Njani kwegazi? Yintoni imizimba yazo nala?

Phakathi eziphambili umzimba womntu, indawo ekhethekileyo nekuhlala kwegazi. njani inkqubo yokujikeleza de ngenkulungwane ye-16 eenzululwazi yaqhubeka iyimfihlelo. On isisombululo wasebenza iinkcuba abadumileyo ezifana Aristotle, Galen, Harvey kunye nabanye abaninzi. bakufumanisayo ishwankathelwe inkqubo eluqilima iingqiqo yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba.

ulwazi zembali

A indima ekhethekileyo ekubunjweni iingcamango ezichanekileyo malunga ezinye imizimba yinkqubo yokujikeleza somntu, wayedlala Spanish Isazinzulu Servetus kunye semvelo IsiNgesi Vilyam Garvey. Okokuqala wakwazi ebonakalalisa ukuba igazi ukusuka ventricle ekunene unako ukungena intendelezo kwasala kuphela womnatha kwemithambo yegazi emiphungeni. Harvey wavula ekuthiwa-isangqa esikhulu (eqhubekayo) kwegazi. Ngoko ke wabekwa ingongoma ekuthethwa, nokuba igazi ngokungqongqo sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, okanye ezihambayo. Inkqubo abantu kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo uvale ejikelezayo.

Kufuneka kwakhona sikhumbule imisebenzi Italian ugqirha Malpighi, eyafumana kwegazi capillary. Ngophando lwakhe, kwacaca njengoko igazi esimbaxa uguqulwe lwemithambo and vice versa. Ngokubhekisele ukwakheka komzimba umbuzo? inkqubo Human kwegazi yiseti amalungu ezifana intliziyo, imithambo yegazi kunye namaqumrhu abancedisayo - lomongo wethambo, udakada nesibindi.

Inhliziyo - iqumrhu ephambili kwinkqubo yokujikeleza zabantu

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kuzo zonke iinkcubeko zentliziyo engundoqo indima kungekuphela nje liqumrhu umzimba wenyama, kodwa nje yokugcina yokomoya yoluntu. Igama elithi "intliziyo," "ngokusuka entliziyweni", "intliziyo buhlungu" abantu baye babonisa indima kulo mzimba ekubunjweni iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo.

Kodwa emva nokwakheka amalungu kwentliziyo. Kuyinto ilungu umngxuma dystrophy ukuba yahlulwe inwebu kungenwa ngasekhohlo (cuboid ukuba i imilo irregular) kunye (imilo rhoqo) iinxalenye ezifanelekileyo. Yeyona umsebenzi eliqhubekayo kunye Harvey iyaphikisana ingcamango Galen ukuba ekudibaneni kwentliziyo kufuneka imingxunyana ikhethekileyo apho ulwelo nokuqina lihamba zeethishu ukusuka kwisiqingatha ukuya kwenye.

Enyanisweni, ubukho imingxuma eludongeni intliziyo - luphuhliso ngezifo kakhulu, nto leyo libhekisela siphene intliziyo. Oku sifo e ngemihla yokuqala yobomi usana, njengoko xa ukumamela yeSkrini kummandla esifubeni kuvakala ngokucacileyo ekuthiwa-ingxolo (izandi nendaba ukuba zenzeke ngexesha nokuxuba of emithanjeni negazi lwemithambo). Le ngxaki ezinzulu yokujikeleza kwegazi, yaye kutshanje uye ukuba akunjalo iziphumo ekunyangeni resectable.

Kwisingqi intliziyo

Intliziyo idla kuthelekiswa ne impompo. Eneneni, umsebenzi wayo ophambili - okumpompa igazi. Kuba kumele oku tunica amela umsipha enamandla, ebizwa ngokuba myocardium. Intliziyo iqulathe ekunene kunye nomthambo ngasekhohlo kunye ventricles ezimbini, yaye ekhohlo ne ekunene. Phakathi intendelezo ngalinye kunye ventricle zizinto lwezivalo.

Kwicala lasekhohlo kuku isivingco bicuspid aortic (AIBN), kunye nelungelo - le tricuspid (ivalve tricuspid). Ucutheko nokuphumla wentliziyo babizwa systole kunye diastole. Igazi Yek kwicala elinye kuphela: evela kumacandelo ongentla ventricles, kunye nabo - kwemithambo efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, ukususela ventricle ekhohlo xa kunciphiso inxalenye yegazi kunye namandla betekisi kungena aorta, uxinzelelo lwegazi kuyo malunga 105 mm / HG. Art. A umfutho enamandla, ngokungqinelana nemithetho yemvelo, yaneka ngokukhawuleza ngokohlobo emazeni kwinkqubo kwemithambo. Sithatha Isingqisho intliziyo njengoko ubume. kuhle yayo ungenza va radiocarpal okanye carotid imithambo.

