Old Amakholwa icons: photo

Ukuqala incoko ngomahluko phakathi kwe icon Old Likholwa kwezo ukuba owoyamaniswe ukubona ezicaweni zethu Orthodox, sihambe kwiinkulungwane emva emithathu enesiqingatha eyadlulayo, ukuba ucinge ngokucacileyo, kwimvelaphi oko iziganeko zembali abayila eli ezinqabileyo kakhulu kule mihla uhlobo iconography. Yintoni na isenzeko amakholwa Old, yaye yintoni unobangela wayo?

Kakuhle eli utshintsho ka uMphathi Nikon

Amakholwa Old kwilizwe lethu kwenzeka phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII, zibe ziziphumo uqhekeko ukuba yashukumisa Russian Church Orthodox lonke. Isizathu sokuba oku yoHlaziyo, kwasetyenziswa yi uMphathi Nikon. kubume bayo yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuze kupheliswe zokwahluka ezininzi ukusuka yantlandlolo, weza eRashiya ekwizinga kwinkonzo Byzantium, wayalela ukuba ukuphinda-liguqulelwe ukusuka iincwadi ibandla isiGrike, ngokusekelwe ukuba benze utshintsho olufanelekileyo isiko zonqulo.

Ukongeza, kuphuculo abachaphazelekayo iifom lwangaphandle isiko, ngokubuyisela, ingakumbi, i dvuperstie ukusoloko ethathwe ithinzi umnqamlezo, ngomhla troeperstie ukuba iye yasinda kuzo namhlanje. Kwakukho kwakhona utshintsho izinqumo, ukubonelela indlela yokubhala icons.

Abantu bayo bethe yaphela yokwahlulahlula

Le guqula, ubengo, kubume bayo, kodwa xa ubeke ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza abatheth, yabangela wasabela elibi phakathi kwabantu. Abantu abaninzi wala ukwamkela ezintsha ze makathobele abasemagunyeni yobufundisi. Impixano waba mandundu kukuba kuphuculo lwaqhutywa phantsi ukusekelwa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, bonke abachasi bakhe batyholwa yokungamthobeli umlawuli, esalinikwayo ityala libe nombala yezopolitiko. Baye ngokuba schismatics kwaye atshutshiswe.

Ngenxa yoko, eRashiya kuyo bakha intshukumo yahlula zonqulo elizimeleyo ecaweni esemthethweni kwaye igama ngamakholwa Endala, njengokuba abalandeli bakhe baqhubeka kuwo ziyahambisana ukuya izimiso pre-hlengiso kunye nemithetho. Wasinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ukuguquka ibe ukholo elimanyeneyo Russian ibandla.

Yintoni zibizwa ngokuba Old Amakholwa icon?

Njengoko Amakholwa bakholelwa ekubeni i-zokubuyisela ibandla esemthethweni iye baphambuka oyinyaniso "Orthodox yaMandulo" ukholo, kwaye abaphathi bayo kuphela, koko ubukhulu becala imifanekiso of Old Nabo Church bahambelana izithethe oonobumba yamandulo.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, umgca enye kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu ngemisebenzi iinkosi zebandla esemthethweni. Ngoko, igama elithi "Endala Likholwa imifanekiso" uya kuthetha kuphela abo baya yokubhala sakhe izimiso esekwe ngexesha yokuvuselelwa.

Icon ye uMsindisi, athathwe Amakholwa Old

Yoqobo kakhulu malunga oku i icon ebizwa "uKristu Ukuthula Good". Lo mzobo Iisus Hristos njengoko sinjalo isithunywa, ethwele i isithsaba libe kuThixo uYise, yaye enxibe ingubo yokumkani. Igama yena efumaneka imibhalo efanelekileyo ezotyiweyo kuyo.

