Physics: basic concepts, neefomyula, imithetho. Imithetho ezisisiseko physics, ukuba umntu ufuna ukwazi

Inzala kwihlabathi ngaphandle kunye nemithetho yayo eminye kunye nophuhliso yendalo ezichanekileyo. Ngoko ke kusengqiqweni ukuba banikele ingqalelo iinzululwazi zendalo, ezifana physics, nto leyo echaza ngoyena ndoqo nokusekwa kunye nasekusungulweni iphela. imithetho ezisisiseko physics kulula ukuyiqonda. Sele kwiziKolo eselula kakhulu wazisa abantwana nale migaqo.

Kuba baninzi, le inzululwazi luqala kwincwadi "Physics (Grade 7)." nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye nemithetho yokulungisa kunye obizwa zivuleleke kubafundi, baye baziswa engundoqo imithetho eziphambili yemvelo. Kodwa ukuba ulwazi maluphelele iintsuku zesikolo? Yiyiphi imithetho emzimbeni kufuneka wazi wonke? Oku kuya kuxutyushwa kamva kweli nqaku.

physics Science

bokuqonda abaninzi echazwe inzululwazi bayazazi zonke ukuqalela kwimfundo yabantwana yasekuqaleni. Kwaye oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba, eneneni, yemvelo yenye yeendawo yenzululwazi. Isixelela malunga nemithetho yendalo, isiphumo apho unefuthe ubomi bonke, nangeendlela ezininzi Uze naye malunga iimpawu mba, isakhiwo sayo kunye imithetho yokuhamba.

Igama elithi "physics" yabhalwa kuqala Aristotle kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesine. Ekuqaleni, oko nelithi "bulumko" ingqiqo. Ngapha koko, zombini nezesayensi injongo efanayo - ukuchaza kakuhle zonke ezisebenza nokusebenza iphela. Kodwa ngenkulungwane yeshumi ngenxa ye revolution ye physics lwenzululwazi waba elizimeleyo.

mthetho jikelele

Eminye imithetho esisiseko of physics isicelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Ngaphandle kwabo kukho ezinye nto ithathwa ziqhelekile yonke wendalo. Sithetha malunga nokulondolozwa kwamandla kunye nomthetho ukuguqulwa.

Libonisa ukuba amandla nganye kwenkqubo evaliweyo ngexesha ukuhamba nesenzeko zonke ngokuyimfuneko igcinwe. Noko ke, oko kuguqulwa ngolunye uhlobo kwaye ukutshintsha isiqulatho lwabo oluninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zale nkqubo yathi ngempumelelo. Ngelo xesha linye kwinkqubo evulekileyo, amandla kunciphisa namandla okwandayo, ngaphandle onke amaqumrhu kunye namasimi ezisebenzisana ngayo.

Ukongeza kule siseko jikelele ngasentla, physics iqulethe nezimaphambili ezingundoqo, neefomyula, imithetho eziyimfuneko ukuze utoliko kwiinkqubo ezenzeka ehlabathini ezingqongileyo. ukufunda yabo kuba ngamava umdla kakhulu. Ngoko ke, eli nqaku liza kuphonononga ngokufutshane imithetho esisiseko yemvelo, nokuba ukubaqonda nzulu, kubalulekile ukuba abanike ingqalelo epheleleyo.

nobuchwepheshe

Vula zesayensi abaselula, imithetho emininzi ezisisiseko iiklasi zesikolo physics 7-9, apho wafunda ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi eli sebe lenzululwazi, njengoko oomatshini. imigaqo yalo engundoqo zichazwe apha ngezantsi.

1. UkwangowaseGalili kwezinto Act (njengoko kubhaliwe ngokuba imithetho ngomatshini ka, okanye isiseko ubucukubhede yamandulo). Kakuhle eli umgaqo kuxhomekeke yokuba kwiimeko ezifanayo iinkqubo lomatshini zonke iinkqubo reference inertial ziyafana.
2. umthetho Hooke kaThixo. umongo wayo kukuba liba likhulu nefuthe kwi umzimba ilastiki (komnyaka, intonga, console, nomqadi) evela ngaphandle, kokukhona ke deformation wayo.