Inyama ulwelo emzimbeni womntu

izithuthi Umsebenzi oksijini kunye nezondlo, ukususwa ityhefu, kwakunye ukuveliswa omzimba yenza kwegazi. isakhiwo Blood leyo angamelwa njenge umxube iiseli (leucocytes, erythrocytes neeplatelets) kunye plasma (inxalenye ulwelo), ubonelela ngxaki zikhankanywe apha ngasentla.

Xa abantu, kukho igazi-ezenza izihlunu, enye yazo - myeloid. Oku eziphambili umongo, ukuba ibekwe khona diaphysis kwaye liquka isiqu (iiseli hematopoietic) ezo izandulela erythrocytes, leukocytes neeplatelets.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo igazi

igazi elibomvu ngenxa yobukho haemoglobin ebala. Lunoxanduva ukuthuthwa yeegesi ichithwe egazini, - oksijini carbon monoxide. Kunokuthatha iifom ezimbini: oxyhemoglobin kunye carboxyhemoglobin. Igazi plasma yi-90% yamanzi.

Ezinye izinto - ziiproteni (albumin, lwefibrinogen, wesigrike-globulin) kunye neetyuwa nezimbiwa, omkhulu phakathi apho sodium chloride. Iiseli yenze le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• erythrocytes - mpilo;
• (. Neutrophils, eosinophils, T lymphocyte, njl) leukocytes, okanye iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, - bathathe inxaxheba ukuyilwa sifo;
• zegazi - negalelo uyeke ukopha kwi mthetho ingqibelelo isitya udonga (onoxanduva igazi ekunqandeni).

kwenkqubo yabantu yokujikeleza, enkosi ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi igazi kubalulekile ekulondolozeni homeostasis yento ephilayo.

imithambo yegazi komzimba: imithambo, imithambo, emithanjeni

Ukuze ubone ezinye imizimba kukuba inkqubo yokujikeleza yomntu, kuyimfuneko ukuba isondezwe ibe womnatha kweetyhubhu ngobubanzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nende eludongeni. Imithambo oluqinile dystrophy, njengoko igazi ihamba phezu kwayo ngesantya esiphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngoko ke emithanjeni kuyingozi kakhulu ukopha ngenxa apho umntu uphelelwa ngexesha elifutshane isixa esikhulu wegazi. Oku kunokuba nemiphumo yingozi.

Yegazi iindonga ethambileyo, ngokobutyebi yaxhobisa izivalo semilunar. Anikezela igazi flow kwimikhumbi kwicala elinye kuphela - inkqubo yokujikeleza umzimba kwezihlunu ephambili. Ekubeni igazi lwemithambo onyanzelwayo ukuba boyise umkhosi womxhuzulane ukuze ukuya entliziyweni, yaye ingcinezelo ngemithambo iphantsi, ezi valve musa ukubeka igazi ukuya ngasemva, oko kukuthi ngokusuka entliziyweni.

uthungelwano emithanjeni enobubanzi kodonga yokungcoliswa owenza umsebenzi ephambili kunaniselwano gas. Kuzo, icarbon dioxide inikezelwa (carbon dioxide) kunye ubuthi ancedisana iiseli kunye capillary igazi, ke, unika iiseli ioksijini efunekayo ukuze umsebenzi wabo. umzimba wonke ngaphezu kwe 150 Bln. Capillary, ubude lilonke apho umntu omdala kweekhilomitha malunga 100 lamawaka.

A lithathelwe ethile esebenza omzimba womntu, enika unikezelo rhoqo Amalungu nezihlunu izinto kuyimfuneko ukujikeleza akananto, leyo ibonakala zombini kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo nokomzimba naphantsi ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yokusebenza nzima (umz, thrombus occlusion benqanawa).

yokujikeleza kwegazi

Xa sibuyela kumbuzo amaqumrhu karhulumente yinkqubo kwegazi lomntu. Khumbula ukuba ukujikeleza evaliweyo, evulekileyo Harvey, esuka ventricle lasekhohlo kwaye iphela intendelezo ekunene.

Le aorta yi kwemithambo iphambili lomzimba ekuqaleni kwegazi, eyenza igazi, mpilo, ukusuka ventricle ngasekhohlo. Ngokusebenzisa olujikeleza, elandisiweyo ukususela aorta kwaye eyayizalwa wonke umzimba womntu, igazi liya onke amalungu omzimba kunye namacandelo, yokunyakamisa nabo ioksijini ethwele ukutya kunye nezothutho imisebenzi nezondlo.

