State of Libya ezinika, ikomkhulu, umongameli, inkqubo yezomthetho, kunye inkcazo photo. Iphi na urhulumente Libya?

State of Libya lelinye lamazwe ezinkulu kwilizwekazi le-Afrika. Kude kube kutshanje siye izalathisi phambili yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kummandla, ukongeza, imbali yayo lizele izibakala umdla. Njengoko namaLibhiya abaye baphila ngaphambili baza bahlala ngoku njani? Description of Libya, ezinika zalo kunye nenkqubo yomthetho kwaye iza kusebenza kumxholo webali yethu.

indawo okuyo

Okokuqala, makhe ukufumanisa apho ilizwe Libya. Eli lizwe nezinze kakhulu emantla belizwekazi lase-Afrika. Kwicala lasentshonalanga yomda wayo iyachiza Tunisia kunye Algeria, nasezantsi - kunye norhulumente ka Niger, weRiphabliki Chad kunye iPeople Republic, kwaye kwicala lasempuma - kunye norhulumente umYiputa. Nge coast Libya xa lasentla ngamaza ngobunono le lweMeditera.

indawo Libyan sendawo million 1.8 ^{leekhilomitha-2.} Eyona nto ezweni eliyintlango, ingakumbi i-Sahara entlango. Kuphela entla isiqwenga imxinwa kwindawo yokulima wahlobana uhlobo lweMeditera zemozulu.

Phakathi imithombo yendalo Libya kwindawo yokuqala ukwaba ioli.

indaba

Ukuze ube nembono malunga imeko langoku, kufuneka uyihlolisise ngaphambili. Makhe sijonge iimbalasane yembali Libya.

Kumaxesha amandulo, ummandla wayo kwakuhlala izizwe neyabemi ephila. Igama "Libya" livela yamaGrike. Ngoko amaGrike ebizwa kwilizwekazi lonke lase-Afrika.

C I yeminyaka BC. e. Iqala amazwe esebenzayo yaseFenike kwaye yesiGrike unxweme Libya. Ngelo xesha kwakukho amathanga enjalo elikhulu, ngathi waseKirene, Leptis Magna, Bark, Evhesparidy, Tripoli. Uninzi lwezi mizi kukho ngexesha lakalokunje kwaye amaziko enkulu Libya karhulumente.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini I nkulungwane BC. e. inxalenye enkulu kwinxalenye esemantla lizwe oyisa Carthage, inxalenye Kapa ligqithiselwe imeko kaPtolemy laseYiputa. Noko ke, ngenxa ekuqaleni kwexesha yethu yonke imimandla zalawula bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Emva kokuwa eRoma, kwimpuma Libya waya Byzantium kunye West - ukuya okungenaluzsini abonakalisi beprophathi likarhulumente kunye neziko eCarthage. Noko ke, kule BC ngenkulungwane VI. e., ebudeni bolawulo Justinian, Byzantium yakwazi yokutshayela abonakalisi beprophathi kwaye ziquka lonke ilizwe labo ubulungu balo.

South of Libya ngeli xesha, akazange azithobe nayiphi yemfundo karhulumente. Apha, njengokuba ngaphambili, ukuba zazizihambela izizwe simahla.

Le meko iye yatshintsha ukususela phakathi VII kwinkulungwane, xa Arabhu woyisa izinto lamaByzantine e-Afrika. Bakwazi Kwakhona ukoyisa zonke Libya, eye yafakwa Caliphate. Ukususela ngoko zatshintsha kakhulu ukwakhiwa nobuhlanga eli lizwe. Nangona ngaphambili uninzi abemi babe Berbers, ngoku uhlanga lubalaseleyo baba Arabhu. Emva kokuwa a caliphate elimanyeneyo Arab kwi VIII kwinkulungwane Libya khosi inxalenye Aghlabid karhulumente, i-Fatimid, Ayyubid, Almohad, Hafsid, Ayyubid, Mamluk, kude kube ngo-1551 zange ehlonyelwe Ottoman.

Noko ke, ngeli thuba, Libya babekwazi isalamane. Ukususela ngo 1711 apho waqalisa ukuba ngukumkani Karamanli ubukhosi, leyo wabona ukuxhomekeka ngqo kwi Ottoman Sultan. Kodwa ke ngo-1835, ngenxa ukunganeliseki edumileyo, ubukhosi yawa, kwaye Ottoman kwakhona indlela ngqo ulawulo Libya.

