TCP-namachweba. Uluhlu TCP kunye UDP amazibuko

Xa networks computer, izibuko kwindawo ekugqibeleni wombane kwinkqubo yokusebenza. Eli gama lisetyenziswa izixhobo zekhompyutha, kodwa software isakhiwo logic, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inkqubo okanye iinkonzo ezithile.

Port usoloko ezinxulumene ne IP-idilesi yomkhosi kunye nohlobo lonxibelelwano protocol yaye ngaloo ndlela igqibezela iseshoni idilesi ulwabiwo. Ibonakala ukuba idilesi nganye kwaye protocol ngoncedo inombolo bit-16, eyaziwa njenge inani port. amanani ezibuko ezithile ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ukuchonga iinkonzo ezithile. Zamawaka ezidweliswe 1024 amanani izibuko elaziwa-kakuhle kubekelelwe ngokungqinelana nesivumelwano ukujonga iintlobo ezithile kweenkonzo kwi host. Izivumelwano, ezo ikakhulu wasebenzisa amazibuko bakhonza ukulawula inkqubo (umz, iProtokholi yoLawulo loDluliselo (TCP) kunye User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet protocol ukusuka nekhithi).

inani

Le TCP-amazibuko Akuyomfuneko unxulumano ngqo ezifana "indawo ukuze aveze", xa iikhompyutha ekupheleni ngalinye ingasebenziseka nesicelo enye kuphela ngexesha. Zaba kuyimfuneko emva iimoto bakwazi ukwenza inkqubo ngaphezu kwesinye ngexesha, yaye zafakelwa kwiinethiwekhi ipakethe-watshintshela mihla. Kulo mzekelo, a client-server isicelo lwezakhiwo, amazibuko kunye nothungelwano abaxhasi ukudibanisa kokuqaliswa kweenkonzo, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo multiplexing, emva utshintshiselwano kokuqala data ezinxulumene inani ezaziwayo-kakuhle izibuko, kwaye ekhutshwa isenza i ithuba ngalinye izicelo zenkonzo ukuya kumgca elizinikeleyo. Kukho ukuhlobana kwinani elithile, kunye abathengi ngaloo ezininzi sinikezelwe ngaphandle kokulibazisa.

iinkcukacha

Data Link Protocol - iProtokholi yoLawulo loDluliselo (TCP) kunye User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - esetyenziswayo ukucacisa inani lezibuko indawo kunye umthombo okuphezulu zabo komsindo. Inombolo izibuko isuntswana-16 elipheleleyo ungatyikitywanga. Ngaloo ndlela, kungaba kuluhlu 0 ukuya 65.535.

Noko ke, TCP-amazibuko abakwazi ukusebenzisa inani 0 for UDP Source Port ungayikhetha, kunye nexabiso zero, intsingiselo engekho.

Le nkqubo idibanisa imijelo yawo igalelo okanye imveliso nge usikrobana Internet (uhlobo ezichaza lwefayile) yi-protocol yezothutho, inani lezibuko kunye IP-idilesi. Le nkqubo yaziwa njengesibophelelo, kwaye amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha yokwamkela kusetyenziswa uthungelwano.

Network inkqubo yokusebenza software onoxanduva ukudluliselwa call of data evela kuzo zonke kumazibuko isicelo kwi-network abese iipakethi womnatha kwangaphakathi (ngokuthelekisa IP-iidilesi neenombolo zefowuni). inkqubo enye kuphela bopha imixube ethile IP-idilesi kunye izibuko usebenzisa enye protocol yezothutho. ukungaphumeleli isicelo jikelele, Vuka maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba ungquzulwano ezibuko xa iinkqubo ezininzi zizama ukuba ziqhagamshelane kunye amanani ezibuko enye kwi efanayo-idilesi ye IP, usebenzisa lo protocol efanayo.

kusetyenziswa indlela

Izicelo zisebenzisa iinkonzo eqhelekileyo badla sebenzisa ukufotokopa ngokukodwa kakuhle eyaziwa uluhlu lwe TCP kunye UDP amazibuko ukufumana izicelo zenkonzo ezivela kubaxhasi. Le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba zokuphulaphula, kwaye kuquka kokufumana isicelo ukuya izibuko elaziwa-kakuhle kwaye nokuseka ingxoxo phakathi iseva kunye umxhasi "one-to-one", kunye inani lezibuko efanayo wendawo. Ezinye abaxhasi kuqhubeka izakubanodibaniso - oku kunokwenzeka, ekubeni uqhagamshelwano TCP ochazwa inxitywe equlathe idilesi yendawo ekude kunye port. TCP Standard and UDP amazibuko zigqitywa ngesivumelwano phantsi kolawulo Internet owabelwa INumeri Authority (IANA).

