Sherman Act: umxholo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziphumo

Sherman Antitrust Act, wegqitha eUnited States kwinkulungwane yama-20, wathi ngokoqobo imfazwe iimonopoli kunye neenkampani ezinkulu. Ngethiyori, waba elizayo ethembisa kakhulu, xa kusenziwa yangqineka kuphumelele. Yintoni umongo kuyo kunye nezizathu zoko kusilela isicelo yayo, ukufunda eli nqaku.

Ukuqala lwekhulu XX eUnited States: indima karhulumente kuqoqosho kunye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo

America kule kwenkulungwane ye-19. - kwenkulungwane yama-20. isantya bemfuna yajika kwilizwe ezaziwa capitalism corporate. Kuyo, ngaphandle izithintelo yasebenza bodwa trust ingxilimbela. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuba umda kakhulu inkululeko ukhuphiswano lwemarike kunye ziyalela amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi iimeko ezakhokelela intshabalalo yayo. abazange bakwazi ukukhuphisana. Ukuba kukho ingxilimbela, ephethwe yi- John D. Rockefeller , ekuthiwa Standart Oli, leyo yi kwenkulungwane yama-20, eUnited States wathimba kwimarike kweemveliso ioli nge 95%! I Isenzo sokuqala, yamkelwa ukuze akhusele urhwebo noshishino nxamnye iimonopoli kunye nezithintelo, waba Sherman Act. Noko ke, ngokwahlukileyo koko bekulindelekile, akazange abe njalo edume ngokuba "Charter wenkululeko mveliso."

Ngubani na Sherman?

Umqalisi le iBhili ekubhekiswa kuyo ngentla yaba ngumpolitiki eyaziwayo American John Sherman, ogama lakhe isenzo yaye kamva ifunyenwe. A elizayo Ilungu leNdlu of Representatives kunye Senator Ohio, kwakunye 35th Secretary of State kunye US uNobhala Treasury wazalwa ngoMatshi 7, 1897 e Lancaster. Uyise waba ngumgwebi, yaye le ntsapho inkulu kakhulu kwaye ibe nabazali kunye nabantwana 11. Education Sherman nanako zesikolo eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke waba nomdla kwi ekunene kwaye, emva uqeqesho, usiwe kwi bar.

Emva kokuba umtshato yakhe ebethanda kwezopolitiko. Ngowe-1854, xa ndandineminyaka eli-43, waye wonyulwa kwiNdlu yaBameli imeko yakowabo Ohio. Ngowe-1980 wenza iinzame ukulidla gameli, kodwa walahlekelwa ukuya D. Garfield. ubuntu bakhe ibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yeli lizwe, kodwa lonke ihlabathi kakhulu aziqhelileyo Sherman Act, wegqitha eUnited States. Libhekisela kummandla umthetho yabasebenzi, yena ngqo kwaye okwangoku iye yaba yimfuneko ukulungiselela utshintsho entle kule ndawo yomthetho.

Umongo umthetho

Lo Sherman Act waba ngowokuqala umthetho anti-monopolistic eMelika. Igama lakhe ngenxa umqalisi yayo, waye wamkelwa iNdlu Yeengwevu kweli lizwe ngo-Apreli 1890 (51 iivoti omnye), i-House of Representatives (ngamxhelo) yaye yavunywa yi nomongameli Garrisson. ngenxa yomthetho kaMasipala weza Julayi 2, 1890.

Okubhaliweyo kwe ezibhengeziweyo bakhe nododobalisa urhwebo simahla ngokudala trust (abadibeneyo), kunye ungeno nezi njongo iyelenqe nto kodwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Sherman Act kwishumi leminyaka yaba "ebuthongweni" imo, kodwa lwaba mabini anesithandathu-US ngumongameli Teodor Ruzvelt.

Isenzo eso xandzukela trust kunye bodwa njengoko injalo. Noko ke, loo nto ibandakanya izithintelo zorhwebo ezamahala ngqo kwaye iyagxininiswa nje kuphela kwinqanaba likazwelonke (phakathi kwamazwe), kodwa ngamazwe. D. Rockefeller kunye nenkampani yakhe waba kujoliswe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1904 nxamnye Standart Oil wanikezelwa inani lezimangalo antitrust. INkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba phezu kwisahlulo nkampani. D. Rockefeller, njengokuba izitya le nkampani Standart Oil 34, elingumthombo, egciniweyo ulawulo phezu kwabo.

Yiyiphi impazamo?

Lo Sherman Act, wegqitha eUnited States uthi entsimini ezoqoqosho kunye nomgaqo inxenye zentlalo - ndawo ngelo xesha efunekayo updates. Isiphumo saba kunokuba elithile. Ngaphezu koko, lo mthetho isoloko isetyenziswa off-yokurekhoda. ukutolikwa ukutshintsha nje amagunya enkundla umthetho kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iimanyano zabasebenzi wayelingana yoodla, uqhankqalazo - in zoqoqo ngenjongo nomqathango yorhwebo free. Enyanisweni, isenzo bewela abantu bonke, ekugqibeleni wajika ngaye. Le kroba nomthetho sisusiwe kuphela ngo-1914 ngoncedo i-Clayton Act. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Sherman Act kwindawo ethile amanyathelo kweli xesha lethu, ifakwa kwi-US Federal Code.

Ntoni emva koko?

I elide ilindelwe kunye nomthetho anti-abadla bodwa kuqala akukhange iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. ezithile ngokwezinga Social kuluntu waqhubeka zimbi, yaye abemi abaqhelekileyo American baba asinde kakhulu, kuyo yonke imiqondiso yokuba kwezomnotho. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ngokwendalo ukuba ukwanda kwemali yequmrhu ukwandisa ukunganeliseki phakathi inxalenye ezahlukahlukeneyo labemi: nezazi ngcembe, amafama, abasebenzi. Ilizwe egxile kwi intshukumo anti-trust, sikhatshwe ukukhula umsebenzi wombutho wabasebenzi kunye kumzabalazo iklasi nezisweli kwinkqubo yokhuseleko karhulumente. Ngokuthe ngcembe, imfuneko 'nokuhlaziya "-nkqubo yezentlalo noqoqosho baye bamkela Democrats le ubunkokheli beqela kuphela kodwa Republican. Inyathelo lokuqala malunga nokusombulula ingxaki yaba 'Act ukuze kukhawuleziswe inkqubo kunye isigunyaziso zolingo ngobulungisa "(1903), emva kokuba umthetho wawiswa ngokusekwa kwe-Ofisi yoMphathiswa lezoRhwebo Yabasebenzi.

Kwaba alusebenzi ku umkhuba, kodwa imfuno utshintsho HIV waba Sherman Act, wegqitha eUnited States. Ibhekisela kummandla ilungelo ummiselo, yintoni na umxholo wayo, apho iphiko lelinye iimpazamo ezinkulu - iimpendulo zale mibuzo ziboniswa nqaku. Uxwebhu olupheleleyo luyafumaneka zombini kulwimi lwantlandlolo kunye translation. Kuya kuba Kubaluleke ngokukodwa abo banomdla kwimbali mihla owayephila ngexesha le USA.