathwa. Igumbi kufuneka ibe kude neefestile. zithathiwe amanyathelo kunyanzelekile ukuba uphawu zokuhlala. Kuba oku kuthetha ngcono natywinwa zonke neentanda. iimveliso zangaphandle kufuneka zifakwe ezingxoweni okanye ifilim, wayifaka efrijini okanye nekhabhathi kunye iingcango. Indlu kufuneka unikezelo lwamanzi. inzuzo yayo kwizikhongozeli CAPS Screw tight. Emva kokufumana iingcebiso amajelo afanelekileyo ukukhusela ayodini drug (potassium iodide, umzekelo). Ukuba akunjalo, unako ukusebenzisa-5% yesisombululo (3-5 lihla nganye ml 250 abadala kunye ml 2.1 ukuya 100 abantwana). Emva kweeyure 6-7 reception kufuneka liphindwe. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba amalungiselelo ayodini hayi luyacetyiswa ukuba abasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Zonke iimveliso ukumelana amanzi, esidlweni, kwaye ngexesha lamalungiselelo kufuneka zihlanjwe.

zishiye

Xa ufumana umyalezo, kufuneka uqokelele zonke izinto eziyimfuneko. Lushicilela, amayeza, imali, ukutya, izixhobo zokuzikhusela, kuquka ngcono. Ubunzima kunye nomlinganiselo oobhaka kunye neebhegi kufuneka loo ukuba umntu omnye akwazi ngokulula kuwathwala. Ukulungiselela ngobungxamo kufuneka siphulaphule ngenyameko imiyalezo. Iingcebiso ziya kunikwa nabo xa nendlela yokusebenzisa izixhobo zokhuselo. Kwimeko wokufunyanwa uphawu ngobungxamo ngaphambi kokuba indlu kufuneka zisuswe iimveliso efrijini, izinto ezibolayo akunyamezele ukucima zonke izixhobo (gas, zombane). Kufuneka kwakhona abafundi balungise isitya, apho kuya kubhalwa "phakathi macala onke. ___ inani abaqeshi abanayo." Bephuma kwigumbi, ulixhome emnyango. Ukuba esitratweni, kuyimfuneko ukukhusela inkqubo yokuphefumla kunye nesikhumba. Kufuneka ukuba cwaka, ningazidubi ngokuphengulula uthuli. Ngaba iibhegi kunye oobhaka ayibeki phantsi emhlabeni, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa iphepha okanye iplastiki. Ngaphandle kokuba ahlale phantsi kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuba ukuyichukumisa izinto, musa ukuhamba phakathi kwamatyholo kunye nengca. Ngexesha intshukumo kweziza zingcoliswe Akuvunyelwe ukutshaya, udle, usele.

Indawo yokuhlala kwindawo ezosulelekileyo

Emva kokuba ngobungxamo umva ukuya elalini kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemvume iinkonzo abanobuchule. Kuxhomekeka ngokumka kombane kunye nomthamo izinto ezilahliweyo umiselwa radiation imvelaphi emhlabeni. Ukuba uhlala kwindawo apho iqondo ezinokosulela imigangatho ngasentla, kodwa umda ubomi emngciphekweni osezantsi, simisela ulawulo ekhethekile yokuziphatha. Kunye nale amanyathelo othintelo kuyenziwa, siluleka kwii-iikhompawundi eziyingozi kwi omzimba yabantu amanzi kunye nokutya. Indawo yokuhlala ngqo kufuneka desensitised kwimeko ukutyabeka eqinileyo. Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko cheba ingca, umhlaba ongaphezulu lisusiwe soi. Le ndawo ke moisturized kakuhle.

Xa usebenza kumhlaba wabucala kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa iimaski amalaphu uthuli, armbands okanye respirators. Kufuneka ube iseti lolaleliso iimpahla zokuzikhusela kunye nezihlangu, headwear. emhlabeni benza potash, ikalika kunye nezinye izichumiso kunye umgquba ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa izinto radioactive. Zonke iimveliso ikhule bangenele ukuhlolwa okhethekileyo. Musa ukutya intlanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini kwimimandla bosulelekile. Ukukhetha berry, amakhowa, imifuno, kunye nemisebenzi yokuvuna elandelayo zenziwa kuphela ngemvume nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kwiziphumo iliso radiation.

Kwimeko zempilo ngenxa yengozi ezinamazinga radiation isidoda ukulumkisa abasemagunyeni amatyala zokhuselo likaxakeka yoluntu. Ezinye iinkcukacha ziyafumaneka kwisebe izindlu kunye neminye imibutho egunyazisiweyo, amaziko emfundo, abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi beenkampani ezahlukeneyo kwangaphambili. Ngokukodwa, kubalulekile ukufumana phandle i indawo zokufihla angaboni, imibutho, neya kukhutshwa iindlela zokukhusela ngexesha yengozi. Kufuneka wazi ukuba idilesi ngobungxamo kwabaviwa, zonyango amanqaku (elikufutshane), amagosa neminxeba ogunyaziselwe ukuqhuba ngobungxamo kunye namanye amanyathelo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Ekuphetheni

Ngenxa ubungozi bezinto radioactive, kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqulunqwe amanyathelo asebenzayo ukuthintela iingozi, ukuphucula umgangatho wocikizeko abasebenzi AU. Kuzo zonke ezi ziganeko, ngurhulumente kufuneka inxaxheba. uxanduva kakhulu ukuba zokhuseleko kwamagxa norhulumente.