Newton - ntoni na? Newton - elithile ntoni?

Physics njenge isayensi ufunda imithetho indalo yethu, usebenzisa iindlela zophando standard kunye nenkqubo ethile leeyunithi. unit mandla kutyunjwe N (newton). Yintoni na ke amandla, ukuze ukufumana indlela ungayilinganisi yona? Makhe sihlolisise le zolwimi ngokunzulu.

imbali abathandwayo

Isaak Nyuton - a IsiNgesi Isazinzulu elidumileyo kwinkulungwane XVII, lowo wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso Sciences yezibalo. Ukuba nguye ukhokho physics yamandulo. Wakwazi ukuchaza imithetho elawula nemizimba ezinkulu yasezulwini, kunye neenkozwana kwesanti kuthwalwa ukugeleza komoya. Oyena ndoqo yophando lwakhe kucingelwa ukuba umthetho gravitation jikelele kunye nemithetho ezintathu ezisisiseko ukukhanda, echaza intsebenziswano lwemizimba kwindalo. Kamva, ezinye izazinzulu bakwazi baphethe imithetho iimpikiswano zochuku lokuphumla akahexa kuphela ngenxa yokuba izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu Isaaka Nyutona.

A bit mbono

nobungakanani zomthambo ogama lakhe behlonipha sisazinzulu. Newton - umlinganiselo wamandla. Acaciswa amandla linokuchazwa ngokuthi "amandla - ngumlinganiselo ubungakanani intsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto, okanye ubuninzi olwahlula ngesidanga ubunzulu okanye uxinzelelo imizimba."

Umkhosi ulinganiswa Newtons ngesizathu. Le nto izazinzulu abathathu "ngamandla" engaguquki umthetho asekiwe ukuba, ezo ezinxulumene namhlanje. Makhe sihlolisise nabo imizekelo.

Lo mthetho lokuqala

Ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo le mibuzo: "Yintoni na Newton?", "Iyunithi ntoni?" kwaye "Yintoni intsingiselo yalo emzimbeni?", kufuneka balujongisise ngenyameko imithetho ezintathu ezisisiseko ubucukubhede.

Eyokuqala ithi ukuba umzimba alinayo nayiphi na iqumrhu isiphumo, kuya kuba ukuphumla. Ke ukuba umzimba ityhalela phambili, xa kungekho naliphina inyathelo phezu kwalo, iya kuqhubeka isindululo yayo efanayo kumgca othe ngqo.

Khawucinge ukuba kwindawo olusithabazi etafileni luhlobo incwadi ubunzima ethile. Aveza yonke imikhosi esebenza ngayo, sifumanisa ukuba amandla womxhuzulane, nto leyo ngqo ngokuthe nkqo ezantsi, kunye nomkhosi kumgangatho reaction (kulo mzekelo icandelo) ibhekiswe nkqo phezulu. Ekubeni imikhosi ezimbini ukulinganisa izenzo zomnye, ubuninzi amandla isiphumo ngu zero. Ngokutsho komthetho yokuqala Newton, kungenxa yesi sizathu le ncwadi isekelwe.

Umthetho wesibini

Uchaza ubudlelwane phakathi amandla emele nomzimba, yaye ukukhawulezisa, leyo wamkela ngenxa yomkhosi isicelo. Isaak Nyuton ekwakhiweni kwalo mthetho okokuqala wasebenzisa ixabiso rhoqo njengoko umlinganiselo wabonakala mass inertia, kunye inertia umzimba. Inertia zibhekiselela kukukwazi okanye impahla lwemizimba wokulondoloza kwindawo yayo yoqobo, oko kukuthi ukuxhathisa impembelelo yangaphandle.

UMthetho Second idla echazwe kule ndlela ilandelayo: F = a m *; apho F - na isiphumo yonke imikhosi isicelo umzimba, a - ukukhawulezisa, umzimba onesiphumo, yaye m - ubunzima bomzimba. ekugqibeleni Power njengenani kg * m / s ^2. Eli binzana kutyunjwe ngo Newtons.

