Uhlobo loseto lwefayile - ntoni na? Inkqubo ifayile NTFS, ifolokhwe, RAW, UDF

Inkqubo yokusebenza, ukongezelela yonke eminye imisebenzi, ezalisekisa injongo yayo - ekucwangciseni umsebenzi isakhiwo ethile le data. Ukuze ezi njongo, kusetyenziswa inkqubo lwefayile. Yintoni inkqubo ifayile kwaye yintoni kunokuba, kwakunye nolunye ulwazi malunga nayo iya kunikwa kamva.

incazelo jikelele

Inkqubo ifayile yinxalenye yokusebenza, elinoxanduva yokuhlala, ukugcinwa kunye nokususwa inkcazelo kumajelo eendaba, inika nokuba abasebenzisi kunye izicelo kule nkcukacha, kwakunye ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekhuselekileyo. Ukongeza, kube luncedo ekubuyiseleni data xa hardware okanye ukusilela software. Kubalulekile ke ngoko inkqubo ebalulekileyo ifayile. Yintoni inkqubo ifayile kwaye ingaba yintoni? Kukho iintlobo ezininzi:

- ngokuba disks nzima, okt izixhobo kunye yofikelelo oluzenzekelayo;

- ngokuba amakhasethi, ukutsho oko isixhobo serial;

- ngokuba abathwali data optical;

- Iindlela virtual;

- Network sistemy.5

Njengeyunithi yokugcina ubhalo kwinkqubo ifayile ifayile, yinto iseti oda data ukuba igama elithile. Yonke i data esetyenziswa yi yokusebenza, thaca ngohlobo iifayile: lweenkqubo, imifanekiso, izicatshulwa, umculo, iividiyo, kwakunye nabaqhubi, amathala eencwadi, njalo-njalo. isiqalelo ngasinye unegama, uhlobo, ukwandiswa, iimpawu, kunye nobukhulu. Ngoko ke, ngoku uyazi ukuba ifayile. Inkqubo ifayile isethi izinto ezinjalo, yaye iindlela ukusebenza nabo. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo isetyenziswa kwaye imigaqo ukuzisebenzisa, ukuze sikwazi ukubona iintlobo ezisisiseko yefayile.

indlela yenkqubo

Ngoko, xa siqwalasela indlela yefayile (oko kukuthi nendlela ukusebenza ngayo), kufuneka ukuba uqaphele ukuba esi sakhiwo-level ezininzi kwinqanaba eliphezulu kukho inkqubo ifayile utshintsho, ebonelela njengesixokelelwano phakathi kwenkqubo kunye isicelo esithile. Itshintsha i imibuzo iifayile ngesakhiwo zibonwayo kwinqanaba elilandelayo - abaqhubi. Nabo ke, jonga ngabaqhubi ezithile izixhobo, siyalugcina ulwazi oluyimfuneko.

Xa izicelo zomxhasi-server kwindlela yefayile iimfuno zokwenziwa komsebenzi kakhulu eliphezulu. iinkqubo zale mihla ziyilelwe ukuba zinike ufikelelo olusebenzayo, inkxaso yent- ezinkulu eendaba yokhuseleko data yokulwa ufikelelo olungagunyaziswanga, ulondolozo ingqibelelo ulwazi.

Inkqubo ifayile FAT

Olu hlobo waphuhliswa ngo-1977 yi-Bill Gates kunye Marc McDonald. Ekuqaleni, oko esetyenziswa kwindlela yokusebenza 86-DOS. Xa sithetha ngento inkqubo ifayile FAT, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ekuqaleni akazange akwazi ukuxhasa drives nzima, waza wasebenza kuphela eendaba ikwazi ukuya ku-1 imegabhayithi. Ngoku esi sithintelo awungeni ndawo, kodwa le yefayile esetyenziswa yi "Microsoft 'for Microsoft MS-DOS 1.0 okanye kamva. Amanqatha wasebenzisa izivumelwano ezithile ngokwemiqathango lwamagama yefayile:

