Nokubengezela ukukhanya. Umthetho kisa sokukhanya. reflection Iyonke lokukhanya

Eminye imithetho physics Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izixhobo ezibonwayo. Oku kusebenza kuzo zonke ukukhanya yesiqhelo esiwa izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko kumda olwahlula eendaba ezimbini, kukho utshintsho kwicala reyi ukukhanya, ukuba lo umda mkhulu kakhulu ombala. Xa oku kubonakala kwenzeka xa inxalenye amandla alo emva eliphakathi yokuqala ukukhanya. Ukuba inxalenye kwimitha ukungena kwi-bume eyahlukileyo, oko refraction zabo. Physics, ithombo ukukhanya isiganeko amandla umda phakathi eendaba ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ekuthiwa isiganeko; kodwa lowo uzayo emva kuye kwindawo yokuqala - kubonakala. Yeyona indawo efanelekileyo kwezi reyi uchaza imithetho bokucingisisa kwaye refraction ukukhanya.

ngokoMthetho

I-engile ephakathi umqadi ngesiganeko kunye Incopho kujongano kwamajelo ezimbini, emfuleni livuke kwinqanaba izehlo amandla ukukhanya ibizwa ngokuba engile lweziganeko. Kukho nenye sisalathisi ebalulekileyo. Le angle reflection. Oku kwenzeka phakathi ray kubonakala kunye aa Incopho na, wayicola kwindawo yayo lweziganeko. Ukukhanya uyakwazi ukwandiswa kumgca othe ngqo kuphela indawo eyohlobo olulodwa. media ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukufunxa kwaye abonisa wokunciphisa ukukhanya. ixabiso reflectance obizwa ngokuba eziphawula reflectivity lo mbandela. Ibonisa indlela radiation ukukhanya okukhulu bazisa amandla kumphezulu eliphakathi iya kuba nguye oya kuthabatha yakhe kwimitha kubonakala. Le ratio ixhomekeke eziliqela, phakathi ebaluleke kakhulu-engile lweziganeko kunye nokwakhiwa kwimitha. reflection Zizonke ukukhanya kwenzeka xa ushaya into okanye iziyobisi kunye kumphezulu ekhanyayo. Umzekelo, oku kwenzeka xa hit ray kwi obhityileyo umboniso lesigidi elulwelo nesilivere efakwe kwi kweglasi. reflection Zizonke ukukhanya ndlela kwenzeka kaninzi.

imithetho

Imithetho bokucingisisa kwaye refraction yokukhanya zaye ziqulunqwe Euclid ngxi kwinkulungwane III. BC. e. Bonke bephela asekiwe ngokomfuniselo kwaye lula kuqinisekiswa yi umgaqo nje zejometri of Huygens. Ngokutsho kule ngongoma ngokwesigqibo esicalanye eliphakathi ukuya apho kuza perturbation iluphawu umthombo ngamaza aphakamileyo.

Umthetho wokuqala reflection sokukhanya: ngesiganeko umqadi ezibonakalisa kunye aa Incopho na ukuya kumda phakathi kumajelo eendaba wachacha kweziganeko ingongoma umqadi kukukhanya acwangciswe moya mnye. Phezu ebonisa umphezulu moya yomtshangatshangiso, umphezulu lokutshangatshangisa ezo imicu.

Enye mthetho uthi ukuba engile reflection lilingana engile izehlo sokukhanya. Oku kungenxa yokuba indlela ngokufanayo nkqo. Ngokusekelwe kumgaqo ukulingana zoonxantathu, kulandela ukuba engile lweziganeko lilingana engile reflection. Kulula ukungqina ukuba likuloo indiza aa Incopho emgceni, kuxhuzulwa liSebe eendaba interface kwindawo lweziganeko. Le mithetho ebalulekileyo bamba ukukhanya umva. Ngenxa ukuyilungisa le nasekwandiseni umqadi amandla endleleni bokubonisa, iya kuboniswa umendo yesehlo.

Properties ezibonisa imizimba

Uninzi izinto zibonisa kuphela umqadi isehlo ukukhanya kubo. Kodwa ke, ukuba akukho kumthombo wokukhanya. Kakuhle umzimba lighted zibonakala ngokucacileyo evela kumacala onke; kususela imitha kubonakala ukusuka kumphezulu kwaye saa kumacala ahlukeneyo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba kwentamo (saa) vangama. Oku kwenzeka xa ukukhanya kwi nawuphi na umgangatho rough. Ukuze ubone indlela umqadi iboniswe emzimbeni xa moya wayo lweziganeko lwenziwa malunga komhlaba. Emva koko, malunga nesakhiwo kuyo angles lweziganeko reflection.