Undoqo iinkonzo network (ikakhulu, WorldWideWeb), ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa inani elincinane zamazibuko - ngaphantsi kwe 1024. kwiinkqubo ezininzi operating zifuna amalungelo akhethekileyo ukuba isicelo ukubophelela kubo, ngenxa yokuba kaninzi zithathwa ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kothungelwano IP-based. Kwelinye icala, ezi zinto ye client lesiphelo, njengoko umthetho, ke kusebenza inani elikhulu kubo, ezikhethelwe ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elifutshane,, kukho ekuthiwa-amazibuko zexeshana.

isakhiwo

TCP-emazibukweni ukuyifunda zepakethe iheader ukuthutha protocol, kwaye lula kungatolikwa nje kuphela yokuthumela nokufumana iikhompyutha, kodwa amanye amacandelo yothungelwano lwezakhiwo. Xa firewalls ethile, ngokuqhelekileyo alungiswa ukwahlula phakathi iipakethi ngokuxhomekeke umthombo okanye port khona iinombolo zabo. Cima ngumzekelo nje le.

Le ndlela uzama ukuxhulumana kuluhlu kumazibuko ngokokulandelelana kwi computer eyaziwa ngokuba ayisuse zabo. Oku ngesiqhelo ngenxa yokuba mhlawumbi ilinge eyingozi akaphumeleli okanye abalawuli network ukhangela semngciphekweni sikwazi ukunceda ukuthintela uhlaselo ezinjalo.

Iintshukumo ejolise indlela ukuvula TCP-izibuko, ngokufuthi kulawulwa kwaye zibhalwe ngoncedo kweekhompyutha. Le ndlela usebenzisa iqela unxibelelwano abangenzi nto ukuze kuqinisekiswe uxhulumaniso ngaphandle kwamagingxi kwiseva.

imizekelo yokusetyenziswa

Owona mzekelo ibalulekileyo, apho ngokubanzi TCP / kumazibuko UDP, yinkqubo imeyili Internet. Umncedisi sisetyenziselwa i-imeyili (IR yokuthumela nokufumana), kwaye ngokubanzi ufuna iinkonzo ababini. Inkonzo yokuqala isetyenziselwa ukuthutha imeyile kunye nabanye abancedisi. Oku kuphunyezwa nge iProtokholi Mail yokuGqithisela Simple (SMTP). Njengomgaqo, inkonzo isicelo umamela kwi TCP-SMTP inani lezibuko 25 ukuze kuphunyezwe izicelo angenayo. Enye yenkonzo POP (ngokupheleleyo - Post Office Protocol) okanye IMAP (okanye iProtokholi yoFikelelo kwiMiyalezo ye-Intanethi) apho kuyimfuneko izicelo zomxhasi ukuya e-mail ku oomatshini abasebenzisi 'ukufumana iseva ye-imeyile. POP yasentabeni amagumbi Iinkonzo kunye TCP-izibuko 110. Iinkonzo ngasentla zombini kwi nginginya enye yekhompyutha. Xa oku kusenzeka, inani lezibuko eyahlula inkonzo olucelwe isixhobo ekude - PC umsebenzisi okanye nayiphi na enye iseva imeyile.

Nangona iseva yokuphulaphula inani lezibuko uchazwa kakuhle (IANA ubabiza amazibuko ezaziwayo-kakuhle), ukhetho umxhasi idla ezikhethwe kuluhlu eliguqukayo. Kwezinye iimeko, abathengi ngamnye kunye umncedisi sebenzisa TCP-amazibuko ezithile eyabelwe i IANA. Umzekelo omhle DHCP, apho umthengi kuzo zonke iimeko usebenzisa i UDP 68, kunye neseva - UDP 67.

Isicelo Le URL-idilesi

amanani Port amaxesha ibonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-Internet, okanye Resource Locator Uniform ezinye (URL). Ngokunga gqibekanga, HTTP usebenzisa TCP-izibuko 80 kwaye HTTP - 443. Noko ke, zikho nezinye ukwahlukahlukana. Hi xikombiso, le URL idilesi-http://www.example.com:8080/path/ ibonisa ukuba ibhrawuza yeWebhu liqhagamshelene 8080 endaweni ngumncedisi we HTTP.

