Metal Ivoti: A inkqubo iindlela, iindlela

Metal - isiseko bonke Impucuko yanamhlanje. Ebudeni bonyaka uluntu lwale mihla uvelisa neenkqubo inani yentsimbi yedwa, ukuba phambi kokuba ihlabathi lonke ukuba wayithatha ubuncinane eziliqela iinkulungwane. Kwaye oku bugwetyelwe, ekubeni kuphela ukwakhiwa kuthatha imali elingu ngentsimbi nganye. Akumangalisi ke, ukulahlwa metal in a rhoqo ngcono.

A incinane

Inkalo ebalulekileyo intsimbi ukuba, ukukhenkcisa, "isindululo" amenze, le ndoda waphawula kumaxesha amandulo. Namhlanje, phantse bonke izazinzulu ibonisa ukuba umhlobo yabantu yokuqala intsimbi ebibanjwe nge awe esibhakabhakeni. intsimbi eziwe ke ukunyibilika, kwaba lula ukusingatha, ngokokude zizanyazanyiswe iziseko ezinye ivelayo impucuko bephosa bafunda ixesha elide eyadlulayo.

Kwilizwe lethu, castings metal eminyaka umsebenzi omhloniphayo uzukile, kubantu yobugcisa isoloko baphathwe ngentlonelo olukhulu. Eyaziwa ngokuba "Tsar Cannon" yaye "Tsar Bell" unguye obukhulu kuzo iinkosi Russian nangobungcibi Foundry, kwanokuba omnye wabo akaze abizwe, kwaye eyesibini - abazange endizixunayo. Abaseki efanayo phambene ebukumkanini uPetros Omkhulu wafumana igama olulodwa umthengisi ethembekileyo izixhobo umkhosi. Noko ke, le lesihloko zityalwa ke ngoku. Ngaphambi kokuba iintlobo eziphambili ekubunjweni metal, kuyimfuneko kukuthi amagama ambalwa malunga iimpawu izinto ezifunekayo.

kufuneka ibe yintoni ulahle metal

Lo mhlaba ibalulekileyo esinyithi, nto bekumele ukuba kusetyenziswa xa bephosa, - fluidity yayo. Yenza ingxubevange in ifomu etyhidiweyo unalo wamanzi ngokulula ukusuka ngokuyinyibilikisa omnye komnye, oko emathambekeni yalo ukugcwaliswa. Ukuba uphakamile lo ingeniso, sinokwenziwa sokurhuqa kwimveliso ogqityiweyo udonga. Zesinyithi, ophuma kakuhle, kunzima kakhulu ngakumbi. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, uyakwazi ukuba uthathe ngaphambili kakhulu kunokuba ndibazalisa ngokunxila bonke ifomu izikhewu. Yiyo le ngokuntsokotha abenzi nazo xa usenza bephosa aluminiyamu yesinyithi.

Akumangalisi ukuba intsimbi waba casters izinto ozithandayo. Kwaye ngenxa yalo intsila fluidity kakhulu, apho kungenxa yokuba usebenza nabo kulula kakhulu. Steel ayikho njengoko ulwelo, kwaye ke ngoko ngenxa olupheleleyo zokuzaliswa sokubumbela (ukuthintela nemingxuma kunye imigodi) kufuneka ukubhenela ezahlukeneyo amaqhinga.

Kwimeko kwecacileyo, xa kufuneka ukulahlwa metal ekhaya izinto ekrwada inyibilikiswa kwaye agalelwa iinxalenye amancinane amanzi, ingakumbi, zingenziwa utshonisa ukuloba. Kodwa le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ngokubanzi, nkqu lushishino lwezixhobo! Ukususela phezulu ekhethekileyo inqaba, ngokuthe ufana inqaba, nayo imvukelo uqala ukuze ndiyiphalaze etyhidiweyo. Ukuphakama isakhiwo yokuba emhlabeni kwangena obhulowu ngokugqibeleleyo ibunjwe-lupholile phantsi. Nantso into kwenziwa ngendlela ukukhawuleziswa mveliso.

"Umhlaba" udini

Indlela elula kakhulu zamandulo ekubunjweni but is emhlabeni. Kodwa "elula 'lwakhe - ingqiqo eqhelekileyo noko, njengoko lo msebenzi ufuna ukulungiselela onzima kakhulu. Kuthetha ukuthini loo nto?

Okokuqala, evenkileni imodeli is a full-ubungakanani, kunye nemodeli enenkcukacha of ukulahlwa elizayo. Ngaphezu koko, ubukhulu balo kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kancinci inqaku leyo kufuneka, njengoko intsimbi phezu lungapholi iya kummisa. Njengoko umthetho, imodeli kwenza ekwahlulweni iziqingatha ezibini.

