Sagas Icelandic: inkcazo, iimpawu, umxholo kunye nohlolo

sagas Icelandic - olu hlobo loncwadi edume iincwadi laseScandinavia. Wazalwa malunga kwenkulungwane ye-12, ngelo xesha kweli lizwe, ngokutsho izazinzulu, xa kukho ukubhala. Noko ke, iintsomi yomlomo kunye namasiko eyayikho ngaphambili, kwaye zenza isiseko le misebenzi.

inkcazelo emfutshane

sagas Icelandic - na iprozi, ndibalisa kumaxesha amandulo, hayi kuphela likarhulumente kodwa ke kwiindawo ezikufuphi kunye namazwe. Yiyo loo nto iba umthombo axabisekileyo imbali kumazwe yeYurophu. Ngokubanzi, eli gama kuthetha ukuba ''. Ngesakhiwo isebenza kunye iinkcukacha zemilo ezi ntetho ezahlukeneyo ezithile inkululeko, mibala eninzi fairytale ukuba badla edibene izibakala yokwenene elidlulileyo. Amaqhawe ophambili weli bali ngokuqhelekileyo baba ookumkani, namagorha, ookumkani. Ngoko ke, lo sagas Icelandic - uhlobo lwe umlando iziganeko, kodwa kuphela xa inkcazo kwamnandi ifomu, eziphantse-kaHomer. Ubunzima ukuqonda izinto zembali kwezi imisebenzi kukuba bahlile beza kuthi kwimibhalo, iintlelo aphakamileyo, ngqangi zakwanciphisa, apho kunzima kakhulu ukuze sifumane umbhalo wokuqala.

Daba lookumkani

sagas Icelandic lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela eziliqela. Enye ndidi zixhaphakileyo - libali yokumkani Norwegian. Eminye imisebenzi Ndithi nababusi ngabanye, kodwa kukho isishwankathelo ingqokelela, efana "Circle of Umhlaba" eziziingangamsha, zabhalwa leyo kunganxulunyaniswa ungumqokeleli odumileyo zakudala yaseScandinavia, imbongi, umbhali-mbali kunye laseburhulumenteni Snorri Sturluson. Le ngqokelela iquka uthotho lwamabali ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya 1177. Kukho kwakhona Saga yokumkani Danish, umzekelo, omnye wabo ibalisa ngenye indlela indlu yasebukhosini ka estridsen.

Malunga imbali Icelandic neenguqulelo

Iqela lesibini - la mabali eyiyo malunga kakhulu Iceland. Kananjalo zahlulwe ngokweendidi eziliqela. zibizwa-ekuthiwa Kukho Saga cishe, ngelo xesha ngokuba 'bobuxoki ", njengoko etha kwi siqithi kwiinkulungwane phambi ikoloni, malunga apho ingako iye yasinda. Ngoko ke, umthombo zazo eziphambili baba epics amandulo, iintsomi kunye iingoma, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, iyavela abalinganiswa efumaneka intsomi kwezinye izizwe zaseJamani.

Saga idumileyo Icelandic kolu ngcelele - oku mhlawumbi i "Legend of the clan usapho sturlungar", abameli uhlanga amandulo ilwile isilwela ukufumana ulawulo. Lubonakala yi iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga iinkcukacha ngomfanekiso: okubhaliweyo zinokufunyanwa ngeenkcukacha ezininzi kunye namanqaku anika umdla nembali malunga elidlulileyo le lizwe. Iqela lesibini iquka Saga ngoobhishophu, nto leyo ithetha kweminyaka 11-14 abefundisi, kwakunye amabandla kweli lizwe. Ke ekugqibeleni, iqela lesithathu - its iguqulelwe imisebenzi, enikelwe iziganeko yembali kwezinye iintlanga aseYurophu (ezifana "seTrojan Saga").

toponymy

Esiphambili uncwadi yaseScandinavia abahlala zamaqhawe balapha. Le misebenzi eziliqela iimpawu ezikhethekileyo olucwangcisa bahluke kwezinye imisebenzi olu hlobo loncwadi. Bathi ziqulathe inani elikhulu kwakuthethwa eendawo, nto leyo, ngasendleleni, kunzima ukuba iguqulelwe Russian. Okubhaliweyo ifumaneka amagama izinto ezinkulu ezifana ngokwezelizwe kuphela ezifana imilambo, amachibi, iintaba, kodwa nemizana, nemizana, iilali. Le meko yokugqibela wachaza into yokuba kwebali hlobo - kodwa ikakhulu ibali ngendoda, xa kudalwa imisebenzi ukuphila bendawo ethile. Umzekelo, isitshixo i "Saga Whale" Icelandic kuthetha igama Fjord, babehlala apho umlinganiswa ophambili. Zonke ezi amagama ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu kuzo phaya kuhlalutyo kwemithombo, njengoko siqulethe iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo malunga nendalo.

ingxaki wayekhona

Eyona yesibini uphawu le misebenzi - yinto ukuchana yabo ibonakale kunye ngokoqobo. Isibakala sokuba ababhali babekholelwa ukuba wabo ikhowudi amaqhawe njengangaphambili ngokunyaniseka, yaye ngoko iinkcukacha enkulu, nkqu ngocoselelo wachaza izenzo zabo, izenzo, ingxoxo yababini, enika ibali ingakumbi ekholisayo. Izazinzulu ezininzi "kungenziwa" kwizicatshulwa, ngokufuthi ukuthatha ngasentla inyaniso. Noko ke, kwimvelaphi yezembali kunye izinto ezithile xesja zisabonakala, kodwa ke elo legqunyiwe ngomaleko kukho intsomi enamandla enjalo ukwahlula inyaniso fiction kunokuba nzima kakhulu.