Le icon ifumaneka kuphela kwimeko Amakholwa Endala, njengoko izimiso ibandla esemthethweni wakwalela ukuboniswa kaKristu - uMdali welimiweyo - ekwimo na odale, oko kukuthi, i-zadalwa njengabantu, yona le ngelosi. Njengoko sisazi eZibhalweni, uThixo wadala ihlabathi lonke nezisemhlabeni, ezinokubonwa nezingenakubonwa, eziquka zombini uluhlu ziingelosi, bathi noomoya lobumnyama.

Ukongeza, oko balelwa ibandla esemthethweni, kodwa eqhelekileyo phakathi Amakholwa Old bade imifanekiso emibini - "Wet isilevu uMsindisi" "Kristu sokukwenza Eye". Xa wokuqala kubo iindevu Kristu nesinqumka emile kunye iliso ngasekhohlo, ngaphezu ngasekunene, kwakunye alubi ngeendevu. Ngomhla wesibini wenyanga leyo ke icon Kubhaliwe ngaphandle umqhele, yaye kuchasene ngokupheleleyo nesithethe, kwakunye enhlokweni evuthelweyo, ebumnyameni, ubuso umoya ngokubonakalayo.

Imizekelo imifanekiso Marian nemifanekiso ezingcwele

iimpawu kwayo kwaye ubudala bakholelwa icon Virgin. Avamise kakhulu phakathi kwabo - "Virgin Ognevidnaya". Oku kwahlukile kungcangcazelisa oluqhelekileyo yesiqhelo (iintlobo) Marian icon kwayo kwi Umbala jikelele imibala omlilo obomvu nebomvu, ukuba isizathu sokuba igama lakhe engaqhelekanga. UMama kaThixo uwusondeze yedwa, ngaphandle kwabantwana. njalo ubuso bakhe wajika waya ecaleni ekunene.

Old Amakholwa imifanekiso zabangcwele nazo ngamanye amaxesha iyinqaba futhi impikiswano. Inxenye ke kubo wambi kunokubangela ukudideka phakathi umbukeli nje. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, i icon-ngegorha uChristopher Psegolovtsa. Lo mzobo saint nentloko yenja. Ekususeni ingxabano lo utoliko mfanekiso, siphawula kuphela ukuba lo icon kunye nabanye elinye icebo efanayo wavalwa yangummiselo eyodwa Sinodi oyiNgcwele ngoDisemba 1722.

Dla indawo ekhethekileyo njengoko icons Old Likholwa obonisa idumileyo kumanani kwahlukahlukana zangaphambili, wayesoyikwa abangcwele, kodwa engabonakaliswa ligosa Church. Ngoko ke, kuqala kwiinto zonke, i-Old Likholwa intshukumo inkokeli avvakum, owabulawa imisebenzi yakhe 1682, ukuhlonela nenkani priverzhenitsa noblewoman yamandulo Feodosiya tvoix, umsunguli Vygovskaya bespopovskogo Andrei Denisov ekuhlaleni. Old Amakholwa imifanekiso, imifanekiso zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku liza kusinceda ukuba nomfanekiso iimpawu kule ezahlukeneyo art zonqulo.

iimpawu ngokubanzi icon Old Amakholwa

Ngokubanzi, singathetha ngayo inani yomahluko ethile luxhaphakile uninzi icon athathwe Amakholwa Endala. Ezi ziquka inani elikhulu eyabhalwa emasimini phezu esibekwa yepeyinti. Kwakhona icons wabulawa kwiibhodi, ebonakala kwakuba mnyama, ubuso ngamanye amaxesha kunzima lwavela, nokuba endala bakholelwa icon ye nguMama kaThixo, uMsindisi, okanye ezinye saint.

Kodwa lo mbuzo akakhange azisebenzise. Kukho nenye inkalo ebalulekileyo, apho ubona i icons Old Amakholwa lula. umahluko zawo kwigosa idla kuchazwe into yokuba zabangcwele iboniswe ubambe isandla iminwe emibini ngaphandle.