Xa ephelile, ilungise isanti udini okhethekileyo. Ukuba imveliso elizayo kufuneka ibe nemingxuma zangaphakathi kunye mgodini, kufuneka ukupheka kwaye iintonga, kwakunye yokubumba compound olongezelelweyo. Kufuneka ugcwalise okwethutyana ezo ndawo ke inxalenye yokugqibela "engenanto". Ukuba unomdla ekubunjweni metal ekhaya, qiniseka ukuba ukukhumbula le meko, kuba kungenjalo iselwa ukuzala nawaphula nje ingcinezelo, kwaye imiphumo inokuba buhlungu gqitha.

Yintoni wenza izinto ekubunjweni?

Le isisekelo kumabakala zesanti nodongwe, kunye nokwenziwa yokubopha. indima yabo ukwenza oyile yendalo kunye zokwenziwa, linseed neoli, nentlaka, rosin, kodwa ubuncinane ibala lomdlalo.

Okulandelayo kufika ixesha molders, ogama msebenzi ukuvelisa ngumngundo. Ukuba ukuchaza nje, indlela oku kwenziwa ngokuthatha kwibhokisi eyenziwe ngeplanga, wayifaka phakathi kwifom (oko detachable), kunye izikhewu phakathi kweendonga yaye yakha imodeli ngesando iikhompawundi sukube.

Benza okufanayo isiqingatha sesibini uwafake iinxalenye ezimbini izikhonkwane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kuloo fom ukuba xa priming uza kuba phezulu, faka cone ezimbini ezizodwa. Omnye wabo isetyenziselwa agalele etyhidiweyo, owesibini - kuba uphume nokwandisa zegesi.

Isiphelo isigaba samalungiselelo

Kwaye ngoku mhlawumbi lixesha lokuba yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu lo msebenzi. Iselwa qhawula ngenyameko, ukuzama ukunqanda kokunikezela ngesidima kwentlabathi sukube. Emva koko kwi emhlabeni yoshicilelo ezimbini ecacileyo eneenkcukacha iinkcukacha elizayo. ngoko ke isale nge paint okhethekileyo. Oku kwenzelwa etyhidiweyo akayi kungena ukudibana ngqo intlabathi yokubumba emhlabeni. Inkqubo efana nodongwe metal kufuneka kungavunyelwa, kuba kungenjalo umgangatho kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo ukuze zimbi kakhulu.

Ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwangaxeshanye uthe wagawulwa kwisicatshulwa imbaleki ezongeziweyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthululwa baphele. Iselwa kwakhona wongezelela kwaye ubuninzi emaqanda ixhulumane. Xa umxube moldable iya koma kancinane phezulu, ungaqala eyahlulayo.

qala ekhupha

Okokuqala, kwi cupola, oko kukuthi, amaziko ezizodwa, billets zentsimbi etyhidiweyo. Ukuba ekufuneka ukuphosa intsimbi, izinto ekrwada inyibilikiswa a amaziko nokuphalazeka kwelifu, vula-eziko, inverter kunye nezinye emlilweni. Ukuze ungenise zinyibilikile zikarhulumente iintsimbi nonferrous, sebenzisa isixhobo ezizodwa zavuleka.

Yonke, ungaqala eyahlulayo. Ukuba ukuma omnye okanye zinyibilikile ekwakuthululwa yakukha, qho ngamnye. Kwezinye iimeko, njengoko umthetho, imibutho yokuthutha: luqhwemesha okusilelayo okanye phantsi emele okanye i-emele ihambisa phezu imiqolo zaphatha. Kuya ngokupheleleyo intlangano kwemveliso. Xa kufika ixesha kunye nentsimbi buyehla, oko liyasuswa sokubumba. Enyanisweni, le ndlela efanelekileyo kwiimeko apho kufuneka yokubumba metal ekhaya (ukuba luqine, umzekelo). Into ngokhona kucokisekileyo kwezi meko ukuze kuzuzwe baya kusebenza.

Sandblast okanye iimatshini besila ndawonye imveliso igqityiwe lisusiwe kunye nobungakanani nokubambelela nesanti sukube. Phela, le ndlela ngokukuko kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni matanki ngexesha Second World War. Nantso into eyayisenza iimboniselo waphosa, kunye ekunyaniseni bhetyebhetye le nkqubo ivumela ukuvelisa inani elikhulu lezithuthi yokulwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze ngaphambili loo. Ziziphi ezinye iintlobo ekubunjweni metal?

kuphole ukulahlwa

Kodwa ngoku sebenzisa kakhulu nobugoci-goci bayo enobuchwepheshe iindlela iimveliso iimveliso ukubunjwa. Umzekelo, metal yokubanda eyahlulayo. Enyanisweni, le ndlela ufana kakhulu siye ezichazwe ngasentla, ekubeni kulo mzekelo jeli ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kuphela kulo mzekelo zenziwe ngentsimbi, leyo lula kakhulu inkqubo yemveliso abaninzi.