- ekuqaleni kwegama kufuneka abe ngunobumba okanye idijithi, yaye oko kuyo nayiphi ascii, ukongeza isithuba kwaye izinto ezikhethekileyo;

- Igama kufuneka ibe akukho oonobumba ngaphezulu kwe-8, emva kwethuba, kunye nokwandiswa ngakumbi ibonisa ukuba iqulathe iileta ezintathu;

- kumagama fayile zingenza ukuba kunjalo na, akunamsebenzi azifani kwaye basindiswe.

Ukususela ekuqaleni FAT lwenzelwe single-umsebenzisi yokusebenza DOS, ayizange ukulungiselela ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha kumnini okanye ukufikelela iimvume. Okwangoku, inkqubo wefayile isasazeka kakhulu, xa ezingafani, oko kuxhaswa ezininzi iinkqubo yokusebenza mihla. yokusebenza kwalo yenza kube lula ukuyisebenzisa phezu imiqulu ukuqhubekekiswa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Le yinkqubo ifayile elula, nto leyo akakwazi ukuthintela iifayile umonakalo ngenxa ukuvala ngokungafanelekanga ye computer. Njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokusebenza iyasebenza kwesi siseko, kukho izixhobo ezizodwa ukukhangela ulwakhiwo iifayile ukunyenyisa ukungangqinelani.

uhlobo loseto lwefayile NTFS

Le yefayile ikhethwa kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza NT Windows, njengoko yakhelwe esenzelwe yona. Xa OS kuquka ukuguqula eluncedo esiguqula umqulu ukusuka FAT ukuya kwengama-NTFS kunye HPFS. Ukuba sithethe yintoni inkqubo ifayile NTFS, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kwandisa ngokubalulekileyo ukukwazi ukulawula ufikelelo kubalawuli ezithile iifayile, wabeka ezininzi iimpawu zaphunyezwa izixhobo ucinezelo ifayile dynamically, isiphoso ukunyamezelana, ukuxhasa neemfuno standard POSIX. Le nkqubo ifayile Ungasebenzisa amagama ifayile elide ukuya kutsho kwiimpawu ezili- 255, kunye igama elifutshane kusetyenzwa ngendlela efanayo in VFAT. Ukuhlalutya oko NTFS kwindlela yefayile, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba uyakwazi ubunokuzihlaziya kwimeko ukusilela kwinkqubo yokusebenza, ukuze disk kuya kuba lula yaye hayi ulawulo isakhiwo ziya kuchaphazeleka.

NTFS Iimpawu

On umqulu NTFS, ifayile ngalinye limelwe irekhodi kwi MFT. I-16 zokuqala ufako kwetafile kubekelelwe yi inkqubo ifayile ukugcina ulwazi olongezelelweyo. Kwitheyibhile ifayile ngokwayo ichaza irekhodi yokuqala. Ngokutshatyalaliswa ingxelo yokuqala kufundwa yesibini ukufumana njengesipili i MFT, apho ungeno yokuqala efanayo etafileni enkulu. Kwiziko ubhalo lwe disk ibekwe ikopi ifayile wesiqalo. Kwingeniso itafile wesithathu yefayile yelog olusetyenziselwa recovery data. Kwiirekhodi elinesixhenxe nangenxa ifayile itafile iqulethe ulwazi malunga iifayile kunye nezalathisi ukuba kwi-hard disk.

Le log transaction iqulethe iseti epheleleyo iifitsha Ukutshintsha ivolyum isakhiwo, kuquka ukusebenza elimelwe ekudalweni iifayile kwakunye nayiphi imiyalelo ezichaphazela ulawulo isakhiwo. Intengiselwano welog ye recovery NTFS ngenxa yokumka nkqubo. Ifayile yongeno ye ingcambu ulawulo iqulathe uluhlu abalawuli kunye iifayile ukuba ibekwe ingcambu ulawulo.

