Ubume Amazinyo oluntu: scheme kunye nenkcazo

Eli nqaku lijongana isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kwamazinyo - ilungu elibalulekileyo komzimba womntu. Amazinyo zibonisa isibuko impilo yomntu, imeko yabo enganelisiyo nga kugwetywa ezahlukeneyo ukuphazamiseka ezisebenzayo. Kwakhona namhlanje, uncumo elihle - ngundoqo impumelelo kwikhondo lakho kunye nolwalamano lobuqu. isakhiwo Inqaku kuthatha ingxelo iindidi imiba, kuquka ubume kwamazinyo zabantu; indawo zabo kule తీసివేయి Susa; Ngokungafaniyo amazinyo avuthulukayo unom-; imfuno ngenyameko amazinyo, njalo njalo.

umsebenzi izinyo

Amazinyo - ukuma ithambo em- ngomlomo ukuba abe isakhiwo esithile, imilo, luphawulwa ubukho inkqubo yayo luvo kunye yokujikeleza, neempahla nkovu ezicwangciswe తీసివేయి Susa odolwa kwaye ngaloo ndlela benze imisebenzi ngemisebenzi. Amazinyo othatha inxaxheba ukuphefumla, ngokunjalo kwi kusekwe kwaye pronunciation izandi, intetho ukwakhiwa. Ukongeza, ukuba enze mechanical processing ukutya lokuqala, oko ebandakanyekileyo kwenye misebenzi engundoqo eziphilayo - .. Nutrition.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukutya okwaneleyo etshisa ayiqondakali zocolwe kwaye kunokubangela ukungasebenzi le phecana zesisu. Ukongeza, ukungabikho ubuncinane ezinye amazinyo kwisisu ngomlomo luchaphazela amagama, t. E. yendlela ecace ngayo amagama izandi. Ports kunye picture ubuhle - egqwethekileyo iimpawu zobuso. lwempilo yamazinyo abahluphekayo kwaye kunokukhokelela umoya embi ngokunjalo kuphuhliso zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomlomo kunye nosulelo ezingapheliyo yonke eziphilayo.

Ubume amazinyo zabantu. Ilungiselelo ukujikeleza imihlathi

Ummiselo ubukho amazinyo lwesintu isixa kweeyunithi 28-32. Xa wayeneminyaka 25 idla ukuyilwa ngokupheleleyo తీసివేయి Susa. Amazinyo zimi omabini emihlathini, apho ukwahlula dentitions eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Ubume kwemihlathi yabantu, amazinyo (ukuhlelwa kwazo lifana) kufuneka ifomu elilandelayo. Nganye kweengcamba liquka 14-16 amazinyo. Kuqalwa macala kunye yabo yahlulwa ngokuqhelekileyo ibe kwicandelo ekhohlo ne ekunene. Amazinyo libhekisela amanani ngokulandelelana - amanani ama-mabini. yokuqala - icandelo eliphezulu okanye umlomo, ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-4.

Ngexesha nokubotshwa umhlathi amazinyo sobuKristu idlulela esezantsi 1/3 isithsaba izinyo, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi తీసివేయి Susa kuthiwa occlusion. Xa interdigitation engalunganga waphawula occlusion ugobile, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukuphazamiseka umsebenzi masticatory kunye siphene kubuhle.

isenokungabi ubulumko amazinyo ekuthiwa ezikhoyo, isimiso, musa kuvela em- ngomlomo. Namhlanje, kukho uluvo lokuba le meko kwaye ubukho ezi amazinyo sele yokuzikhethela. Nangona olu guqulelo yi isixa omkhulu imbambano.

Amazinyo abakwazi ukuba zibuye. utshintsho yabo kwenzeka kanye ngexesha ubomi bomntu: okokuqala, kuvela amazinyo ubisi usana, ngoko ke utshintshe kwiminyaka eyi rhoqo 6-8. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuya kwiminyaka-11 kukho indawo epheleleyo amazinyo zobisi ezisisigxina.

Ubume yezinyo laso. nokwakheka

Isakhiwo yokwakheka yezinyo yabantu lucebisa ukuba imiqathango uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu: isithsaba, entanyeni kunye neengcambu.

Isithsaba izinyo - liphuma ngaphezu gum inxenye. Isithsaba igutyungelwe lwawo - ilaphu ukumelana ukukhusela izinyo kwimiphumo ekonakaleni iintsholongwane kunye asidi.

Kukho iindidi eziliqela kumphezulu ngezithsaba amazinyo :

• Occlusion - kumphezulu endaweni nge pair okuvala izinyo emhlathini esahlukileyo.
• Ubuso (vestibular) - izinyo komhlaba kwi nemihlathi kwicala okanye imilebe.
• Zeelwimi (zeelwimi) - .. I engaphakathi izinyo kumphezulu lijonge ngaphakathi emlonyeni, okt kumphezulu apho wadibana yokubiza ulwimi izandi.
• Iinkcukacha (approximal) - izinyo umphezulu isithsaba, zibheke amazinyo akhiwe ebumelwaneni.