Imithetho Newton (ukumela basis ubucukubhede classical):

1. Umgaqo inertia ithi ukuba naliphi na iqumrhu kunokuba ube ukuphumla okanye isindululo efanayo kumgca othe ngqo kuphela xa kungekho umzimba enye nangayiphi na indlela kuchaphazele kuyo, okanye ukuba ngaba nangayiphi na indlela bavale isiphumo kwenye nenye. Ukutshintsha isantya intshukumo, ukuze umzimba kuyimfuneko ukwenza kunye athile, kwaye ke ingxelo ngayo ulingane nomkhosi kwi ngokobukhulu ezahlukeneyo nazo ziya kwahluka.
2. okuhambisa ipatheni Ekhaya ithi ukuba mkhulu imikhosi isiphumo ukuba okwangoku senze kwi umzimba wona, kokukhona wafumana lunikezelo. Kwaye, oko, kokukhona ubunzima, inowuthi rate.
3. umthetho wesithathu Newton lithi naziphi izidumbu ezimbini basoloko Ngokusebenza olunye umzekelo afanayo: imikhosi zabo uhlobo olufanayo, alingana ngobukhulu kwaye uqiniseke ukuba icala ngapha komgca othe ngqo, edityaniswe umzimba.
4. Umgaqo ka ithi zonke izenzakalo ezithe zenzeka kwi iimeko ezifanayo iinkqubo reference inertial, ngaba indlela twatse ngokupheleleyo.

obizwa

iincwadi School, evula abafundi imithetho ezisisiseko ( "Physics. Grade 7"), kwaye lazisa ukuba kwiziseko obizwa. imigaqo yalo siye sithethe ngezantsi.

Imithetho obizwa ukuba ezisisiseko kulo lenzululwazi, abantu jikelele ngokwendalo kwaye ezinxulumene nesakhiwo iinkcukacha iziyobisi ezithile kwinqanaba atomic. Hi ndlela leyi, le migaqo zibalulekile nje kuphela physics kodwa chemistry, ibhayoloji, aerospace, njalo-njalo. D.

Umzekelo, kumacandelo ngasentla, akukho efanele kwinkcaza ubhalo rule ukuba sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, okusingqongileyo lwangaphandle aliguqukanga ngokuhamba kwexesha lizama karhulumente. Kwaye iinkqubo behamba ngayo, njalo rhoxisa bodwa.

Enye mthetho obizwa kungqina utyekelo kwenkqubo equka inani elikhulu amasuntswana ngentshukumo random, baluyeke self okuba kwiimo inkqubo ithuba ngakumbi.

Umthetho Gay Lussac (ekwabizwa ngokuba uMthetho Gas) ithi ukuba kukho ubunzima obuthile serhasi ngenxa xi ezinzileyo yokwahlula umthamo walo lobushushu elililo ngokuyimfuneko uba rhoqo.

Enye ulawulo ebalulekileyo shishino - umthetho wokuqala obizwa, ekwabizwa ngokuba siseko yolondolozo nenguqu amandla inkqubo thermodynamic. Ngokutsho oku, nasiphi na isixa ubushushu, esele ingxelo kule nkqubo, ziya kusetyenziselwa kuphela ayaguquka amandla yayo yangaphakathi kwaye umsebenzi ngayo ngokuphathelele semikhosi angaphandle olibambela. Yiyo le ipateni ube isiseko nokusekwa nokusebenza yesiphaluka oomatshini thermal.

Okunye umthetho igesi - ngowona mthetho ka Charles. Uyatsho ukuba mkhulu xi ubunzima ethile yegesi efanelekileyo ngexesha ilondoloza umthamo rhoqo, kungona iqondo layo.

ugesi

Kuvula izazinzulu abaselula umdla imithetho-10 ezisisiseko kweklasi physics yesikolo. Ngeli xesha, sifunda imigaqo esisiseko yemithetho yendalo kunye intshukumo ye umbane, kwakunye nezinye iinkcukacha.

UMthetho Ampere kaThixo, umzekelo, ithi izinikezeli enxulumene ngaxeshanye, apho ukungena nokuphuma zangoku kwicala elinye, ekugqibeleni umtsalane, yaye kwimeko icala lwangoku, ngokulandelelana, ukuba aqale. Maxa wambi igama elifanayo isetyenziselwa umthetho wendalo egqiba mandla lenze lo mhlaba otsalayo ekhoyo kwi candelo encinane umqhubi kungoku nje liqhuba yangoku. ibizwa - Ampere amandla. Le lokufumanisa yenziwa izazinzulu kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba (oko kukuthi ngowe-1820).

