Neplutoniyam Izixhobo-grade: usetyenziso, imveliso, ziphilise

Ubuntu usoloko efuna kwimithombo emitsha lwamandla bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezininzi. Kodwa akubi njalo, ukuba bakhuselekile. Ngaloo ndlela, ingakumbi, lisetyenziswa namhlanje reactor zenyukliya nangona nako ukuphuhlisa nje lokwaba loo onke amandla ombane kuyimfuneko kusekho usengozini ofayo. Kodwa, ukongeza ukusebenzisa amandla enyukliya ngenjongo zoxolo, amanye amazwe ehlabathini baye bafunda ukuba bayisebenzise, yaye emkhosini, ingakumbi ngenxa nokudalwa zikhali. Eli nqaku liza kuxoxwa ngokusekelwe kwezixhobo etshabalalisayo ezinjalo, ogama - neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade.

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Kule compact fomu metal iqulathe ubuncinane 93,5% 239Pu Isotope. neplutoniyam Izixhobo-grade igama ngoko ukuze kube lula ukwahlula ukusuka 'ngumntakwab reactor. " Enyanisweni, lo neplutoniyam lusoloko kwasekwa ngokupheleleyo nayiphi reactor zenyukliya, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, isebenza uranium ezisezantsi-natyetyiswa okanye yendalo, ekukho, kuba becala, Isotope 238U.

Sebenzisa kwicandelo zomkhosi

Izixhobo-grade neplutoniyam 239Pu - ngenxa izixhobo zenyukliya. Kulo mzekelo, ukusetyenziswa Isotope neenombolo mass 240 no 242 yintw, ekubeni ukuvelisa imvelaphi neutron eliphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo ekugqibeleni livalela indalo kunye noyilo komthwalo yenyukliya ophezulu-yokusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, neplutoniyam izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo 240Pu kunye 241Pu kukhona kakhulu ezincinane isiqingatha ubomi kuthelekiswa 239Pu, ke neplutoniyam iinxalenye kakhulu shushu. Kungenxa kule uqhagamshelo kubunjineli isixhobo senyukliya banyanzelwa ukuba ukongeza izinto ezongezelelweyo ngenxa yokubulala ubushushu obugqithisileyo. Hi ndlela leyi, 239Pu umzimba ukufudumala ecocekileyo. Akukho mntu ke ithathele ingqalelo into yokuba imveliso kuwohloka izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo enzima ufakwa utshintsho eziyingozi kwi yikristale emkhusaneni ye intsimbi, kwaye kwakhona iindawo ncam endalo neplutoniyam, nto leyo ekupheleni kungabangela ungungantweni kwisixhobo yenyukliya Uyadubula.

Ubukhulu becala, zonke ezi ngxaki inokoyiswa. Kwaye, xa kusenziwa, siye ngokuphindaphindiweyo uluphumelele uvavanyo kwezixhobo iziqhushumbisi ngenxa kuyo i "reactor" neplutoniyam. Kodwa ke kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba isixhobo senyukliya na indawo yokugqibela kuhlala compactness zabo, ubunzima ezidla ephantsi, iyahlala nokuthembeka. Kulo mba, basebenzisa kuphela neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade.

iimpawu ze-zamandla yemveliso

Phantse zonke neplutoniyam eRashiya Yenziwe ngo-reactor mayixhotyiswe umongameli mifanekiso. Nganye kwezi zamandla yakhelwe ijikeleze a iibhloko cylindrically ndawonye le mifanekiso.

Abizelwa phakathi iibhloko grafayithi babe slot eyodwa yokubonelela Ukusasazwa eqhubekekayo njengesipholisi, esetyenziswa initrogen. Xa isakhiwo ndawonye, yaye nkqo amalungiselelo amajelo wadala ukuba sicatshulwa amanzi okupholisa phezu kwabo nepetroli. Ngokwawo, ibandla ke ubeka inkxaso kwi isakhiwo kunye imigodi iindlela ezisetyenziswa ukuthunyelwa sele okufakwe isibaso. Ngoko ngalinye imiphantsi kwi tube obhityileyo-enqatyisiweyo exonxiweyo ukusuka aluminium ingxubevange ezilula kunye extra womelele. Uninzi imiphantsi ezichazwe has 70 iintonga amafutha. Amanzi okupholisa ujikeleze ngqo iintonga amafutha, asuse ubushushu obugqithisileyo kubo.

Ukwanda zamandla production amandla

Ekuqaleni, lo reactor yokuqala "Lighthouse 'ukuba ukusebenza kunye nomthamo 100 MW thermal. Kambe ke, inkokeli engundoqo yenkqubo yophuhliso izixhobo zenyukliya Soviet, Igor Kurchatov wenza isiphakamiso, leyo ukuba reactor na ebusika wayesebenza enesakhono 170-190 MW, yaye ixesha ehlotyeni - 140-150 MW. Le ndlela kwenza reactor ukuvelisa malunga 140 grams neplutoniyam elixabisekileyo ngamnye ngosuku.