Intamo - inxalenye izinyo ophakathi isithsaba kwaye ingcambu, izihlanganisi kubo, wayisithelisa kungqameko iintsini wawutyabeka kunye lwesamente. Intamo unohlobo tapered.

Root - inxalenye izinyo, kunye kuwo ezisisigxina emthonjeni kwamazinyo. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo yokuhlelwa nengcambu izinyo abe ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwiinkqubo eziliqela. Okuninzi sichaziwe apha ngezantsi.

isakhiwo histological

Histology yezinyo nganye ifana nqwa nale, kodwa elowo kubo a imilo eyahlukeneyo ukuya umsebenzi owenziwa lilo. Umfanekiso ubonisa ngokucacileyo kakhulu isakhiwo wakubo amazinyo zabantu. Umfanekiso lubonisa zonke izicwili lwamazinyo, kwakunye indawo igazi nkovu izitya.

Izinyo lwawo camera. Le Ilaphu elide eziquka 95% iityuwa izimbiwa, ezifana nemagnesium, zinc, kwiteksti, nobhedu, nesinyiti, fluoride. I-5% ezi zizinto eziphilayo - iiproteni, lipids, carbohydrate. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa wayesebenzisa iquka ulwelo ababandakanyekayo nokomzimba.

Lwawo, yena, naye onayo i lwangaphandle - Ulobuza esigquma ihlafuna phezu izinyo, Noko ke, loo nto idla angamarhoqorhoqo, ekugqibeleni zingacimeka.

Isiseko se dentine izinyo - ithambo - ukuqokelelwa kwezimbiwa, eqinileyo, ezingqonge yonke em- izinyo kunye ingcambu lomsele. dentine inyama iquka inani elikhulu lamajelo ezincinane apho iinkqubo pathways kwenzeka emazinyweni. Amajelo Ngokutsho ezidluliselwa azilawule luvo. Ukudluliselwa, 1 macala onke. mm dentine ibandakanya ukuya ku 75 000 tubules.

Ido-. Periodontium. Ubume nengcambu

Yenza kwisisu engaphakathi izinyo yintlama - kwizihlunu ezithambileyo, isakhiwo evakalala, elirhweba ngegazi kunye neempahla emithanjeni nemithambo neziphelo.

Ubume bale iingcambu amazinyo zabantu ezikhangeleka. Ingcambu yaloo izinyo ise kwethambo emhlathini, emngxunyeni ekhethekileyo - alveolus. I ingcambu, kwakunye isithsaba izinyo, eyakhiwa kwithishyu nzima - dentine, nto leyo ngaphandle ligutyungelwe isamente - ngelaphu, ngaphantsi yomelela kuthelekiswa lwawo. iingcambu amazinyo incam iphela ngokuthi kuvulwe apho iimpahla yegazi avavanywe futhi oko kudla izinyo. Inani lizalwa izinyo yahluka ngokungqinelana kunye nenjongo yawo ezisebenzayo, liphuma kwingcambu ukuya siphume, ku 4-5 kwi ukuhlafuna amazinyo iingcambu.

Periodontium - a kwizicwili otsho umsantsa phakathi ingcambu izinyo kunye umngxuma kwemihlathi, apho emi kuyo. Ifayibha Ilaphu zayinxalenye ingcambu isamente kwelinye icala, uze kungena inwebu ithambo kwemihlathi kunye namanye, kangangokuba izinyo inika tinyiketela. Ngaphezulu, ngenxa izicwili periodontal kwemithambo yegazi bondle izinto eyele ijwabu izinyo.

Types of amazinyo. bathezi

amazinyo Human yahlulwe ngokwamaqela ezine eziphambili:

• siphume (central kunye kwicala);
• aso;
• premolars (chewable encinane / imihlathi);
• imihlathi (chewable ezinkulu / imihlathi).