Ukususela inxalenye ephezulu lomzimba (intloko, amagxa, isifuba, imilenze phezulu) igazi lwemithambo, izityebi ikharbon dayokhsayidi oyikhupha ngonyaka, oko buthathwa le Vena cava awongamileyo, kwaye ukusuka wesiqingatha se zomzimba - i asezantsi Vena cava. Zombini mithambo ezibuhlazarha engenanto kwi intendelezo ekunene, ukuvala kwegazi.

kwegazi pulmonary

amalungu yegazi inkqubo - intliziyo, inkqubo yokujikeleza - kwakhona zibandakanyiwe ekuthiwa-(pulmonary) ejikeleza encinane. It wavula Servet yayo Miguel phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16. Le ngeenxa iqala ukusuka ventricle ekunene kwaye iphela intendelezo ekhohlo.

igazi lwemithambo nge ekunene lokuvula atrioventricular le auricle ekunene ongena ventricle ekunene. Of phezu buti pulmonary; kwandule ke imithambo ezimbini pulmonary - ngasekhohlo nangasekunene - akungeni emiphungeni. Kwaye nangona ezi zitya ekuthiwa imithambo, igazi kubo flow lwemithambo. Iwela emiphungeni ngasekunene nangasekhohlo, ezo emithanjeni, Entangling alveoli (vesicles pulmonary equlathe parenchyma kwemiphunga). Phakathi oksijini alveoli kunye zomzimba nokuqina eludongeni thinnest le capillary Exchange igesi kwenzeka. Kungenxa kule yinxalenye umzimba negazi deoxygenated kungena emithanjeni. Emva koko eliya venules postcapillary, leyo kuba ezinkulu ku-4 mithambo miphungeni. Ngokutsho kuye igazi esimbaxa engena intendelezo ngasekhohlo, apho kukho ejikeleza encinane.

Blood kwegazi zonke iimpahla kwenzeka ngaxeshanye, ngaphandle kokuma okanye balala owesibini.

kwegazi coronary

Yintoni inkqubo elizimeleyo kwegazi ezisemagunyeni oluntu kwaye oko awohluke eminye yayo wahlolwa zizazinzulu ezifana Shymlanskaya, Bowman, GIS. Bafumanisa ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu kule nkqubo a krovooborot coronal okanye coronary, nto leyo yenzelwa yi isitya ekhethekileyo ngegazi, twining intliziyo kunye nokwandisa ukusuka aorta. Oku iimpahla ezifana ekhohlo umfula ephambili yenhliziyo kunye namasebe, ezizezi: cipande ehla lasekhohlo, kwaye isebe circumflex yesebe atrial. Kwaye kulungile kwemithambo ngamasebe: ekunene semithambo kunye ngomva interventricular.

Igazi ingekho i-oksijini emva umzimba dystrophy ngeendlela ezintathu: ngenxa sinus coronary, imithambo yegazi ifakiwe em- intendelezo, kunye namasebe olujikeleza omncinane esimele ingena kwicala lasekunene izintso, ngaphandle ukubonisa epicardium yakhe.

Circle of ndlela portal

Ekubeni ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana lwangaphakathi medium yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yokujikeleza, naziphi imizimba iqulathe isangqa portal umthambo, izazinzulu zemvelo wafunda Kwakungokuba kwegazi. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba eli phecana, injeke kunye udakada igazi yokucola ukutya oluhlala ezantsi kwaye Kwangale mesenteric awongamileyo, nayo eyakhupha ziyadibana zenze isinyuko (portal emthanjeni).

Portal Vienna kunye kwemithambo hepatic esibindini engena esangweni. Emithanjeni negazi lwemithambo zibe hepatocytes (iiseli kwesibindi) ufakwa zokucoca obucokisekileyo kwakhona i Vena cava obuphantsi engena intendelezo ekunene. Ngoko ke, lo nyulu igazi kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi umqobo kwesibindi, ethi ibonelele kunye nenkqubo kwegazi.

Zeziphi abasemagunyeni yinkqubo oluncediswayo

Ubume bale imizimba oluncedisayo ziquka umongo ebomvu, udakada zesibindi babe ngentla. Ekubeni iiseli igazi malunga 60-90 iintsuku siphila ixesha elifutshane,, kukho imfuneko ukuze zirisayikilisheke inkunkuma iiseli ezindala igazi kunye Yindibanisela abaselula. Ezi nkqubo zinika amalungu ezizalwa kwegazi.

Xa umongo, equlethe siphu- kuyilwa elements zeethishu kuhlelwe myeloid.

Le spleen, ukongeza umsebenzi idipozithi igazi alisetyenziswa kwegazi, elonakalisileyo iiseli ezindala abomvu kancinci lizele ilahleko yazo.

Isibindi kwakhona kwenzeka ukulahla leucocytes kwabafileyo, erythrocytes neeplatelets, kunye nokugcinwa kwegazi, ayimiselwanga okwangoku inxaxheba kwinkqubo kwegazi.

Kwinqaku inkqubo yokujikeleza kuye kwaxoxwa ngokweenkcukacha, kuba iqulathe mandla zoluntu kunye nemisebenzi ntoni emzimbeni womntu.