Ngowe-1911, Italy ahlasela eli lizwe, ukuze baphumelele imfazwe baseTurkey. Ukususela ngoko, eli lizwe libe yinto ithanga Italian. Emva kokoyiswa Italy kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi ngo-1942, le ndawo ilawulwa amajoni aseBritani kunye nesiFrentshi.

Ngowe-1951, Libya yaba neNgonyama elizimeleyo phantsi uKumkani Idris I. Ngoko ke waqalisa kwimbali yakutshanje kweli lizwe.

Ixesha of eLibya

Umntu othe waba negalelo elikhulu kwimbali yanamhlanje Libya, Muammar Gaddafi waqala. Yaba nguye lowo wayeyintloko yelenqe lwamagosa ngqo nxamnye neNgonyama. Ngowe-1969, ebudeni revolution, amandla Idris I yabhukuqwayo. Kwamiswa Libyan Arab Republic (LAR), elisuke laba yintloko Muammar Gaddafi. Enyanisweni, ukuba umongameli Libya, nangona ngokusemthethweni ke le ndawo zange esasinalo.

Ngowe-1977, ngokusesikweni Gaddafi warhoxa zonke izithuba kurhulumente, eshiya ngasemva kuphela isihloko lobuzalwana inkokheli, kodwa waqhubeka ukulawula ngempumelelo. Emva koko LAR aguqulwa ukuya Jamahiriya. Yaba uhlobo eyodwa karhulumente, elavakaliswa idemokhrasi, ngokusesikweni wakha phezu nokulawulwa kwelizwe eninzi loluntu. Jamahiriya isiseko sayo olobusoshiyali, ubuzwe Arab kunye Islam. Kungenxa kule intsimi yembono ke ngelo xesha, Libya. Intloko karhulumente Muammar Gaddafi yakhupha "Green Book", nto leyo eneneni ithatha-siseko.

Ngeli xesha, Libya ifikelele i phambili kwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ukuba kube kakhulu ne-State kaSirayeli kunye West, apho inkonzo Libyan ezifihlakeleyo nokuba wenziwe uthotho abagrogrisi. Eyona idumileyo kula dubulo-moya ngo-1988, emva koko ku Libya ukwayo zoqoqosho ziye isicelo. Ukongeza, Muammar Gaddafi owatyholwa abathintela aphikisayo ekhaya nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ngokunjalo uchuku namanye amazwe aseAfrika.

impi yombango

Ngokwendalo, le miba ayizange lulungele inani elikhulu ngabantu bezwe. Ngo-2011, udlame ayaphula nxamnye Gaddafi urhulumente. Xa kokuyaphula bavukeli yimikhosi karhulumente bafikelela kwelona ethile, oko bangenelela ungquzulwano manyano lwamazwe Koloni ngakwicala abavukeli. moya NATO lwenziwa kuqhuma kofakelo zomkhosi zikarhulumente. Ngenkxaso amagunya asemzini, abavukeli bakwazi ukuthatha ikomkhulu Libya - Tripoli. Muammar eLibya abulawe.

Libya waqalisa ukulawula iBhunga leSizwe Transitional. Kodwa emva konyulo zepalamente ihlabathi akazange eze kulo ilizwe. Uyaqhubeka imfazwe phakathi imikhosi eziliqela alwayo. Phantse ukudilika imfundo kawonke namhlanje Libya. Urhulumente akakwazi ukuqinisekisa umanyano lizwe. Ukongeza, Libya uye waqinisa imisebenzi eminye imibutho abagrogrisi, ukuquka isimo Islamic (LIH), nto leyo baze bakwazi ukufaka inani imimandla.

labantu

Uninzi lwabemi Libya ngayo aba Arabhu, uninzi lwabo Berbers arabizirovanyh. Xa kumazantsi eli lizwe kwakhona ubomi ephila neyabemi izizwe, i Tuareg kunye Toubou nesizwe Negroid.

Inkoliso yabantu buzinze inxalenye kumantla Libya. Kumazantsi eli lizwe gqa, ngenxa imozulu eyomileyo kakhulu weSahara. Kukho inani elikhulu kwimimandla unpopulated ngokupheleleyo.

Inani labemi iyonke lizwe abantu malunga 5.6 million. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba niphume kule nombolo, uninzi abahlala ezixekweni. Umzekelo, inani elipheleleyo abemi ezixekweni sikhulu agglomerations izinto Tripoli, Benghazi kunye Misrata ngaphaya 56% yetotali yenani labafundi bebonke.

