Rusyn ulwimi: iimpawu kunye nokubekwa nezendawo

Rusyn ulwimi - iqela lonke iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo namaqhalo, phakathi Rusyns yobuhlanga, owayehlala Ukraine kwi Carpathians, kwimpuma Slovakia kunye Poland emzantsi-mpuma. Kwakhona, abameli abantu abahlala kwezinye iindawo Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, kwaye nkqu Canada nase-United States.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha zethu, ngokutsho amanani, inani Rusyns imalunga omnye kunye nabantu nesiqingatha sesigidi. Rusyn ulwimi efanayo Russian, Ukrainian kunye Belarusian, ekubeni libhekisela kwiqela zolwimi olufanayo.

nemibono ngeelwimi

Lo ulwimi olunye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni Vojvodina - yephondo abazilawulayo Serbia xa emantla weDanube. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho ukuvumelana malunga nokuba sithi i Rusyn lulwimi oluzimeleyo. ngeelwimi Ukrainian, Noko ke, njengoko abasemagunyeni angagqali Rusyns njengeqela eyahlukileyo uhlanga, bewagqala njengoko amaqela ngenkcazo of Ukraine ngolwimi lwabo - nesi Ukrainian. Noko ke, akunjalo kungekudala kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngowama-2012, oko yamkela isigqibo, ekuthi ngawo Ruthenian yaba ulwimi kwezizwe encinane Ukraine.

Kakade ke, iilwimi ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo ezikhoyo kummandla omnye ilizwe, uya kuba efanayo. Oku ke kuqhelekile. Le ngaphandle ayikho, kunye nolwimi Ruthenian. Uluhlu kuyo, kunjalo, ukuya kakhulu kakhulu ngaphezu Ukrainian, tserkovnoslavyanizmy kuhluthiswa. A isici esasenza nto phambi Polonism, slovakizmov, Germanism kunye madyarizmov. izinto ezininzi lungelelanisa ye-Hungarian bafudukela ulwimi Ruthenian.

Imbali ukubambana

Ngowe-19 kwinkulungwane ye-20 ukuya kweli kuluntu Ruthenian zenkcubeko kugcwele kwezinto ezintathu. Njengoko ulwimi uncwadi yaphakanyiswa ukwazisa Russian Russophile, Ukrainophiles, ngokulandelelanayo, Ukrainian. Iqela lesithathu yabamba iinzame zoncwadi Rusin imfundo ngolwimi.

Ebudeni beminyaka yemfazwe Podkarpacie ibiphantsi umsebenzi Hungarian, kunye Subcarpathian Society of Sciences idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko lommandla. Kunyaka wokuqala imfazwe yanyatheliswa "Igrama ulwimi Ruthenian", umbhali ogama uGqr Ivan Garayda - utitshala, umguquleli, umpapashi, ngeelwimi kunye notitshala. Yaba nguye lowo kudala Ruthenian zoncwadi Subcarpathian. Kulo ulwimi, kule minyaka izayo kwingingqi yapapashwa iimagazini, amaphephandaba kunye neencwadi.

ulwimi komthetho

Nangona sokuba kwixesha post-imfazwe Podkarpacie ulwimi ngamandla kulinywa zoncwadi Ukrainian, ayizange ukubamba kwi phakathi Rusyns. Ngaphezu koko, uphuhliso lokubhala Ukrainian phonetic iye kubantu abaninzi ingxaki enkulu, ngokunxulumene apho kusekho Rusyns ezininzi Transcarpathian awazigqali ukuba Ukraine.

Phezu kwayo yonke le nto, emva kwemfazwe igosa Transcarpathia oko Ukrainian kuphela, nangona Vojvodina Ruthenian zoncwadi samkelwa emva yamashumi, kwaye igrama yokuqala yakhululwa ngo-1923.