Yintoni Newton physics, ngokwenkcazelo yembali kukukhawuleziswa kwaye bababalisela njani amandla? Nazi iimpendulo zale mibuzo indlela yomthetho yesibini ubucukubhede. Kufuneka iqondwe ukuba lo mthetho usebenza kuphela ezo imizimba ukuba ukuhamba ngesantya ngesantya asezantsi kakhulu ukukhanya. Kuba amaxabiso sesiqhelo kufutshane isantya ukukhanya, sele zisebenza kangangeminyaka eminye imithetho embalwa physics naphaya icandelo okhethekileyo ngobhalo kwezinto.

UMthetho Third Newton kaThixo

Oku mhlawumbi mthetho olucacileyo nolulula, nto leyo echaza impefumlelwano izidumbu ezimbini. Uthi ukuba yonke imikhosi zenzeka ngababini, oko kukuthi, ukuba umzimba omnye enza phezu kwenye nomkhosi ethile, kwaye umzimba yesibini, yena, onesiphumo ngomhla wokuqala amandla modulo ngokulinganayo.

kanye isigama izazinzulu yomthetho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "... impefumlelwano izidumbu ezimbini phezu komnye lingana omnye komnye, kodwa ephambana."

Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na Newton. Physics, kuba wenza konke ingqwalaselwa ngeziganeko ezithile, ngoko unike imizekelo embalwa, echaza imithetho ubucukubhede.

1. izilwanyana zasemanzini ezifana amadada, intlanzi, amasele, okanye lihamba emanzini okanye amanzi ngenxa yokusebenzisana nayo. umthetho wesithathu Newton ithi sisenzo omzimba omnye phezu komnye isoloko apho kunye nenkcaso, amandla elingana kowokuqala, kodwa wayalela kwicala elahlukileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba intshukumo ye amadada kungenxa yokuba dudula imilenze amanzi emva iflowuthi ngokwabo phambili ngenxa amanyathelo ukuziphindiselela amanzi.
2. Nomatse yokuhlala - umzekelo ocacileyo yobungqina komthetho wesithathu Newton. Yintoni evalelwe unomatse, mhlawumbi wonke umntu uyazi. Le uyilo noko elula, kwaye ufana ivili, kunye igubu. Kokuba imisiwe kwi iiseli ukuba izilwanyana ezifana nomatse okanye amabuzi zokuhombisa uphelelwa. Intsebenziswano lwemizimba ezimbini, zasuka iivili kunye isilwanyana kukhokelela kukuba omabini la maqela ukuhamba. Ngaphezu koko, xa iproteni isebenza ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ivili esijikelezayo ngesantya esiphezulu, yaye xa ebizwa ngokuba yimetabolism isenokucotha, ivili liqalisa ukujikeleza kancinci. Oku kungqina kwakhona ukuba isenzo kunye impendulo counter usoloko ulingana omnye komnye, nangona kumacala angafaniyo.
3. Zonke ezinambuzelayo emhlabeni, ihamba kuphela ngenxa yokuba "action ukuziphindiselela" boMhlaba. Isenokubonakala engaqhelekanga, kodwa enyanisweni ukuhamba, senza imigudu lityhale emhlabeni okanye nawuphi na omnye umgangatho kuphela. Kwaye sikubo phambili, ngenxa yokuba ukutyhala umva ilizwe.

Yintoni Newton: iyunithi yokulinganisa okanye ubuninzi emzimbeni?