Ukongeza, umahluko esisiseko ilele ukubhalwa basisishunqulelo ngegama likaYesu Kristu. Inyaniso kukuba, phakathi kwezinye iimfuno kuphuculo waseka ulawulo ukubhala kulo iileta ezimbini "Mna" - Yesu. Ngako oko, le nto yaba segama. Amakholwa Old kwi icon kwegama loMsindisi lisoloko kubhaliweyo ngendlela endala - Yesu, omnye obekwe kwi shunqulelo "I".

Okokugqibela, simele ukhankanye olunye uhlobo imifanekiso bytuyuschy kuphela phakathi kwanabo. Le pewter uphose nobhedu mortise Old Likholwa icons iminqamlezo, ukuveliswa ngok- kwimfundiso esemthethweni.

Ukulahlwa kwe icon ezintsha 'graceless "

Phakathi kwezinye iinkalo zobomi ibandla yokuvuselelwa uBhishophu Nikon sichaphazele i icons yokubhala isimbo. Nokuba kule iconography Russian kwinkulungwane engaphambili waziva impembelelo yokudweba Western, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII. Ngokutsho imithetho leyo yaqalwa ukwamkelwa zokulungisa icons yaseka isimbo ngokwenene ngakumbi, indawo indibano ngaphambilana eqhelekileyo kunye umqondiso.

Oku kwabangela uqhankqalazo esebenzayo kwi inxalenye iinkokheli Amakholwa Old wanibizayo ngoyaba ezi onyeliso, ukususela nembono yabo, ikopi efanayo. Kule meko, eyaziwa imibhalo polemical avvakum, kabukhali bagxeka "zhivopodobie 'nezingamkelekanga kwindawo iisampuli ezintsha ukupeyinta ecaweni yaye kwathiwa loo icon graceless.

Imfuno ye icon yamandulo owadala shishino of fakes

iingxelo ezinjalo isizathu ukusukela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVII, Amakholwa Old awaqala ngazo, ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuqokelela endala "doraskolnye" ii icon, phakathi ezo kakhulu yi Andrei Rublev. Hi ndlela leyi, isizathu, ukuba ndibe ndingekho ngokwemeko yazo yobugcisa, kwaye isigqibo seBhunga Church, apho kwenzeka iminyaka emakhulu ngaphambili, yaye wenza isigqibo ukuqwalasela indlela Rublev amagcisa ngomsebenzi elizayo.

Ngenxa yoko, i icon yamandulo kwemfuno kuye kwanda kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ngawo onke amaxesha wahlala lwepaki, imveliso ubunzima mbumbulu esele Kwasekwa kanye wenza 'ngezinto zakudala ". Ezo icons Old Likholwa ebizwa ngokuba 'podfurnymi "kwaye yasasazeka ngokubanzi, kangangokuba abalandeli ukuhlonela yamandulo bazama ukuxhathisa.

iingcali Art and bemeko- imisebenzi ezintsha

Sikuphephe ukuba zizilu- lixhoba lokuphangwa oosomashishini ayefundwa, Amakholwa Old kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye zonke nezo yokubhala icons. Akumangalisi ukuba phakathi kwabo kwafika iingcali yokuqala ezinkulu zobungcali kwinkalo ye iconography. yaba kakhulu okuphawuleka, indima yabo XIX kunye ngenkulungwane XX, xa uluntu Russian yaba umdla liphela imisebenzi yobugcisa yamandulo, yaye ngoko, ukwanda kunye nemveliso yazo zonke iintlobo fakes.

Amakholwa Old akuzami kuphela ukuba bafumane icon ubudala, kodwa ekugqibeleni baqalisa ukuvelisa babo, eyenziwe yonke imithetho benjengeenkomo bona ngokwabo uwumisileyo. Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII kumaziko amakhulu Likholwa Old baya eyakho zocweyo yayo icon-ukupeyinta apho, ukongeza imizobo, wadala icons zobhedu uphoswe.