Umbuzo wombhali

Abanye ixesha historiography alawulwa yi imbono ukuba abo babhala Saga khange ababhali zabo, kodwa abhalwe kuphela ngomlomo. Noko ke, kule nkulungwane yama-20 kwakukho Cingela ukuba luvo, abawaziyo kakuhle intsomi Old kubaphangi, wadala eyabo imisebenzi yabo yokuqala. Uluvo iqhubekayo ukuba aba babhali, ukuqokelela nokulungiswa kwezinto iintsomi uncwadi, nangona kunjalo, bayizise eninzi yabo, ukuze isithethe imisebenzi yabo intsomi leyo sobufundisi ngokusondeleyo lemfundo. Oku kunegalelo yokuba ukuba kunokuba nzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani zonke lazaliswa umbhali wokuqala umsebenzi. Umzekelo, i-Icelandic "eymundar þáttr hrings", Norwegian konung, inxaxheba kwiziganeko zembali yamandulo Russian, igcinwe kwi "Saga uOlaf oyiNgcwele", lo mbhali apho ngokwemveli athethwa Sturluson wathi, kodwa oku kuphela uqi kwinkolelo yokuba akukho ukuwuphumeza ngokupheleleyo.

Malunga lizwe lethu

Kule misebenzi, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, kukho ubungqina kwamanye amazwe esemantla, kuquka ilizwe lethu. nokubhaleka abaninzi nkqu ayangenana, oosonzululwazi baye bafumanise ukufana phakathi kweetekisi yamandulo yaseScandinavia kunye yemihla yamandulo. abamelwane babo badla bahlawulwe ingqalelo sagas Icelandic. Rusichi (igama abantu) belusoloko, ukuba embindini ingqalelo, abathathi-nxaxheba ngokupheleleyo iziganeko. Ekhankanywa rhoqo imisebenzi ilizwe Russian, kwindawo apho kukho enye okanye elinye ibali. Umzekelo, "Le Saga abahambi ngeenyawo Hrolve" ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14, isenzo uhamba ku Ladoga, apho uTshawe utshata intombi kaKumkani ogqiba kwaye uba umlawuli balwa. Phela, kule tale ngayo iyelenqe efana kakhulu ilivo adumileyo Oleg Wise (ibali amanene kunye nehashe lakhe). Oku kungqina kwakhona ukuba ukufutshane kangakanani ukuba uqhagamshelana yenkcubeko phakathi kwezizwe ezimbini.

Apha kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba "hrings eymundar þáttr" odumileyo kwakhona iqulethe ulwazi malunga ngembali Old Russian. Isixelela ngendlela ophambili, konung ifika inkonzo Prince Yaroslav waza wangena nenkonzo yakhe. Yena uthatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko kwezopolitiko zaloo ixesha ezinxulumene nomzabalazo igunya yomphathi. Ngenxa yoko, i-Icelandic Viking Saga Northern Russia ngowona mthombo umdla olongezelelweyo kwimbali yelizwe lethu.

S. Sturluson

Lo umbhali lokuqala kunye umqokeleli zakudala Icelandic zisekhona iindaba. Scientist nokubutha iintsomi, imihobe, mhlawumbi, yaba ezimbini elikhuli zoncwadi Icelandic: a uhlobo textbook imibongo skaldic nengqokelela sagas. Ngenxa yokuba le ndoda banombono eneenkcukacha oko okuthathwa lakudala. Akazange mabangapheleli ngokwakhe ngokubalisa kwakhona kunye nokuqhubela phambili imisebenzi esele zenziwe, kodwa wabhala ibali abantu bakhe kwimeko iziganeko baseYurophu, ukususela maxesha amandulo. yomlando Icelandic yasebukhosini eMpuma Yurophu wombhali lwayo - izinto ezixabisekileyo phezu kwendawo kunye nendawo amagama kule ngingqi.

Kwisincoko sakhe, kukho ezinye iinkcukacha malunga nokuxubana. Wazama ukuchaza izixhobo kwinqanaba phantse yenzululwazi kunye namacebo yemibongo yaseScandinavia yi umzekelo ezaqanjwa yakhe. Oku kunika isalathisi ngeendlela lungelelanisa kweelwimi kunye nokudala amabali. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi wakhe - eli UPawulos ixesha elikhulu iincwadi Old Icelandic.

reviews

Ngokubanzi, iimbono sagas Icelandic esihle kakhulu. Kubafundi kunye nabasebenzisi zithi umdla aqhelane nobomi kunye neenkqubo zentlalo abantu bamandulo. Bakhomba kwakhona phandle ukuba ubudlelwane ilula kakhulu kwabantu yatshintshelwa kula mabali, nto leyo enika likhubalo eyodwa ebalini. Noko ke, abanye abafundi baya ambonise ukuba ulwimi sagas kakhulu owomileyo yaye obungabangeli mdla, ukuba amagama amaninzi kakhulu, abalinganiswa kunye nabadlali oko kungenza kakhulu imbono ibali liphela. Noko ke, abasebenzisi abaninzi bayacetyiswa ukuba uqiniseke ukuba bafunde ubuncinane nabani ezithile sagas abanomdla Russian yamandulo (hayi kuphela) kunye yemihla kwimbali ephakathi.