Inokubuyiselwa achazwe kwenkcazo "Newton" ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Iyunithi lomlinganiselo amandla" Yaye yintoni na intsingiselo ebonakalayo nto? Ngaloo ndlela, ngokusekelwe umthetho wesibini Newton, ukuba ixabiso esukela, echazwe njenge amandla ekwaziyo 1 kuphela utshintsho yesibini ka-1 kg kwezinga ubunzima bomzimba ka-1 m / s. Kubonakala ukuba Newton - yinto a ubuninzi yomzobo, oko kukuthi, isiphathele indlela ... Xa sisebenzisa amandla into, ezifana ode ucango, thina sobabini cela kunye nolwalathiso sesindululo, leyo, ngokomthetho wesibini iyafana ngokomyalelo amandla.

Ukuba silandela ifomula, icace phandle 1 Newton = 1 kg · m / s ^2. Ekusombululeni iingxaki ngeentlobo ukukhanda basoloko ezifunekayo ekucaciseni Newton kwezinye amanani. Ukunenzela lula, xa iinqobo ezithile kucetyiswa ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba ngubani ezisisiseko ubophe Newtons kunye namanye amacandelo;

• 1 H = 10 ⁵ dynes (dyne - unit kwinkqubo CGS);
• 1 H = 0.1 kgf (kilogram-force - mandla kwiyunithi kwinkqubo metric omxhuzulane le nkqubo);
• 1 H = 10 ^-3 iindonga (unit kwi-MTS kwinkqubo udonga 1 ulingane nomkhosi ukuba yazisa ukukhawulezisa-1 m / s ² utyebe yomzimba iitoni 1).

Umthetho gravitation jikelele

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke ngayo sisazinzulu abatshintsha ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba, oko kube ngumthetho Newton gravitation (oko kukuthi womxhuzulane, bona ngezantsi). Kakade ke, kwafuneka ukuba ukuzama ukusombulula intsinda-badala imfihlelo womxhuzulane Yomhlaba. Umzekelo, i- Iogann Kepler yaphakanyiswa ukuba kuphela Umhlaba uba amandla owahluke ngokwemvelo, kodwa ke imizimba ngokwabo nako ukutsala Umhlaba.

Noko ke, kuphela Newton wakwazi ukungqina ngokwezibalo ukuzalana amandla omxhuzulane kunye nomthetho sesindululo-langa. Emva ezininzi kwezi amalinge, izazinzulu baqonda ukuba eneneni kungekuphela nje uMhlaba itsala izinto, kodwa wonke umzimba primagnichivayutsya omnye komnye. Yena ibonakala umthetho gravitation, nto leyo ithi na emzimbeni, kuquka imizimba yasezulwini, basondela nge amandla alinganayo nemveliso G (rhoqo omxhuzulane) kunye kwiinginginya izidumbu ezimbini m ₁ * m ₂ umahlule ngo R ² (isikweri umgama phakathi imizimba).

Yonke imithetho kunye Newton kulo ifomula kube lula ukwenza imodeli epheleleyo zezibalo, nto leyo isasetyenziswa nangoku uphando, kungekuphela phezu komhlaba; kodwa kude ngaphaya iplanethi yethu.

Ukuguqulwa units

Ekucombululeni iingxaki kufuneka bazazi izimaphambili standard SI, ezisetyenziswa kwakhona beeyunithi "Newtonian". Ngokomzekelo, xa iingxaki zezinto indawo, apho izihlwele ezikhulu imizimba, ngokufuthi kukho imfuneko lula amaxabiso ezinkulu ukuze amancinane. Ukuba isigqibo 5000 N ebheka khona, ngoko ke impendulo kuya kuba lula ukuba abhale i KN 5 (kilonewtons). Le yunithi iza ngeendlela ezimbini: iziphindwa kunye sub. Aba ngabo ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo zezi: N = 10 ² 1 gektoNyuton (RH); March ¹⁰ N = 1 kilonewtons (KN); 10 ⁶ N = 1 megaNyuton (MH) kunye 10 ^-2 N = 1 centinewton (CN); 10 ^-3 N = 1 milliNewtons (MN); 10 ^-9 H = 1 nanoNyuton (NN).