Umthetho yolondolozo kwentlawulo yenye imigaqo esisiseko wendalo. Uthi ukuba isixa aljibra zonke iintlawulo zombane ezivela nayiphi na inkqubo ngombane zodwa, usinde (kuba njalo). Ngaphandle koku, ngokuba lo mgaqo akukhethi ukwenzeka kweenkqubo ezinjalo amasuntswana amatsha icala ngenxa ukuvuza ezinye iinkqubo. Noko ke, intlawulo ngokubanzi zombane ze amasuntswana elalisandul 'ukusekwa kufuneka nakanjani ukuba uziro.

umthetho Coulomb kaThixo yenye ayintloko electrostatics. Siveza umgaqo amandla intsebenziswano phakathi izityholo ngongoma zokubhala kwaye acacise ukubala ubungakanani umgama phakathi kwabo. umthetho Coulomb kaThixo kusenza ukuba kuvunwe siseko engundoqo electrodynamics ndlela zovavanyo. Uyatsho ukuba izityholo indawo esisigxina ngokuyimfuneko ukusebenzisana amandla leyo ingaphezulu inkulu imveliso magnitudes zabo, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba incinane ukuba encinane isikweri umgama phakathi kwezi iintlawulo kunye ke permittivity kwe esingqongileyo apho kwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisana ezichazwe.

umthetho Ohm yenye imigaqo esisiseko lombane. Uyatsho ukuba mkhulu amandla elibambeleyo ombane asisigxina inxalenye ethile umxokelelwane, kokukhona le ombane emiphethweni yayo.

"Rule isandla Ekunene" kuthiwa umgaqo leyo yenza ukuba ukumisela indlela ngoku umqhubi ihamba baziswa Imagnethi ngendlela ethile. Ukuze wenze oku, beka isandla sokunene ukuze ukuba indlela ngemagnethi elichaphazelekayo lwakhokela entendeni evulekileyo kunye nobhontsi kwicala wire ezotyhalo kwezithuthi. Kulo mzekelo, ezinye ezine iminwe nkqo amisele ulwalathiso intshukumo wayenga lwangoku.

Kwakhona lo mgaqo kuyanceda ukufumana phandle i indawo ngqo ze imigca otsalayo induction yomgama Umqhubi oqhuba zangoku kwi mzuzu. Kuyenzeka ngolu hlobo: ubeke ubhontsi wakho lasekunene ukwenzela ukuba salatha ulwalathiso yangoku, kunye nezinye ezine iminwe baqonde ngokomfanekiso umqhubi. Indawo kwezi nezikhonkwane kwaye ubonise kwicala ngqo wezintlu ngemagnethi obhobhozayo.

Umgaqo yoqheliso magnetic ngumzekelo echaza ukusebenza inkqubo le abaguquli, umbane, Motors. Lo mthetho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwisiphaluka evaliweyo eveliswa yi amandla electromotive ye uqhelwaniso omkhulu, kokukhona izinga utshintsho ngobhobhozo ngemagnethi.

yokukhanya

Branch "Optics" kwaye ibonisa yinxalenye yekharityhulam yesikolo (imithetho ezisisiseko physics: 7-9). Ngoko ke, le migaqo akukho kunzima kangaka ukuyiqonda njengoko kusenokubonakala xa efika kuqala. isifundo lwawo nayo ukwazi nje okungakumbi, kodwa ukuqonda ngcono leyinene. Imithetho ezisisiseko physics, leyo kunganxulunyaniswa entsimini ngokukhanya, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Gyuynesa umgaqo. It is a indlela enokuthi ngempumelelo ukuchonga indawo nganye ezithile ngaphambili yesibini yangoku ngumtshangatshangiso. umongo wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: zonke iingongoma endleleni lencinibakazi ngaphambili ngesekhondi ezithile owesibini, enyanisweni, bona yimithombo Amaza ungqukuva (eziziisekondari), ngelixa ukubekwa lencinibakazi ngaphambili kwi ukwahlulwa enye yesibini efanayo kumphezulu leyo encircles onke amaza ungqukuva (eziziisekondari). Lo mgaqo uya kusetyenziselwa ukucacisa imithetho ekhoyo enxulumene refraction yokukhanya kunye ukubonakaliswa kwayo.
2. Huygens-Fresnel Umgaqo ibonisa indlela ephumelelayo ekusombululeni imiba enxulumene andise otshangatshangiswayo. Kuyanceda ukuba achaze iingxaki ezisisiseko enxulumene diffraction lokukhanya.
3. Umthetho ka ku vangama ka ngamaza. Usebenza ngokulinganayo nomfanekiso esipilini. umongo wayo kukuba bobabini umqadi tsala-phantsi kunye leyo ethe yabonisa ngokucacileyo yaze nkqo ezakhiwe kwinqanaba izehlo zifumaneka-moya enye. Kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule ukuba kule meko engile apho umqadi isehlo usoloko ngokulinganayo ngokupheleleyo le engela refraction.
4. Umgaqo refraction ukukhanya. Olu tshintsho kwi indlela ye kagesi otshangatshangiswayo andise (ukukhanya) ngexesha ukuhamba kwakhe koneshologu bomzi omnye, nto leyo yahluke kakhulu ukusuka kumqolo wokuqala indices zokunganyangeki. Isantya andise abanasifingo kuyahluka.
5. Umthetho andise rectilinear sokukhanya. Enkabeni yalo, kube ngumthetho enxulumene entsimini ngokukhanya zejometri, yaye imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuyo nayiphi eliphakathi yohlobo olunye (nokuba uhlobo wayo) ukukhanya Ukhuthaza ngokungqongqo kumgca othe ngqo, umgama imfutshane. Lo mthetho elula kwaye acacise ukuyilwa izithunzi.

