Ukubunjwa, Imfundo Secondary nezikolo
Reaction: nezibonelo ifomula
indlela exchange, endaweni, iikhompawundi yokubola kuxoxwa kwikharityhulam khosi. Sihlalutya iimpawu ngamnye uhlobo langoku imizekelo kwintsebenziswano.
le nkcazelo
Yintoni indlela compound, nemizekelo apho kumaziko emfundo kuthathwa inyathelo lokuqala zoqeqesho? Okokuqala, siphawula ukuba igama elithi "indlela yamachiza" chemistry kugqalwa sesibini ibalulekileyo.
Kweli hlabathi lethu, basabela uqhagamshelo ukwenzeka yonke ngomzuzu, nto leyo zibalo bayazazi kuthi, kodwa lwazo musa nokuba ucinga.
Umzekelo, kumalungiselelo nezihlwahlwazayo, ukutshiswa zokubasa - imizekelo imifuziselo abasabela ezimbaxa.
Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufumana iimveliso kunye sisincoko ethile qualitative yokuqhubekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani zemichiza ukuqala.
Iimpawu ekudibaneni kwemichiza
Nayiphi na inkqubo, kubandakanywa indlela eekhemikhali compound kunye iimpawu ezithile:
- isidoda ukukhanya okanye ubushushu;
- kutshintsha umbala yezisombululo;
- Ukukhethwa kwezinto sukube;
- imbonakalo zinuke bokuhlala;
- ekumisweni okanye kwezulu.
Izimo reaction
Kuxhomekeka iimpawu ubume loqobo nelomyinge Imichiza le yokusabela ukuqhubeka kwi iimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo, uhlobo intsebenziswano 2CA + O 2 = 2CaO (quicklime) ingeniso ngaphandle ubushushu, kulandele kwakhululwa umyinge obonakalayo ngamandla obushushu.
Indlela asabela uqhagamshelo kwicandelo? Zibalo iinkqubo ezinjalo zibandakanya ukubhala ekhohlo izinto ukuqala, kwaye kwicala lasekunene nto ndiyibhalayo imveliso reaction.
4Na + O 2 = 2Na 2 O
iinkqubo ezinjalo lokuba nezinto eziphilayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusabela esemgangathweni ukuya unsaturation (ubukho iibhondi ezininzi) na umbandela yokuqala ka igcwala indlela potassium permanganate.
Ukutshiswa kweenkuni
Le nkqubo iqhutywa ngokuvumelana lenxaki:
C + O 2 = CO 2
Lo ngumbala obabuthandwa ezimbaxa, imizekelo apho sele inikwe ngentla. Yintoni eyona kule nkqubo? Ngokuhlanganisa kweenkuni oksijini emoyeni, ukuyilwa iimolekyuli carbon dioxide. Le nkqubo sikhatshwa ukuyilwa molekyuli ezintsha uqhagamshelwano kunxibelelwano imbaxa ukusabela exothermic.
Ngaba unxibelelwano phakathi izinto ezintsonkothileyo Njhani? Imizekelo yokuxhulumana zizinto ezilula sele kukhe kwatshiwo ngentla apha, kodwa olu hlobo uphawu izinto ezintsonkothileyo. A ngobuwena eqhelekileyo lwale ntsebenziswano nga kuthathwa basabela slaking.
Cao + H2O = Ca (OH) 2
Le nkqubo kwakhona sikhatshwe isixa esikhulu wamandla thermal. Phakathi iimpawu ezithile yale nkqubo, siphawula spontaneity yakhe.
ngezigaba
Ngokutsho ukwakhiwa izixhobo ukuqala kunye iimveliso zisabela iikhompawundi wakhululwa reaction, ukonakala, endaweni exchange. Qwalasela le mizekelo yayo, kunye inkcazelo iinkqubo ezinjalo.
Ukufakwa kwe - indawo yinxalenye athom izinto ezilula nezixandileyo ezimbaxa.
Connection - inkqubo yokudibanisa izinto ezininzi ezilula okanye ezimbaxa zibe enye ngaphezulu. Imizekelo yezi nkqubo inokubangelwa chemistry ezingaphiliyo organic.
2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O
Le nkqubo lwenzeka kunye kwakhululwa umyinge obonakalayo ubushushu, ngoko ke dubulo kunokwenzeka.
C 2 H 4 + H 2 = C 2 H 6
On odlulayo ethylene ngokusebenzisa hydrogen, kukho uqhekeko ye iqhina kabini, ukuyilwa kumda (befumile) hydrocarbon.
Siqala - zezo ekudibaneni kwemichiza avelisa izinto ezininzi kokuba sisincoko elula qualitative kwaye ubungakanani inamehlo ezintsonkothileyo.
Ukusabela ion exchange kunye - ezi nkqubo zisenzeka ezintsonkothileyo phakathi izinto ezibangela ngokutshintshiselana ezinokuzuzwa.
Kukho iimeko flow ezintathu nkqubo: zazivelela igesi, imvula, ukubunjwa kweziyobisi malodissotsiiruemogo.
Le yokusabela kuthiwa esterification, njengoko imveliso indlela yokugqibela yi Ester. iimeko Inkqubo kwicala phambili kokukhutshelwa indlela umxube wamandla sulphuric acid.