EFS Iimpawu

Ukubethela File System (EFS) ukuba ilungu, apho ulwazi kwi hard disk into lugcinwe kwifomati ofihliweyo Windows. Encryption liye laba ukhuseleko eyona inamandla, oza kuphela indlela yokusebenza. Kulo mzekelo, i OpenPGP ethenjiweyo umsebenzisi isenzo ngobulungisa elula, oko kufuna kuphela ibhokisi yokukhangela izinto zobumnini ze ulawulo okanye ifayile. Unga ucacise ongafunda le fayile. Encryption kwenzeka xa ifayile ivaliwe, yaye xa uvula, kuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Iimpawu RAW

Devices for yokugcina idatha, amacandelo babuthathaka, ezivame abasengozini umonakalo, kungekhona nje ngokomzimba kuphela kodwa enengqondo. iingxaki ezithile hardware lunokubulala, ngoxa abanye ezinye izisombululo. Ngamanye amaxesha umbuzo yomsebenzisi: "Yintoni na inkqubo ifayile RAW?"

Njengoko yaziwa, emazishicilelwe kwi hard drive okanye flash drive sisixhobo yokugcina data kufuneka Fact. I-common uninzi FAT kunye NTFS. Kwaye nkqu inkqubo ifayile RAW, apho sidla lengqondo. Enyanisweni, kuba yimpazamo ubhalo inkqubo esele ifakiwe, oko kukuthi, eyona ukungabikho kwalo for Windows. Kakhulu unxulunyaniswa ngokutshatyalaliswa nesakhiwo lwefayile RAW. Emva koko, lo OS akuthethi nje unqabe kwi data, kodwa lingabhengezi ulwazi lobuchule ngezinto zokusebenza.

UDF Iimpawu

Ufomatho (UDF) ilungiselelwe ukuba indawo CDFS aze ongeze ngenkxaso yamacebo DVD-ROM. Ukuba sithethe ngento na inkqubo ifayile UDF, yinto ukuphunyezwa entsha iinguqulelo ezindala ze disks enombala, ozifezekisayo iimfuno ze -International Organization for Standardization. Lubonakala yi iimpawu ezithile:

- ubude igama lefayile inokuba ukuya kutsho kwiimpawu ezili- 255;

- ubhalise igama enokwehla engasentla;

- ubude umendo obukhulu ngoonobumba 1023.

Ukususela Windows XP, le nkqubo fayile ixhasa ukufunda nokubhala.

Yintoni i EXFAT kwindlela yefayile

Le nkqubo ifayile isetyenziswa drives flash, apho kulindeleke ukuba afake isicelo xa usebenza iikhompyutha ezahlukeneyo ebaleka iinkqubo zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo, kuquka Windows kunye Linux. It EXFAT waba "ibhulorho" phakathi kwabo bobabini, ekubeni akwazi ukusebenza kunye data evela OS, ngalinye enqamleza lwemfundo lwayo lwe fayile. Ntoni na kwaye isebenza njani, oko kuya kuba icace sele practice.

iziphumo

Njengoko eziqondwa ngasentla, kwinkqubo ngalinye lisebenza usebenzisa ifayile ezithile. Bona yenzelwe ukugcina izakhiwo oda data kwi kumajelo emzimbeni. Ukuba ngebhaqo xa usebenzisa ikhompyutha, nanku umbuzo, yintoni na inkqubo ifayile ngokupheleleyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba xa uzama ukukhuphela ifayile ngqo kwi kumajelo eendaba phambi kwakho, ukuba ingxelo kunene ubukhulu kuvumelekile. Yiloo nto ke kufuneka ukwazi oko yefayile wobungakanani befayile kucingwa eyamkelekileyo ukuba ukudluliselwa kolwazi akuthethi iingxaki nazo.