Uhlwayela ukwazi systems: iimpawu jikelele kunye nokuhlelwa

chemistry Colloidal - isayensi ufunda iindlela yokulungiselela, ukwakheka, isakhiwo lwangaphakathi, iikhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba iinkqubo uhlwayela. Hlakaza Systems - ziinkqubo ukuba iqanjwa amasuntswana batyumkileyo (isigaba discontinuous) iphaphatheke kokugquma (saa) eliphakathi: igesi, ezingamanzi okanye eziqinileyo. Kwisuntswana Ubukhulu kwiintsali kwisigaba (crystals, amathontsi, bubbles) yahluke kwi iqondo kwiintsali, inqontsonqa leyo kukuthi ngqo ngokomlinganiselo yamasuntswana ubukhulu. Ngaphezu koko, saa amasuntswana kwaye zizakubalulwa ezinye iimpawu, ngokuqhelekileyo yi udibaniso lwe kwesigaba abasasazekileyo kunye eliphakathi.

Hlakaza iinkqubo yokuhlelwa kwazo

Yonke inkqubo kwiintsali ubungakanani saa isuntswana isigaba unako zihlelwe ibe kwaku- molekyuli (ngaphantsi kwe omnye NM), colloid (ukusuka kwelinye ukuya ikhulu neenanometer), indawo (ngaphezu kwe ikhulu neenanometer).

iinkqubo kwiintsali eziphilayo. Ezi nkqubo ziqulathe amasuntswana ogama lingu- ngaphantsi NM enye. Eli qela libandakanya izisombululo ezahlukeneyo njalo non-electrolytes: iswekile, urea, utywala, sucrose.

Iinkqubo emsebenzini luphawulwa amasuntswana inkulu. Ezi ziquka emulsions kunye ukumiswa. Ziye iinkqubo apho eqinileyo yaba kulwelo elinazibini eziziintsali eliphakathi (isisombululo starch, udongwe) zibizwa ngokuba ukumiswa. Emulsions - ziinkqubo ukuba zilungiselelwa ngokuxuba ulwelo amabini, apho omnye ngohlobo amathontsi iphaphatheke omnye (i-oyile, toluene, benzene okanye amanzi amathontsi triacylglycerols (amafutha) kwi ubisi.

nisikwe Colloidal. Bona colloidal zobukhulu yamasuntswana kufika ukuya ku-100 NM. amasuntswana ezinjalo lula ukungena kulo pores yephepha filter, kodwa musa ukungena ngenxa pores of inwebu yebhayoloji izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ekubeni amasuntswana colloid (micelles) ezi inwebu electrocharge kunye nesinyibilikisi ionic, apho kokuba imisiwe, ukuba ixesha ngokwaneleyo elide awukwazi kwenze. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi iinkqubo colloidal izisombululo ze gelatin, albumin, nentlaka Arabic, izisombululo colloidal zegolide nezesilivere.

The degree of nokusasazeka ivumela ukwahlula phakathi kweenkqubo uhlwayela yohlobo olunye kunye owahlukeneyo. Kwiinkqubo eyohlobo ndikuchithachithe amasuntswana sigaba ukusilwa kwiimolekyuli, athom kunye ion. Imizekelo inkqubo nokusasazeka enjalo inokuba isisombululo glucose emanzini (inkqubo molekyuli saa) netyuwa ekuphekeni emanzini (inkqubo saa ion-). Zezona izisombululo oyinyaniso. Ubungakanani molecule kwesigaba saa lingaphantsi kwe nanometer enye.

Nisikwe nezisombululo

Kuzo zonke iinkqubo kunye nezisombululo e izinto ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo zezona colloidal kubasasazela iinkqubo. Njengoko yaziwa, isiseko lweekhemikhali ubukho esiphilayo na ukutya kweziyi kulo. I-avareji lwee- iiproteni umzimba ukususela nge-18 ukuya kwi-21%. iiproteni ezininzi unyityilikiswa emanzini (uyondelelwano lwee- apho ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni nama-65%) ze yenze izisombululo colloidal.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini amaqela colloidal izisombululo: ulwelo (Sol) kunye gel (si). Zonke iinkqubo ebalulekileyo eqhubeka eziphilayo, ezinxulumene ne umcimbi colloidal. Kuzo zonke eziphilayo biopolymers iseli (nucleic, iiprotheni, gikozaminoglikany, glycogen) zibe ngohlobo lweenkqubo abasasazekileyo.

izisombululo Colloidal kugcwele kunye nohlobo nezingaphiliyo. izisombululo ezinjalo ziquka ioli, amalaphu, iiplastiki, imicu zokwenziwa. A ezininzi iimveliso zokutya kunganxulunyaniswa izisombululo colloidal: kefir, ubisi, njl iziyobisi Uninzi (serum, ezisegazini, izitofu) izisombululo colloidal. Ukubandakanya izisombululo colloidal kunye ipeyinti.