Uluhlu TCP kunye UDP amazibuko

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, Internet owabelwa INumeri Authority (IANA) linoxanduva kuququzelelo ehlabathini lonke DNS-Ingcambu, IP-idilesi kunye nezinye izibonelelo Internet protocol. Oku kuquka ubhaliso ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa amanani ezibuko iinkonzo ezaziwayo-kakuhle Internet.

Iinombolo port yahlulwe parameter amathathu: kakuhle yaziwa ebhalisiweyo kunye neguquguqukayo, okanye labucala. eyaziwa kakuhle (eyaziwa ngokuba system) - lelwe amanani ukusuka Iimfuno 0 ukuya 1023. lwezithuba ezitsha kolu leenomboro engqongqo ngaphezu kwabanye akhawunti.

Imizekelo eyaziwa ngokubanzi

Imizekelo aba bakulo luhlu ziquka:

• TCP port 443: HTTP Secure (HTTP).
• 21: le iProtokholi yokuGqithisela iFayile (i FTP).
• 22: Qinisekisa Shell (SSH).
• 25: Protocol Mail yokuGqithisela Simple (SMTP).
• 53: Domain Name System (DNS).
• 80: iProtokhol yokuGqithisela umbhalo okhawulezileyo (HTTP).
• 119: Network Iindaba iProtokholi yokuGqithisela (NNTP).
• 123: Network protocol ixesha (NTP) ..
• 143: iProtokholi yoFikelelo kwiMiyalezo ye-Intanethi (IMAP)
• 161: iProtokholi yoLawulo Simple Network (SNMP) 1.
• 94: Internet Chat (IRC).

Ports ababhalisileyo ziquka amanani ukusuka 1024 ukuya 49151. IANA Ikwagcina uluhlu elisemthethweni bands ezaziwayo ebhalisiweyo. Dynamic okanye yabucala - ukususela 49152 ukuya 65535. Enye ukusetyenziswa le uluhlu amazibuko zexeshana.

History of indalo

port ingqiqo inani wadalwa abaphuhlisi ekuqaleni ARPANET phantsi intsebenziswano sesikweni ababhali-software kunye nenkqubo nabalawuli.

Igama elithi "izibuko" ayisetyenziswanga ngeliny'ixesha. License inombolo plate yenginginya wobekelo kube inombolo bit-40. Iintwana 32 zokuqala ifana IPv4-idilesi yanamhlanje, kodwa ke eyona nto ibalulekileyo aba amasuntswana 8 yokuqala. Inxalenye ubuncinane ebalulekileyo kwinani (iyasebenza ungazama ukunciphisa 33 ukuya ku-40) kubonisa enye into, ngokuba AEN. Oku kwase inani lezibuko mihla.

NgoMatshi 26, 1972 waba ngowokuqala ukuba makacebise ekudalweni kuhla amanani socket RFC 322. Le umlawuli wenethiwekhi ebizwa ukuchaza igumbi esisigxina ngamnye imisebenzi yayo kunye neenkonzo womnatha. Le khathalogu iye eyakhupha njengoko RFC 433 ngoDisemba 1972, yaye uluhlu wemikhosi, neenombolo zabo izibuko kunye nomsebenzi ngonxibelelwano kusetyenziswa kwi node nganye kwi network. NgoMeyi 1972, amanani ezibuko kuyo esemthethweni okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iinkonzo zenethiwekhi, kwaye inikeza umsebenzi yolawulo ezizodwa ukuze kugcinakale olu kwirejistri.

Uluhlu lokuqala lwe TCP-izibuko 256 AEN waba imilinganiselo ukuba ziye zohlulwa kolundi zilandelayo:

• 0 ukuya 63: iimpawu umgangatho ngapha komsebenzi womnatha
• 64 ukuya 127: Imisebenzi Host-ngqo
• 128 ukuya 239: igcinelwe ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo
• Ukususela 240 ukuya 255: naluphi phawu zovavanyo.

inkonzo Telnet lifumene isabelo sokuqala esemthethweni amaxabiso 1. Ngemihla ekuqaleni kwekota ARPANET AEN kwakhona igama kwisokethi eyayisetyenziswa kunye uxhulumaniso lokuqala protocol (MSP) kunye njengenxalenye yenkqubo yolawulo network (NCP). Ngaloo ndlela NCP yaba sisandulela lwemithetho yokuziphatha namhlanje Internet usebenzisa amazibuko zeTCP / IP.