Ngoko ke, ukuba iziqingatha ezibini ze cone kunye iintonga zifakiwe (ngokuba ngokugalela isinyithi kunye ukuyilwa void), yaye emva koko ngokuqinileyo uwafake omnye komnye. Zonke ungafumana ukusebenza. Le peculiarity yale ndlela kukuba apha etyhidiweyo Ukuguqulwa kolwelo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka ukwenza pholisa ngenkani, kwaye ke ngoko inkqubo ukukhululwa kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Ngoncedo lwe ziyalolana kuphela unako ukufumana amakhulu, okanye amawaka, yonke castings, ngaphandle kokuchitha ixesha elininzi kwi iintlobo zoqeqesho ngamnye kunye nemixube sukube.

Ezinye ezingalunganga le ndlela

Engxakini le ndlela umtyhido kukuba kuphela ezo iintlobo zesinyithi ezifanele oko, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo fluidity aphezulu ngendlela otyhidiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, kuphela uxinzelelo ukulahlwa (ngayo ngezantsi) kumlungele for steel, ekubeni le nto angenayo flowability elungileyo ngokubanzi. Phantsi yempembelelo umoya, nkqu iintlobo ezininzi "ezicinezelayo" baye baba ngcono kakhulu ecinezelweyo nxamnye imilo oyifunayo. Iindaba ezimbi zezokuba iimeko zemveliso zimo yesiqhelo metal sokubumbela nje musa ndiludilize siwe bebodwa. Yiloo nto ke kufuneka ukuba usebenzise indlela ekhethekileyo zemveliso, leyo uchaze ngezantsi.

ziphene Ukubumbela

Njani Umntu uphosa - phantsi koxinzelelo - metal? Ezinye iinkalo sele kukhe kwatshiwo ngentla apha, kodwa kusafuneka ukuba aveze mbandela ngokweenkcukacha. Yonke ilula. Okokuqala, umgangatho efunekayo zamabakala ngumngundo sentsimbi, esenokuba multistage, imilo yangaphakathi ezintsonkothileyo. Okwesibini, udinga isixhobo sokumpompa, ekwaziyo kukukhupha ukusuka ezisixhenxe ukuya anamakhulu asixhenxe MP.

Inzuzo ephambili yale ndlela yokusebenza eliphezulu yokunyibilikisa. Oko namanje inikeza ziphene yokubumba? Metals kulo mzekelo amagqabi phi, kwaye umgangatho umphezulu imveliso ogqityiweyo ujika okuhle kakhulu. Le meko yokugqibela uphelise iinkqubo enzima kakhulu onzima zokucoca kunye ipolishi. Ziziphi izinto kule ndlela yemveliso bhetele ukukhulula zonke iimveliso igqityiwe kwaye maqela?

Ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa aluminiyamu, ezisekelwe kwi-aluminiyam, izinc, yobhedu nebhekile-nelothe (bephosa ayoni isinyithi). Melting point ukuba zincinane kakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko ifumana yinkqubo eliphezulu kakhulu zobugcisa. Ukongeza, le nkcazelo lincinane xa zipholile ikeyiki. Oku kuthetha ukuba unako ukuvelisa iinxalenye kunye nokumelana ezincinane kakhulu, ukuba umba ubugcisa bale mihla kubalulekile kakhulu.

Ukuntsonkotha le ndlela kukuba kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo ngexesha yokwahlukana ukungunda ukuze nokuba yonakele. Ukongeza, le ndlela efanelekileyo kuphela ukuba nokuveliswa amalungu kunye Ebubanzini bodonga encinci. Into yokuba umaleko metal elingqingqwa iya kuba ziyahlala kolwabelo eya kuqinisekisa ukuyilwa mgodini kunye ukuqanda.

Iintlobo lwezityalo ukulahlwa "sewayini"

Bonke oomatshini ezisetyenziswa kule ndlela sokufaka amanqaku yesinyithi bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: ashushu nabandayo kwigumbi eyahlulayo. uhlobo 'Hot "ngokufuthi zingasetyenziswa kuphela ukuba aluminiyamu zinc-based. Kulo mzekelo, egumbini ukulahlwa ngokwayo egxile kwi etyhidiweyo. umoya enoxinzelelo okanye piston eyodwa ayajika kuloo ndawo ibinomthwebeba eyahlulayo.