Kukwahlukana isimo ukulinganiswa kwezinto lokunxibelelana
Zonke iinkqubo yemichiza zihlelwe ngokusekelwe kwi ukuzisebenzela kweesoftwe yohlobo olunye kunye owahlukeneyo. Kwimeko nimlahle izinto zokuqala kwaye iimveliso indlela zikwimeko of udibaniso, kwaye evumelekileyo iintlobo ngeentlobo imeko ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo, inkqubo yohlobo olunye iya kuba indlela ilandelayo:
H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) = 2HCl (gas)
Njengoko asabela owahlukeneyo nga qwalasela lo mzekelo ulandelayo:
Cao (tv) + H 2 Owu (g) = Ca (OH) 2 (aq)
Ukususela utshintsho igcwala karhulumente
Reaction of a compound ogama ifomula lanikwa ngentla (ukuyilwa amanzi izinto ezilula) yinkqubo redox. Kakuhle eli inkqubo kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba kukho ulwamkelo kunye nokubuyiswa electron.
Phakathi iikhompawundi ze abasabela zikhona iinkqubo ezo ezingahambi lutshintsho benozuko igcwala, ngamanye azikho OVR:
Cao + H2O = Ca (OH) 2
Ngu nohlobo lokuhamba
Kuxhomekeka ingaba le nkqubo nga phambili kwicala phambili okanye indlela ithatha indawo kwicala esahlukileyo, chemistry bodwa intsebenziswano vuhlayiseki kunye ingathityazwa.
Umzekelo, indlela ezisemgangathweni kwi-oganikhi khompawundi ayibuyiseki umva, ekubeni ekhokelela kuseko wenkqu ezingenakunyibilika okanye sukube. Umzekelo sokungamelani onjalo umgangatho impefumlelwano i "esipilini siliva", leyo yindlela esemgangathweni sisiqinisekiso ngomxube aldehydes.
embodiments eyongezelelweyo engumzekelo reactions ingathityazwa leyo ukuqhubeka kumacala amabini azikhethe malungana, phawula indlela esterification:
CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3
Ngokusetyenziswa kuvala
Kwezinye iimeko, umntu namafutha (kuvala) kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukwenzela ukuya imichiza. Umzekelo impefumlelwano inkqubo zokuphosa yokubola hydrogen peroxide.
Iimpawu ukudlulisa OVR
Phakathi kwemiba ukuba ngokufuthi kukhokelela nobunzima ebantwaneni isikolo yokubekwa okuza kwi indlela usebenzisa indlela balance elektroniki. Okokuqala, kukho imigaqo ethile njengoko apho sikwazi iqondo igcwala nezinto ngamnye kweziyobisi ngamnye.
Kungakhathaliseki nokuba izinto ezilula okanye ezimbaxa ukuphathwa, isixa-mali salo siya kuba zero.
Inyathelo elilandelayo ukuze ukhethe imichiza ngamnye okanye izinto ziye zatshintsha ixabiso iqondo igcwala. Bona alahlwa ngokwahlukeneyo, ebonisa iimpawu "dibanisa" okanye "thabatha" inani elektroni ezifunyenweyo okanye unikezele.
Phakathi kwezi manani elona nani lincinane, leyo xa lahlulwe ngenani elektroni ezifunyenweyo, akrozise uza kulungiswa integers.
La manani okuza stereochemical, amalungiselelo kwinkqubo ecetywayo equation. Kwibakala ebalulekileyo kuhlahlelwa indlela redox lo Ukumisela oxidant kunye reductant, nokurekhodwa iinkqubo. Njengoko arhente nokunciphisa ikhethiwe ezo athom okanye ion, nto leyo ngethuba yentsebenziswano layo linyuke iqondo igcwala, lo oxidant, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuncitshiswa kwe parameter isici.
Cebisa Ngaba le algorithm, ezinye utshintsho Organic Chemistry? Reaction of a compound ngokutshintshwa yokubola kwemali ukutshintsha igcwala ithi, uthathwa algorithm efanayo.
Kukho iinkalo ezithile kwilungiselelo le izidanga ze igcwala ye-oganikhi khompawundi, kodwa bawadibanise kufuneka kwakhona ibe zero.
Kuxhomekeke iyitshintsha njani igcwala, chonga iintlobo ezininzi ekudibaneni kwemichiza:
- disproportionation - ngenxa utshintsho igcwala ithi enye leyo nto ecaleni enkulu ezincinane;
- kontrproportsionirovanie - kubandakanya ngokuhlanganisa arhente ekunciphiseni arhente oxidizing, apho ukwakhiwa loo nto, kodwa kumanqanaba igcwala ahlukeneyo.
isiphelo
Njengoko kwisigqibo encinane, siphawula ukuba intsebenziswano kwezinto omnye komnye kwenzeka kuzo litshintsha, zinguquko. Indlela abasabela chemical ke ukuguqulwa reactants enye okanye ngaphezulu kwiimveliso kokuba ubume ezahlukeneyo ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani.
Ukuba utshintshwano zenyukliya waqaphela utshintsho kuhlanganiselo nuclei atomic, kwimeko ekudibaneni kwemichiza ukuba nje kukho nokunikezelwa nuclei kunye elektroni, ekhokelela inkangeleko iikhompawundi ezintsha.
I-SAPS kufuneka sikhatshwe kukhululwe ukukhanya, ubushushu, ukwenzeka, ivumba, imvula, ukwakheka kwezinto sukube.
Kukho iinketho ezininzi sokuhlelwa leendibano eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi ixhaphake kakhulu ukuba olu tshintsho kufuneka kuchazwe igcwala, chaza udibaniso, ukuyilungisa ukuhamba, indlela zenkqubo, ukusetyenziswa kuvala (inhibitor).
reactions yamachiza isiseko kuphela kwemveliso yoshishino, kodwa kananjalo isiseko yobomi. Ngaphandle iinkqubo pathways ezenzeka eziphilayo ubukho wakhe iya kuba nzima.
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