It nangoku kwasekwa ulwimi lelifana Ruthenian. Umguquleli sokuqonda iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo akufunekanga kufuneka - a uyilo efanayo yetekisi nokuba bengakuqondi nokuthetha ulwimi (ngokuxhomekeke ulwazi kwezinye Eastern Slavic, Russian umzekelo), kodwa oku Akwanelanga ukuba imbono epheleleyo umsebenzi wokubhala.

The main nezendawo

Kwingingqi Transcarpathian Ukraine, yaye inxalenye kummandla Prešov emntla-mpuma iSlovakia, babizwa ngokuba iziyelelane eqhelekileyo Subcarpathian Rusyn, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ukuba nohlulwe Verkhovynsky kunye dolinyanskie. Dolinyansky bamoya kwi kwintshona (lematsky) ntshona (lishatsky okanye maramoroshsky). Lematsky lwesigodi olulodwa kwi ngasentshonalanga Slovakia emntla-mpuma. On lwesigodi lishatskom uthethe Rusyns abahlala kummandla Teresva Valley empumalanga ukuya entshona entilini Rica.

Ngo Transcarpathia e Volovets kunye neendawo Mizhgirya zisasazwe Verkhovyna lwaso, nto leyo into phakathi dolinyanskim boykovskim.

Lemko lwesigodi kukho ngoku eSlovakia kwicala elingasezantsi Carpathians. Ezinye Lemko Bazibona Ukraine ngolwimi lwabo - lwesigodi Ukrainian. Enye inxalenye kuchonga ngokwalo njengesizwe eyahlukileyo.

iimpawu

ulwimi Ruthenian, imbali yayo engaqhelekanga kakhulu ngembonakalo, wendele abaninzi bokuqonda, uphawu iziyelelane eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo emdeni.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini lwezikhamiso kunye e, leyo iqatshelwe ulwimi lwamandulo, yaye inkoliso neziyelelane wasentla. In podkarpatorusinskom "e" libizwa ngendlela efanayo in Russian, ukuba emva kwaso kukho ngezandi nzima (Nebo, entla, derevo), kodwa ukuba izikhamiso efanayo lijongene wathamba utshintsho umlinganiswa isandi esingunombini. Language in your wayo likufutshane ngaphambili zezulu, Nomlomo wakhe waneka sinjengesandi "kunye". Okwangoku ombane kuhambisana ulwimi, yaye lwesikhamiso "e" liba lalila ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, isandi iqinisiwe, emxinwa, njengoko igama German kubona.

Kwakhona ezahlukeneyo ezimbini pronunciation unokuba isandi "o". Kulo version eziqhelekileyo, kuba akukho kwahluka kwi "o" Russian okanye Czech, kodwa phambi kokuba amaqabane athambileyo libizwa kunye imilebe ezongeziweyo, Uyenze umnqamlezo phakathi "o" yaye "u".
amaqabane Labial "p", "b", "c", "m" kwi podkarpatorusinskom ndilithethile unciphiso, ukuba ufuna ethambileyo ezichazwe ngentla emva kwabo "kwi". izikhamiso zamazinyo "t", "d", "n" phambi izikhamiso ayenziwanga zingathomalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa semi-soft, kodwa 'c' yaye "z" zithambe.

nezinye imisindo

Ekubeni labial "kwi" yokubiza uthambile, oko ngokuthe ngcembe yaye wanyamalala ngokuphelele. Zonke iziyelelane zeCarpath igama elithi "ngcwele" kuthiwa 'syaty "kwintshona yaye" syaty "phakathi iqela kwimpuma neziyelelane.

Kodwa yiloo isandi "s" igcinwe yodwa ingadityaniswa i "and". Ukususela nezendawo podkarpatorusinsky Ukrainian pronunciation ezahlukeneyo amagama aphela ngo "ayu", umzekelo: "Dawa" endaweni 'ukupha "yaye" znav "endaweni" uyazi "kwi umntu wesithathu ulawulo isininzi igcinwa (Davut, znavut).