Njengoko umthetho, kunikezelo anamandla asifuneki, uxinzelelo ngokwaneleyo ukuya 35-70 MPA. Ngoko ke sikuyo ekubunjweni metal kule meko kuba lula yaye kungabinandleko kakhulu, ukuba isiphumo kakhulu kwi ixabiso lokugqibela imveliso. Ngezibumbi ebandayo le etyhidiweyo ukuba 'ukusukela "vglub amagumbi ekubunjweni phantsi koxinzelelo ingakumbi ophezulu. Kule meko kunokuba ukuya ku 700 MPA.

ukuba amalungu eziveliswa phi ngenaliti yokubumba?

Bahlale kuyo yonke indawo. Le phones, iikhompyutha, iikhamera kunye oomatshini bokuhlamba yonke kukho iinkcukacha ifunyenwe ezi ndlela. Ingakumbi lisetyenziswa oomatshini, kuquka ezinxulumene ngqo ne-moya kunye noshishino sithuba. Weight kwamalungu oluxonxiweyo ziyahluka ukusuka grams abambalwa kuma-50 kg (okanye ngaphezulu). Ingasetyenziswa abanye "yosetyenziso" metal ngodongwe? Ewe, kwaye kukho ezininzi ngeendlela.

Baza, sichitha Investment

Njengokuba kunjalo yokuqala esixubusha, uluntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo wayesazi malunga nendlela eyothi etyhidiweyo kule ndlela uzilungiselele, enziwe iparafini okanye wax. Imane wayifaka igutyana kwaye ucingo izithuba kunye ukubumba isanti. Baphele iyachithakala amafutha kunye ngokugqibeleleyo ugcwalisa yonke ivolyum preform zaseprayimari. Le ndlela kulungile ukuba umfuziselo akuyomfuneko ukuba baphume iselwa. Ukongeza, ngexesha elifanayo kangangoko ukufumana iinkcukacha esemgangathweni ofezekileyo, inkqubo ekubunjweni metal Kulula kakhulu ukuba imishini.

Eyahlulayo, ulisebenzisa iqokobhe

Ukuba ukulahlwa silula, yaye "isithuba" kwi yobugorha mveliso ogqityiweyo ayifuni ukubumba ngohlobo iqokobhe zingasetyenziswa. Yenza kubo ukususela kwixesha lakudala, kwaye kusetyenziswa njengesiseko omhle isanti dust kunye nentlaka. Namhlanje, Kambe ke, xa iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa zisetyenziswa nje yokugqibela.

Emva koko uthathe umlinganiselo metal usebenza ezibandakanya iziqingatha ezibini sibekwe kwindawo lashushu malunga 300 degrees Celsius. apho ke elichithelwa umxube moldable (isanti kunye nentlaka eyomileyo) ukuze ivale ngokupheleleyo kumphezulu imifanekiso yesinyithi. Phantsi yempembelelo ubushushu bayinyibilikisa resin, kwaye Ebubanzini kwentlabathi kukho 'iselwa' bababeka namandla.

Xa konke oku cool kancinci, etshe zesinyithi asuswe, intlabathi ithunyelwe kwi "kaJohn 'eziko. Emva koko, uhlobo ngokwanele: yokudibanisa iziqingatha babo ababini, leyo engekabili kulo etyhidiweyo. Ziziphi ezinye iindlela ekubunjweni metal?

abumbe centrifugal

Xa baphele igalelwe ngokumila okhethekileyo ukuba ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu esijikeleziswa kwi ngeprojektha tye okanye nkqo. Ngenxa enamandla ravnoprilozhennyh amandla centrifugal metal ngokufanayo ayajika kulo lonke uhlobo emathutyeni, ngokwenjenjalo ekuphumezeni esemgangathweni ophezulu imveliso ugqibile. Le ndlela ukulahlwa nto ilungele ukuvelisa iindidi ngeendidi imibhobho. It ivumela ukwakha Ebubanzini bodonga kakhulu uniform ngakumbi, nto leyo kunzima kakhulu ukufikelela usebenzisa iindlela "static".

electroslag ukulahlwa

Ingaba kukho naziphi na iindlela, ukuba ekubunjweni otyhidiweyo, kwaye unelungelo ke kuthiwe mihla? ukulahlwa Electroslag. Ngaloo metal ulwelo kuqala afunyenwe ngokwenza walungisa ekrwada electric arc okuchithwa ezinamandla. Bezdugovoy zingasetyenziswa kunye indlela apho intsimbi inyibilikiswa bubushushu elaye lenziwa zeBlack. Kodwa into yokugqibela kwaye enze okuchithwa ezinamandla.