reflectance kwentamo

Bulelani kuphela ubukho saa (kwentamo) ibonisa ukukhanya, yindlela esiwaphawula phakathi izinto abanako ikhupha ukukhanya. Naluphi na umzimba uya kuba engabonakali ngokupheleleyo kuthi, ukuba kwiintsali kwimitha ziya kuba zero.

reflection kwentamo ukukhanya akubangeli kabi yabantu emehlweni. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ayizizo zonke ukukhanya luphinda lubuyiselwe kubathathi-bume yokuqala. Ngoko ke ikhephu ibonisa malunga ne-85% ye-radiation ukusuka iphepha amhlophe - 75%, kakuhle suede abamnyama -% 0.5 kuphela. Xa ukukhanya lubonakala ukusuka iindawo ezimagqagala imiqadi ezahlukeneyo zibhekiswe ngokungenamkhethe ngokunxulumene omnye komnye. Kuxhomekeka ekubeni ziziphi iindawo ezibonisa reyi ukukhanya ibizwa ngokuba Mat okanye esipilini. Sekunjalo, la magama ungumzalwana. Umphezulu efanayo inokuba specular kunye matte kwi kwamaza ezahlukeneyo ukukhanya ngesiganeko. Umphezulu ukuba ngokulinganayo azifuduse imiqadi kumacala ahlukeneyo, loo nto ithathwa ngokupheleleyo matte. Nangona uhlobo ezi zinto kukho kancinane, sikufutshane kakhulu unglazed imveliso yephondo, ikhephu, iphepha ukuzoba.

reflection specular

Specular kubonakalise imiqadi ukukhanya yohlukile kwezinye iintlobo ngaloo imiqadi amandla ukuwa kwi kwindawo ogudileyo kwindawo engile kwangaphambili ziboniswe kwicala elinye. Esi simo kakuhle ngabo bonke abo obuyonwabela njengokwasesipilini imitha yokukhanya. Kule meko ke phezu ebonisa. Kulo mqathango kiso, kunye neminye imibutho. Lokumxelisa (ezibonisa) Imiphezulu ziquka zonke izinto optically egudileyo ukuba nemilinganiselo inhomogeneities kunye asperities kuwo angaphantsi kwe-1 micron (hayi ngaphezulu ubukhulu kwamaza ukukhanya). Kuzo zonke iindawo ezinjalo esebenzayo imithetho ukukhanya.

Yokukhanya okuvela kumphezulu Ibukusa ezahlukeneyo

Ubugcisa kaninzi usebenzisa isipili egosogoso kunye kumphezulu ebonisa (izipili ukulenza). izinto ezinjalo imizimba ukuba imilo icandelo ukulenza. Okukhona kwe imitha xa ibonisa ukukhanya iindawo ezinjalo egxobhekile kakhulu. Kulo mzekelo, kukho iindidi ezimbini yezibuko:

• phakathi - ukubonakalisa ukukhanya phezu engaphakathi isiqwempu ungqukuva, ochazwa ngokuba ekuqokeleleni, ekubeni imiqadi ukukhanya parallel emva reflection ngabo ziyaqokelelwa ngaxa linye;

• khaxa - ukukhanya ukusuka kwindawo engaphandle, imiqadi parallel saa emacaleni, isipili khaxa ke ngoko ngokuba kwelifu.

Iinketho reflection of reyi ukukhanya

Beam isehlo phantse zifana kumphezulu, nje kancinane umchukumisayo, uze ke uthi libonakaliswe kakhulu engile obtuse. Emva koko iyaqhubeka umendo kwi indlela ephantsi kakhulu imi kakhulu ngaphezulu. Beam isiganeko phantse nkqo ziboniswe kwi-engile yayiyazi. Ulwalathiso umqadi kubonakala sele kufutshane umendo umqadi ngesiganeko, oluthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye nemithetho physics.

refraction sokukhanya

Bonakalisa ngokusondeleyo kwezinye izenzakalo ngokukhanya zejometri, ezifana refraction kunye reflection lwangaphakathi iyonke. Ngokufuthi, eyipasile ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa umda phakathi eendaba ezimbini. Le refraction lokukhanya ukutshintsha kwicala le radiation optical. Oku kwenzeka xa udlula ukusuka kwenye eliphakathi ukuya kwenye. Refraction of ukukhanya iipatheni ezimbini:

• umqadi edlula umda phakathi kumajelo eendaba, imi-moya apho udlula i aa Incopho komhlaba kunye nomqadi nesiganeko;

• i-engile lweziganeko refraction zinxulumana.

Refraction isoloko sikhatshwe ku vangama ka ukukhanya. Ubungakanani Imiqadi imitha yamandla kubonakala kwaye refracted amandla ngesiganeko umqadi. namandla isihlobo ixhomekeke nokwehlukana ukukhanya kwi umqadi ngesiganeko kunye engile isehlo. Ngomhla imithetho refraction yesixhobo esekelwe izixhobo ezininzi ukukhanya optical.