Atomic and Nuclear Physics

Imithetho ezisisiseko physics quantum, kwakunye iziseko physics atomic yenyukliya wafunda kwisikolo esiphakamileyo kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, postulates Bohr siyijonga eziliqela yeengcinga ezisisiseko, ezaba sisiseko le ngcamango. kubume bayo siyifumana into yokuba nayiphi na inkqubo-atom sinokuhlala oluzinzileyo kuphela ithi zokubhala. kwenziwe nayiphi na isidoda okanye nokufunxwa amandla atom ngokuqinisekileyo ngokusebenzisa umthetho-siseko, eli elolu hlobo lulandelayo: radiation enxulumene umthuthi uba monochromatic.

Ezi postulates na iprogram yesikolo eqhelekileyo ukuba ufunda imithetho ezisisiseko physics (grade 11). ulwazi lwabo kufuneka ukuba izifundo.

Imithetho ezisisiseko physics, ukuba umntu ufuna ukwazi

Eminye imigaqo elibonakalayo, nangona, aze abe omnye amasebe nenzululwazi, Noko ke, abantu jikelele ngokwendalo kwaye kufuneka yaziwe bonke. Dwelisa imithetho ezisisiseko physics, ukuba umntu ufuna ukwazi:

• umthetho Archimedes (ibhekisa kwimimandla ophehlwa kunye aerostatics). Libonisa ukuba naliphi na iqumrhu into batywiliselwe sukube okanye ulwelo izenzo luhlobo ukubagcina, nto leyo ngqo nkqo phezulu. Le mandla usoloko ngamanani lilingane ubunzima lomzimba ulwelo abangenamakhaya okanye igesi.
• Enye kuqulunqo lwalo mthetho: umzimba ndantywiliselwa gesi okanye engamanzi, qiniseka ukuba unciphise umzimba kangangoko ubunzima ubume ulwelo okanye igesi, ekwathi kuyo ngenqanawa. Lo mthetho waza waba intsingiselo yale theory lwemizimba diving.
• Umthetho womxhuzulane (Newton wavula). kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba ngokupheleleyo wonke umzimba baya- ninomdla omnye komnye nge amandla mkhulu ixesha elide imveliso kwabantu izidumbu, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba incinane, le encinane isikweri umgama phakathi kwabo.

Le mithetho-3 esisiseko physics, apho wonke umntu kufuneka azi onqwenela ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi kunye awohluke iinkqubo ezikhoyo kuyo. Ukuqonda umgaqo amanyathelo elula ngokwaneleyo.

Ixabiso lwazi

Imithetho ezisisiseko zemvelo kufuneka abe yomthwalo umntu, ulwazi, nokuba ubudala bakhe kunye nomsebenzi. Zibonisa ubukho yonke indlela ezikhona namhlanje, yaye eneneni, njalo kuphela kwihlabathi ngokuqhubekayo iyatshintsha.

imithetho ezisisiseko iingqiqo zemvelo zinika amathuba amatsha ukuvavanya ihlabathi ezingqongileyo. ulwazi lwabo kunceda ukuqonda indlela wendalo kunye nentshukumo ngayo imizimba yasezulwini. Kusenza sibe nje lihlola iziganeko zemihla ngemihla kunye neenkqubo kwaye ivumela ukuba afezeke. Xa umntu uyayiqonda ngokucacileyo imithetho ezisisiseko physics, oko kukuthi, yonke into eyenzekayo ngeenxa zonke iinkqubo, ukuba uyakwazi ukulawula ngendlela eyiyo, ukwenza ukuvulwa yaye ngaloo ndlela yokwenza ubomi obutofotofo ngakumbi.

iziphumo

Abanye banyanzelwa ukuba abalufunda nzulu imithetho ezisisiseko physics yoviwo, abanye - ngokwemisebenzi, yaye abanye - ukusuka ukwazi yenzululwazi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iinjongo kwale nzululwazi, ukusetyenziswa ulwazi olufunyenwe ayikwazi babebiza imali. Ayikho into eyanelisa ngaphezu ukuqonda iindlela ezisisiseko kunye nemithetho kokusekwa kwehlabathi.

Musa diki - ukuphuhlisa!