Emva koko, lo metal engamanzi, leyo ngethuba lenkqubo yonke akazange wadibana emoyeni, unikwa kwigumbi crystallization ethi "nodibaniso 'isekhona kwaye sokubumba. Le ndlela isetyenziswa castings ilula kwaye omkhulu ukwenziwa apho akuyomfuneko ukuba ukuthobela imiqathango emininzi.

cleaner ukulahlwa

Oku kusebenza kuphela xa zemathiriyeli "elite" ezifana negolide, titanium, steel stainless. Le wentsimbi ukunyibilikiswa lwepolitiki, uze ngokukhawuleza (iimeko ezifanayo) Enye yi iifom. Le ndlela kuhle ukuba xa isicelo ngokoqobo ngaphandle ukuyilwa imigodi zomoya kunye ukuqanda imveliso, ekubeni isixa igesi ekhoyo okukuwo engephi. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ubunzima ukulahlwa kulo mzekelo ayikwazi ukudlula isibini amakhulu eekhilogram.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukufumana iinkcukacha ngaphezulu ubunzima?

Ewe, ubuchwepheshe enjalo. Kodwa inokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko apho ukuqhubekekiswa ngaxeshanye ikhulu neetoni zentsimbi kunye nangaphezulu. Okokuqala, metal inyibilikiswa emoyeni, yaye emva koko agalelwa ngumngundo akunjalo, kodwa emele sukube ezizodwa, apho nazo zikhuselwe angene umoya kwisisu kubo.

Baphele ogqityiweyo ukuba iphaphatheke iindlela apho nazo ngaphambili bakhutshwe pump. Steel, evela kule nkqubo, nto ibiza kakhulu. Isetyenziswa elibenze, kwakunye ezinye iintlobo ukulahlwa efanayo, xa ufuna ukufumana workpiece neenxalenye olunobulunga obuphezulu kakhulu.

Ekubunjweni Foam (elinyukayo) imodeli

Kumgangatho castings nelula, le ndlela yenye inzuzo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba isetyenziswa ngakumbi kwaye ziyasetyenziswa ngaphezulu ngokubanzi kushishino mihla. Ethandwa kakhulu ulahle otyhidiweyo, imveliso leyo luyanda ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye, liyana e-China kunye US, njengoko amashishini lwala mazwe mabini abe imfuno iphezulu for steel esemgangathweni. Abaxhamla kule ndlela kukuba ivumela eyahlulayo ngaphandle kwezithintelo Nantoni on ubunzima kunye nobukhulu.

Ngeendlela ezininzi, oku kufana le ndlela ichazwe ngentla kuthi: kulo mzekelo, imodeli lokuqala azenziwanga wax okanye udongwe, kodwa ugwebu ngoku yasasazwa. Ekubeni le nto uneempawu zawo, umxube isanti Umatshini into ezipakishwe igutyana xi malunga 50 kPa. Amaninzi, le ndlela kwenziwa kwezo meko xa kuyimfuneko ukwenza iindawo ezinobunzima ukususela 100 grams ukuya kwiitoni ezimbini.

Nakuba kunjalo, siye wathi abanye imida nzima kubungakanani kungekho ndawo. Ngoko ke, le ndlela, aphosa unako engenziwa izincedisi engines inqanawa zange ubungakanani "eqhelekileyo" akazange kwahluka. Itoni nganye izinto sisinyithi ekrwada lweendleko zokufunda zongezelelweyo zilandelayo:

• Fine isanti zwi - 50 kg.
• Ekhethekileyo nonstick alufane - 25 kg.
• A istro granular - 6 kg.
• Ashinyeneyo film polyethylene - 10 ubude macala onke. m.

Zonke kodini isanti - zwi olunyulu isanti ngaphandle ongeziweyo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezongezo. Kunokuba malunga 95-97% aphinde asetyenziswe, nto leyo eyandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zenkqubo.

Ngoko ke, lo intsimbi ekhupha (nokwakheka inkqubo iye ngokupheleleyo ukuqwalaselwa sithi) - lo mkhuba "multi-amaninzi 'ngenxa yokuba kukho ezininzi iindlela ezintsha umhla. Ngaxeshanye, icandelo mihla isebenzisa iindlela ezibe azakusetyenziswa amawaka aliqela eminyaka eyadlulayo, abanye aziqhelanise nazo kwimeko yangoku.