Ngowe-1952, i-epheleleyo imisebenzi zenzululwazi-uphando olwenziwe ukuze kwandiswe umthamo yemveliso yokuqhuba isicwangciso zamandla ndlela:

• Ngokwandisa eNgenayo nePhumayo ngenxa zokupholisa kwaye ayahamba na ummandla esebenzayo wofakelo yenyukliya lwamanzi.
• Ngokwandisa kwinkcaso umhlwa nesenzeko esivulekayo kufuphi imiphantsi faka.
• Ukunciphisa izinga igcwala le mifanekiso.
• ukugcwala Ubushushu ngaphakathi iiseli amafutha.

Ngenxa yoko, umthamo wamanzi elijikeleza leyo kakhulu linyuke emva kokuba landisiwe kwaye umsantsa phakathi kweendonga fuel ijelo. Nokumelana nabo ikwazile ukuba balahle. Ukulungiselela le njongo, siye ukhethe aluminiyamu ifanelekileyo ziye idibanisa ngenkuthalo sodium dichromate, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwaphucula ukuthamba amanzi okupholisa (pH wayelingana malunga 6.0-6.2). Igcwala of grafayithi Uyekile ukwenza i ingxaki kanye, emva intsimbi isicelo nitrogen (ngaphambili kusetyenziswa umoya kuphela) ngenxa zokupholisa.

Ukutshona kwelanga 1950 ezintsha eziye zaphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo practice, oko ke kusehlisa ukudumba radiation-olubangelwa of uranium olungeyomfuneko kakhulu, ukunciphisa kakhulu iintonga ukuqaqadeka thermal of uranium ukuphucula ukumelana inwebu nokuphucula ulawulo umgangatho imveliso.

Imveliso kwi "Mayak"

"EChelyabinsk-65" - enye izityalo ezininzi ethe phezu kwayo yavelisa neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade. I-Enterprise waba zamandla ngaphezulu, nganye apho siya sijonga ngakumbi.

A reactor

Ufakelo yenzelwe kwaye wakha phantsi kwesikhokelo N. A. edume Dollezhalya. Wayesebenza kunye nomthamo 100 MW. -Reactor waba nkqo amalungiselelo imijelo 1.149 ulawulo kunye amafutha kwibhloko mifanekiso. Zalisa ubunzima sakhiwo malunga 1.050 neetoni. Phantse zonke iindlela (ngaphandle 25) anezinto uranium, ubunzima kwafunyanwa iitoni 120-130 of. Amajelo 17 asetyenziswa ziintonga zolawulo 8 - kuba experiments. Ubuninzi release Izinga ubushushu yoyilo kwiseli zamafutha olulinganayo ukuya 3,45 kW. Xa reactor kuqala malunga 100 grams neplutoniyam ngosuku. neplutoniyam metal yokuqala yenziwa Aprili 16, 1949.

ukushiyeka zobuchwepheshe

Phantse kakhulu ingxaki enkulu, nto leyo ke umhlwa of ezifakelwa aluminiyam kwaye Ipeyinti ye cell zamafutha zaye ngoko nangoko ezichongiweyo. Kwakhona ke lasuka nezonakeleyo iintonga amafutha ahamba ngqo amanzi okupholisa ze core reactor. Emva reactor ukuvuza nganye kwakufuneka ukuba luyekiswe iiyure ukuya ku-10 ukuya ukuvakalisa grafayithi owomileyo. NgoJanuwari 1949 ifaka zibe imiphantsi ziye indawo. Emva koko, ukuqala ufakelo kwenzeka ngoMatshi 26, 1949.

imveliso neplutoniyam ngokwebakala reactor A apho kukhatshwa zonke iintlobo ubunzima kunatywa ngakumbi kule minyaka 1950-1954, yaye kunamandla aqhelekileyo 180 MW unit. umsebenzi ekugqibeleni ekuqaleni reactor elandelwa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kuyo, nto leyo kakhulu yendalo kwaye ikhokelele zokumisa lwaqho (ukuya ku amaxesha 165 ngenyanga nganye). Ngenxa yoko, ngo-Oktobha 1963, i-reactor licima futhi savulwa kuphela entwasahlobo ka-1964. kwiphulo lakhe Kugqityiwe ngokupheleleyo ngo-1987 kwaye ngeli xesha lonke ukusebenza ixesha elide wavelisa iitoni 4.6 of neplutoniyam.

semithombo AB

Kwishishini "eChelyabinsk-65" zamandla ezintathu AB kwagqitywa ukwakha ekwindla ka-1948. ubuchule babo obunemveliso yi 200-250 iigrem neplutoniyam ngosuku. umyili Oyintloko prowujekthi Savin. reactor nganye yayiba lamajelo-1 996, 65 kuzo ulawulo. channel nganye kunikwa kakutsha njengesipholisi ukuvuza ezikhethekileyo - Izityalo ezintsha zobugcisa lalisetyenziswa. Loo nyathelo liya kuvumela endlebeni ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza reactor.