Nazi ezinye iimpawu ethile Ruthenian: abhalwe amanqaku (olayiti, doyiti), ubukho zvuga T ', ukuhlanganiswa ekhethekileyo loonobumba "LN" (eliphezulu, yesithathu). izimelabizo Vovratnye kule zolwimi impahla usebenzisa amasuntswana "xia", nto leyo idityaniswe emva kokuba izimelabizo (nai Id us bencumile umva). Ezi iimpawu eziphambili ezahlula ulwimi Ruthenian.

History of ingqalelo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, Subcarpathia waxineka yi-Hungarians, yaye ngowe-1939 ulwimi Ruthenian oxhaswa ngurhulumente umsebenzi. Ayekholelwa Ruthenian madyaronov Russified Hungarians. Eli xesha na kubizwa ukuya elithile nokugqama ulwimi Ruthenian: Ukupapashwa "igrama yolwimi Ruthenian", epapashwe iincwadi, amaphephandaba eziprintiweyo kunye neemagazini. Noko ke, ngo-1944 kukho unxulumano Pidkarpatiya SSR kunye norhulumente waseSoviet sinqanda imisebenzi yenkcubeko kunye nezemfundo ezibe Rusyns. Baphawula kuphela iqela elincinane uhlanga eUkraine, kunye nolwimi lwabo - lwesigodi, nangona e eYugoslavia Rusyns awayexatyiswa ngokusesikweni ngabantu eyahlukileyo.

Land of the Amaqumrhu

Kuphela ngo-1991, emva ukuwa yobukomanisi, amazwe eziyinxalenye waseUSSR, ngokuthe ngcembe wayibona Rusyns njengabantu. E Poland, iSlovakia, Hungary, i-Czech Republic, Romania naseRashiya Ruthenian baxhaswe endle kwezenkcubeko nezemfundo, kunye neminyaka engaphezu kwama amabini ka Rusyns yabona Ukraine.

Loo nto inika umdla elithi "Ruthenian" iyaziwa ixesha elide. Nokuba kwi Chronicle kulo ethnonym enabizelwa abantu abahlala eRashiya. Igama izihlandlo ezisixhenxe umnqophiso phakathi Oleg namaGrike, ukuthandana 911g. Ukususela 13 kwinkulungwane ye-18 ukuze ngokuba Ukraine Belarusians. E Lithuania and Poland, lo gama Rusyns kubiza naliphi na umhlali abathi kobuOthodoki wathetha phezu kwezinye ulwimi East Slavic okanye ukubetha kolwimi (izibonda kwaye Lithuanians eyayigcwele namaKatolika).

De 1945 kwakungekho "rusinsky" izichazi, endaweni wasebenzisa "Ruska" (kungoko igama ethi 'The Igrama ulwimi Ruthenian "). Emva kwemfazwe, igama elithi "Ruska" fumene intsingiselo 'Russian ", apho kubonakala Ruthenian oluthethwayo kunye noncwadi.

Ekufundweni Ruthenian

Le lwakudala umdla ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kutsala umdla. Kukho iingoma ezininzi nangoku iculwa Rusyns ngolwimi lwabo lwenkobe, ukuze, kuba ukubala, ungalawula kubo. Nayiphi medium ulwimi East Slavic ayikho kunzima ukufunda ulwimi Ruthenian. Uncedo Self ingafunyanwa kwi kwimithombo inkcazelo efanelekileyo, kodwa ngaphezu ukunceda uluntu social networks eyayinikelwe Ruthenian, leyo ukunxibelelana ngqo nezithethi lweenkobe, kwaye ufunde kubo.

Ukongeza, ukuthatha uhambo, umele uchithe ixesha elithile kwindawo apho bathetha Rusyn. Oku kuya kunika isiqalo ngokukhawuleza ekufundeni ulwimi, uya kwenza ukwetyisa iimpawu phonetic. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uthabathe uqeqesho, kuyimfuneko ukumisela lwesigodi nangoku ayikho i Ruthenian eqhelekileyo zoncwadi.