Umhlathi engumntu isakhiwo macala kwaye kubandakanya inani elifanayo amazinyo kwiqela ngalinye. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimpawu kwi miba yokwakheka efana isakhiwo amazinyo zabantu kwemihlathi yangasentla ukrozo esezantsi kwamazinyo. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Amazinyo aphambili la kuthiwa siphume. Xa abantu, ezi amazinyo 8 - 4 ngasentla kunye 4 ngezantsi. Bathezi zenzelwe ukuba nomntana ukutya, alabe libe ziingceba. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo kwamazinyo phambi yomntu sikuko yokuba abaqingqi kufuneka isithsaba tyaba, ngohlobo ziikhowudi, kunye ezinemiphetho ngokwanelisayo elibukhali. Kumacandelo enze anatomically hillocks ezintathu ngexesha ubomi kulo mhlaba zingacimeka. siphume Maxillary Central, ezimbini - kunazo zonke amalungu eqela labo. siphume lateral ziyafana isakhiwo ukuya kumbindi, Noko ke, zincinane. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, enyeleni ukusika kakhulu incisor osecaleni kananjalo tubercle ezintathu, kwaye kaninzi kuthatha imilo khaxa ngenxa kuphuhliso central (phakathi) tuberosity. Root mgawuli eyodwa, caba kwaye athatha imilo ikhowuni. A phawu uphawu izinyo - ukusuka lweHo- izinyo aphezulu yintlama ezintathu, nto leyo kunxibelelana tubercles ze elidlula.

Ubume bale amazinyo aphezulu abantu ezahlukeneyo kancinane ukusuka owakhiwe kumqolo esezantsi amazinyo, t. E. Zonke ngqo malunga le mandible. siphume Central kangako xa kuthelekiswa ne ecaleni ukuba ingcambu obhityileyo, elifutshane siphume lateral. Phambi izinyo kumphezulu - enhle kancinane, kodwa zeelwimi - phakathi.

Lateral incisor isitsaba libanzi kakhulu waguqa ngayo emilebeni yomlomo wakhe. Le elidlula ezimbini isibiyeli izinyo - iziko, libukhali, kwaye osisi - obtuse ngakumbi. Ngokuba ingcambu luphawulwa vee longitudinal.

Amazinyo. ukuhlafuna amazinyo

Canines ziyilelwe ukuba kwahlulwa ibe ziingceba ezincinane ukutya. Le ezakhiwe ngayo izinyo lokuba ngasemva (zeelwimi) ecaleni isithsaba ithanda ifolo leyo yahlula bit omkhulu ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini. Le elidlula le izinyo liqulunqe idolo zomlomo wakhe, ukwenza imilo isithsaba cone-ezimilise, ngokufuthi efanayo amazinyo izilwanyana ezidla.

mandible Canine ngokumila ayemxinwa, nezinto isithsaba idibane tubercle medial. Ingcambu yaloo izinyo uthe tyaba, mde xa kuthelekiswa nawo onke amanye iingcambu emazinyweni baphambuke nezibilini. Xa abantu, canines ezimbini kwemihlathi ngalinye, enye kwicala ngalinye.

Canines kunye icala ahlabayo imiphetho uzakhela arc, eqala kwi kwikona utshintsho kwamazinyo nokuwasika ehlafuna.

Makhe siqwalasele ngenyameko ngakumbi ubume izinyo yabantu zomthonyama, kuqala - ihlafuna encinane, ngoko ke ohlafuna enkulu. Eyona njongo amazinyo ngomva - processing ngokucokisekileyo ngomatshini ukutya. Lo msebenzi wenziwa premolars kunye imihlathi.

premolars

I premolar lokuqala (eboniswe yesi-4 ngo olungumgubo zamazinyo) kwahlukile canines kwaye siphume ukwakheka kwalo prismatic, isithsaba unalo kumphezulu khaxa. Ukuhlafuna umphezulu luphawulwa hillocks ezimbini - buccal kunye zeelwimi ezininzi phakathi dimples kuvavanywa emseleni. zikwazile Buccal zeelwimi ezininzi ezinkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu. Ingcambu yaloo premolar yokuqala nangoku tyaba, kodwa sele wanako kwi buccal kunye zeelwimi nesabelo.

Le premolar imilo yesibini efanayo kweyokuqala, kodwa kumphezulu wayo buccal kakhulu elikhulu, kwaye ingcambu ngokumila tapered zixinaniswe ngendlela anteroposterior.

Ukuhlafuna ebusweni premolar yokuqala olusezantsi tapered ukuya lwimi. Isithsaba izinyo rounded ingcambu olunye, flat, kunye vee phezu ngaphambili.

Le premolar yesibini enkulu ngaphezu kweyokuqala ngenxa yokuba zombini nesisu ephuhliswe ngokulinganayo kwaye macala, kwaye engontsini kwi lwawo (fissure) therebetween athathe ngokohlobo intsimbi yehashe. Ingcambu yaloo ingcambu izinyo uyafana premolar kuqala.