Tripoli - ikomkhulu Libya

capital Libyan ngumzi Tripoli. Le ise kwinxalenye esentshona yelizwe kunxweme lweMeditera. Yeyona inkulu ezixeko, idume ngobume Libya. Ikomkhulu inabantu ukufikelela abemi phantse zizigidi 1.8. Thelekisa, isixeko yesibini ngobukhulu karhulumente Libyan - Benghazi abemi abamalunga 630 amawaka ..

Tripoli eyaziwa ngokuba yimbali yamandulo kakhulu. Yasungulwa emva kwi BC ngenkulungwane VII. e. kufika abantu baseFenike, yaye ekuqaleni ogama Kuyile. Igama yanamhlanje laloo mzi usinike amaGrike kamva. NgesiGrike ngayo oznachat "Cities ezintathu". Ukuze ixesha elide yena isixeko usembindini kwiphondo Tripolitania, yaye ngowe-1951, emva kokuba isibhengezo geqe eli lizwe, yaba likomkhulu Libya.

Ngoku - Tripoli ngumzi omkhulu mihla kunye izakhiwo ezinemigangatho kunye amalwandle Azure, nto leyo inokuba neqhayiya imo Libya. Iindunduma Umfanekiso isanti kunye neendunduma, ngaye izibonelelo amaninzi ulwazi, elingcwele ezinika iimbombo zomhlaba, umdla, yaye kunzima ukucinga ukuba ethile kummandla entlango nohlobo ayafika ophezulu-kuphuma ... kwaye kukho imfazwe.

Noko ke, nangona ubume mali, e Tripoli of iinkampani ezinkulu zikarhulumente kuphela iSebe leMicimbi Foreign. Zonke ezinye amalungu izixhobo karhulumente esembindini bebekelwa kwiidolophu zephondo. Nkqu ipalamente ise kwisixeko Sirte. Oku kwenziwa kwi-sikhokelo yenkqubo, oqala ngo-1988, malunga yokwabela abaphantsi eli lizwe.

Ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko

Okwangoku, Libya - umbuso qela liphikisayo. Ifom ye yinto republic yasepalamente. Ezifana isikhundla njengoMongameli of Libya, ayikho. UMongameli ikholelwa usihlalo House of Representatives, eyonyulwe kwipalamente. Ekubeni Agasti 2014 isithuba iye yabanjwa águila Salah Isa. Ukongeza, i-House of Representatives (ipalamente) yonyula iNkulumbuso, oko kukuthi intloko karhulumente. Okwangoku, esiphezulu yi Abdullah al-Thani. Urhulumente Tobruk. Abdullah al-Thani izihlandlo eziliqela ukuyeka emsebenzini, kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uhlala. ngayo. iNkulumbuso.

Okwangoku, urhulumente Libya olawula kwimpuma yeli lizwe.

Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka wachaza ukuba Tripoli ukufana izenzo Jikelele National Congress, nto leyo ephikisana House of Representatives kwaye ilawula ummandla wayo uphela macala komkhulu.

Okwangoku, Libya - urhulumente wempangelo apho amagunya karhulumente zohlukile unqulo kunye nemibutho yezenkolo. Ngelo xesha kakhulu abavakalelwa Islamist kuluntu olomeleleyo.

division zokuphatha

Libya karhulumente ene yahlulwe oomasipala 22. Noko ke, le ukwahlukana kunokuba ezinemiqathango, njengoba ingxenye enkulu ezisemagunyeni zeli lizwe nje musa ukulawula, yaye eneneni iyunithi yayo yolawulo.

Ukongeza, Libya uye amaphondo amathathu yimbali unxulumano leyo, enyanisweni, ngexesha elinye, kwaye kwasekwa bengatshatanga: Tripolitania, Cyrenaica kunye Fezzan. Kumaziko amacandelo sesikweni, ngokulandelelanayo, e Tripoli, Benghazi kunye Sabha.

iisimboli State

Iflegi yesizwe of Libya ukususela ngo-2011 i iflegi kunye ngemivumbo ebomvu, emnyama kunye neluhlaza walungiselela ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Xa iziko kukho banner iceba Islamic inkwenkwezi. Le indwe yayisetyenziswa njengelizwe ngexesha ubukumkani Libya (1951-1969), kodwa emva kokuba revolution kubekwa Gaddafi kwi tricolor ebomvu-ezimhlophe-abamnyama, yaye emva koko, ukusukela 1977, ngomhla ilaphu eliluhlaza ngokupheleleyo.