Unyaka wokuqala ukusebenza kwezi zamandla lwabonisa ukuba izala malunga 260 grams neplutoniyam ngosuku. Noko ke, ukususela kunyaka wesibini kwamandla sebenziso ngokwenyusa kancinane, kwaye sele ngo-1963 umlinganiselo walo 600 MW. Emva kokuba ukungcitywa yesibini sele isonjululwe ngokupheleleyo ingxaki kunye ezifakelwa, namandla sele ifikelele 1,200 MW kunye imveliso neplutoniyam 270 eekhilogram zonyaka. Ezi zikhombisi esekhona ukugqibezela nokuvalwa zamandla.

Reactor AI-IR

EChelyabinsk amashishini ukuba asebenzise esi sicwangciso kwixesha ukususela 22 Disemba 1951 de-25 Meyi 1987. Ukongeza uranium, i-reactor eliveliswe ayibe-60, yaye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini-210. Ekuqaleni, lo ziko yavelisa eziFihliweyo, kodwa kamva waqalisa ukufumana neplutoniyam.

Kwakhona izityalo phambili izixhobo-grade neplutoniyam kwafuneka ukwakha zamandla ukusebenza phezu kwamanzi enzima kunye reactor ukukhanya-manzi kuphela (igama lakhe - "Ruslan").

elikhulu eSiberia

"Tomsk-7" - oko kukuthi igama ababethwele izityalo, nto leyo eye zamandla ezintlanu ukudala neplutoniyam. Ngalinye lokubolekwa le mifanekiso isicelo ukuba isantya neutron, kunye namanzi eziqhelekileyo ukuqinisekisa lungapholi olwaneleyo.

Kwaye ke reactor-1 asebenza kunye nenkqubo okupholisa badlula apho amanzi kanye. Noko ke, abanye iiyunithi ezine mayixhotyiswe isekethe ephambili evaliweyo exhotyiswe sokufudumeza. Le kuyilo ivumela ukuze kuphuhliswe ngakumbi kwaye umphunga, nto leyo inceda kwi ukuvelisa umbane kunye zokufudumeza izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.

"Tomsk-7", kwaye reactor kwakhona ngokuba EI-2, nto leyo, yaba injongo mbini: ukuvelisa neplutoniyam ngokuncama eziveliswa umphunga eyenziwe amandla yombane ka 100 MW kunye 200 MW ngamandla obushushu.

inkcazelo ebalulekileyo

On njengoqinisekiso wenzululwazi, nakwisiqingatha ubomi neplutoniyam izixhobo-lingcono malunga nama-24 360 neminyaka. A inani elikhulu! Kulo mba, umbuzo ingakumbi etsolo uba: "Indlela eyiyo yokwenza ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma le nto" Le ndlela ilungileyo kucingelwa ukuba ukwakhiwa amashishini ezizodwa kuqhubekeko oluphambili lwe neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade. Isizathu kukuba kulo mzekelo, i element asinakukwazi ukuphinda isetyenziselwe iinjongo zomkhosi kwaye iya kulawulwa yi ndoda. Leyo yindlela kulahlwe neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade eRashiya, kodwa United States of America, waya kwelinye icala, ngoko besaphula nezibophelelo zayo.

Ngoko ke, urhulumente US iceba ukuba atshabalalise aphuculweyo kakhulu amafutha enyukliya silindeleke ukuba namuhla kuveliswa, yaye ukuxutywa of neplutoniyam, eqweba kwimigqomo ezizodwa kubunzulu eemitha 500. Hayi ke, ukuba kulo mzekelo, impahla kungaba lula ukuba naliphi na ixesha ukususa emhlabeni, kwaye kwakhona Wamkwelisa kwiithagethi zomkhosi. Ngokutsho Russian uMongameli Vladimir Putin, eli lizwe ekuqaleni savumelana kutshabalalisa neplutoniyam ngale ndlela, kwanawokuqhuba lilungisa kumaziko mveliso.

ingqalelo eyodwa unikwa ixabiso neplutoniyam izixhobo-grade. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba amashumi iitoni lwesi sakhi inokuba kakuhle khawuzame billion ezininzi zeedola US. Kodwa ezinye iingcali e E ntoni baye baqikelela iitoni 500 kwezixhobo-grade neplutoniyam kangangoko 8 ezigidi zeerandi. Imali omhle ngokwenene. Ukuyenza ibonakale ncono, njengoko imali eninzi, masithi ukuba elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane yama-20 umlinganiselo izinga GDP Russian yonyaka $ 400 yezigidi zezigidi. Oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, ixabiso lokwenene neplutoniyam weapon-grade ilingana amabini GDP yonyaka ye-Russian Federation.