Xa తీసివేయి Susa yabantu 8 premolars, 4 kwicala ngalinye (kwi emihlathini aphezulu kunye ngaphantsi). Qwalasela iimpawu yokwakheka kunye nesakhiwo yonke amazinyo zabantu kwemihlathi yangasentla (elikhulu ngomva amazinyo) kwaye ukwahlula isakhiwo kwamazinyo umhlathi ongezantsi.

imihlathi

Imihlathi yokuqala kwemihlathi yangasentla - izinyo inkulu. Ibizwa ngokuba mkhulu Izinyo zemveli. Isithsaba kufana uxande, kwaye umphezulu occlusal i imilo diamond kunye cusps ezine, phakathi leyo ifomu emise-H fissure distinguishable. Le izinyo azihli ezintathu: ekunene omnye - koyena, kunye esidleleni ezimbini - flat, eyehla ngendlela anteroposterior. Ezi amazinyo xa uvala imihlathi abut nxamnye omnye komnye kwaye uhlobo "terminators", ngokunxulumene baye umthwalo omkhulu kuba ubomi bomntu ngayo.

ubukhulu izinyo Second incinane kuqala. Isithsaba ngokumila cc kunye X-ezimilise fissure phakathi dimples. Iingcambu amazinyo iyafana esineengcambu izinyo yokuqala.

Ubume amazinyo yabantu (imihlathi lungiselelo kunye nenombolo) efanayo kunye nelungiselelo echazwe ngentla premolars.

izinyo lokuqala mandibular iye cusps ezintlanu ehlafuna - buccal ezintathu zeelwimi ezimbini ukuya fissure emise oku kuka-F phakathi kwabo. Xa engcanjini izinyo, ezimbini - enye ngasemva isitishi, uze ngaphambili - kunye ezimbini. Ngaphandle ukunciphisa ingcambu elide adjustable.

izinyo yesibini esifana izinyo lokuqala mandibular. Inani imihlathi kwi premolar yabantu ingqamana inani.

Ubume izinyo ubulumko babantu. amazinyo lethole

izinyo wesithathu edume ngokuba "izinyo ubulumko", yaye xa తీసివేయి Susa woMntu zonke 4 izinyo, 2 umhlathi ngamnye. Emhlathini esezantsi wesithathu izinyo unokuba ezininzi embodiments of hillocks. Ngokufuthi, kukho ezintlanu. Kodwa ngokubanzi, indlela ezakhiwe ngayo "ubulumko izinyo" umntu nelo ukuba isakhiwo izinyo yesibini, nangona kunjalo, esi ingcambu kudla ufana isiqu elifutshane enamandla kakhulu.

Njengokuba bekutshiwo ngaphambili, kuqala umntu amazinyo nomntwana. Bona zikholisa ukuphuma ukuya kwiminyaka 2.5-3. Inani Amazinyo sethutyana 20. Isakhiwo yokwakheka kunye histological yezinyo ubisi yabantu efana isakhiwo esisigxina, kodwa kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano:

1. Ubungakanani Amazinyo ngezithsaba ubisi ngaphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne rhoqo.
2. Wayesebenzisa amazinyo ubisi ukubhitya, kwaye ubume unezinga elisezantsi of dentin amatshe xa kuthelekiswa amazinyo izinyo, ukuze abantwana yidityaniso kaninzi ibonakala.
3. Ukubana abantu ido- kunye nobisi emisele root izinyo kuthelekiswa ngaphezulu kwaye inomthamo rhoqo, ngenxa apho akulungeleyo ukwenza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo arhabaxa.
4. Le amaqhuma kwi ihlafuna kunye ukusika imiphezulu abanomoya.
5. Bathezi ubisi amazinyo khaxa ngakumbi.
6. Iingcambu bazimisele ukuya imilebe, bengengabo gama kwaye womelele xa kuthelekiswa esineengcambu kwamazinyo. Ngokuphathelele olu tshintsho amazinyo ebuntwaneni - kwinkqubo phantse elula.

Ekugqibeleni, siphawula ukuba, Kakade ke, ubume amazinyo oluntu, indawo yabo emhlathini lokuvala (occlusion) abe ngamnye features Uphawu kuba umntu othile ngamnye. Kodwa తీసివేయి Susa izixhobo nawuphi na umntu inxaxheba ekuqhubeni imisebenzi ebalulekileyo umzimba ubomi, ngokwale, ngokuhamba kwexesha isakhiwo kwamazinyo kunye nesakhiwo zabo zatshintsha. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba uninzi iinkqubo zophendlo lwezifo kwi woogqirha bamazinyo eziqulunqwe ebuntwaneni, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba esweni imeko amazinyo ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi. Oku kuya kunceda ukuthintela iingxaki zamazinyo ngeminyaka abazi.

Nangona elula ibonakale, amazinyo - inkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye kakhulu ethe, isakhiwo multi-sixhobo sekhombuya histological, ngamnye kweemaleko une njongo ngamnye kwaye iipropati ezithile. Yaye isibakala sokuba utshintsho amazinyo kwenzeka ngexesha lobomi kanye kuphela, ukwenza isakhiwo kwemihlathi oluntu (amazinyo, inani labo) ezahlukeneyo ukusuka owakhiwe kwemihlathi izilwanyana.