Okwangoku, ingubo esemthethweni iingalo isimo Libya ayisekho, kodwa kukho Umfuziselo kaRhulumente ngendlela iceba tyheli nkwenkwezi.

umhobe wesizwe ukususela ngo-2011 yi sisincoko of "Libya, Libya, Libya", ukuba enze umsebenzi ofanayo kwixesha yookumkani. Ngemihla wolawulo Gaddafi njengoko umhobe yomsebenzi musical "uThixo mkhulu."

inkqubo yezomthetho

Okwangoku, inkqubo yezomthetho karhulumente ka Libya isekelwe phezu amalungiselelo omthetho isiFrentshi kwaye Italian. Ngelo xesha, ndawonye Gaddafi era, ihlala impembelelo ngokufanelekileyo olomeleleyo umthetho Islamic, ingakumbi elifuna.

Eli lizwe iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, nangona-siseko omtsha okwangoku yamkelwa. Ngelo xesha, imeko Libya nangoku sele ayamkelwa kolawulo kweenkundla ngamazwe.

Ngelo xesha, wazi ukuba lo mzuzu iindawo ezahlukeneyo Libya elawulwa ngamaqela eziliqela, ukuze, eneneni, akukho imigangatho efanayo amalungelo asemthethweni, leyo ingafikelela yonke indawo karhulumente thina. Kwiindawo ezininzi imithetho ezilungileyo okanye ezingalunganga de lizwe umthetho engqongqo amaSilamsi (elifuna).

izinto

imbali yamandulo usinike okuninzi ezikhumbuzo yenkcubeko, ezikholekileyo emehlweni abakhenkethi. Eneneni, kukho iindawo ezininzi zembali, nto leyo kuba neqhayiya imo Libya. Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo ifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe.

Enye zodumo inkcubeko yehlabathi, ibekwe Libya, kukho amabhodlo amandulo yamaRoma amphitheatre, leyo kukuqonda efotweni ngasentla. Ba e Sabratha, entshonalanga Tripoli. Le nkundla ke yakhiwa ngamaxesha zamaRoma yaye kujongwe ukuba ukubonisa ezibe ukonwabisa abaphulaphuli, kuquka ukuba balwe gladiator.

Kulo lizwe kukho ezinye yamanxuwa izakhiwo yamandulo amaFenike namaRoma. Ingakumbi odumileyo phakathi abakhenkethi emanxuweni kwisixeko samandulo Leptis Magna, yasekwa bezithanga baseFenike, kodwa emva koko kwafunyanwa ababezeke phezu nendlela yamaRoma yokuphila.

Phakathi izakhiwo kwexesha yamaSilamsi, ingakumbi Ukwahlula nga ibekwe e Tripoli Mosque Ahmed Pasha Karamanli awakhe lo umlawuli Tripolitania ngo-1711. Kwakhona kakhulu umdla Gurgen Mosque Al-Jami.

Ukongeza, yipropathi UNESCO World List Heritage kuquka petroglyphs kummandla Tadrart Acacus, abaneminyaka ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-14 000.

Ngemihla Gaddafi kaThixo athandwa kakhulu phakathi balapha kunye nabakhenkethi banandipha Jamahiriya Museum.

Inene, kukho into ukuba neqhayiya abantu Libya.

Benokholo elizayo

Libya uhamba usentlungwini ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo. Emva kokuwa Gaddafi ngurhulumente, abantu abaninzi beyiseka ukuba ukukhanya kuya kufika amaxesha ekufikeleleni idemokhrasi yokwenyani, kunye nokulawula komthetho. Kodwa bafa namthanyana njengoko eli lizwe zibandakanyeke enzonzobileni yemfazwe yamakhaya, nto leyo ngendlela enye okanye omnye angenelele kunye namandla amazwe.

Okwangoku, Libya Kwandile sahlukana saziinxalenye eziliqela, nto leyo ifuna ukuzimela ebanzi evela kurhulumente kazwelonke, okanye musa ukuyibona. Ngelo xesha akukho omkhanyelayo amalungelo abantu bezwe yokwakha, uluntu enoxolo yedemokhrasi apho ulawulo kwezithethe mthetho kuma kwi phambili. Kakade ke, lo namaLubhi njongo iza kufika msinyane okanye kamva. Yiloo nto kanye xa iza kuba - umbuzo omkhulu.