Lweenkcukacha ਤਰਕ: kwezokwakha kunye nemimiselo

Lweenkcukacha ਤਰਕ - esi sakhiwo engineering kunye izinto ezifana zokusebenza njenge isiseko (okanye isakhiwo ezantsi), isakhiwo eliphezulu, izakhiwo yokukhupha amanzi, roadbed, yaye endleleni.

ikhowudi yokwakha

Ukulungiselela subgrade - lokuqala ukwakhiwa lengoma tram. Ukuba web ibekwe phezu endleleni, lweenqwelo zokulwa ukumba longitudinal, ukuba umendo bakwimeko igqabi kahle, ngoko ukudala udonga okanye emathambekeni.

Okulandelayo eDibanisa inkxaso kunye zokulinganisa kaloliwe phantsi. Bona zenza isiseko indlela tram. Ezi zenziwe sleepers longitudinal, le sleepers okanye izakhiwo isakhelo. Zokulinganisa khetha igrabile, isanti okanye uhlalutye entle.

indlela abasisigxina - oko yimiqolo, ngokokusebenza ekhethekileyo inxalenye (. iminqamlezo, turnouts, zokuwela njalo njalo), izinto zokubopha, eyenzelwe ukuba ukudibanisa neentsimbi nokuxhasa phantsi-kaloliwe (pads, linings, iibholiti, iimpahla zakhe zokutyhomfa, amaqhina, izikrufu, njl ...) kunye umbane.

Ukususa komhlaba kunye amanzi emvula zakhiwo ifakiwe.

Wamatye sisiba phakathi neentsimbi nangaphandle ukuba tramroad ibekwe apha endleleni. Ukutyabeka be ilitye ukupheyiva, asphalt ikhonkrithi, amahlalutye okanye iibhulorho.

Ubukhulu noshowo kwingoma

I Parameter engundoqo ububanzi kwingoma. Le kugqitywe phakathi ubuso ukusebenza iintloko zoololiwe, kulinganiswa nkqo kwingoma axis longitudinal. On icandelo tye lwegama kuthathwa njengento elingana ubungakanani 1524 mm (ngololiwe gauge standard Russian). Kwiindawo nge ugobile okanye bend ukulandelela ububanzi angandiswa ngokungqinelana radius sakujika okanye igophe.

Sites kunye kabini-umkhondo ulwalathiso zifunjwe kunye iinqwelwana intshukumo ububanzi (2600 mm) kunye umsantsa kuyimfuneko phakathi kwabo (600 mm). Ngoko ke, xa kungekho izithuba intertrack ezintambo zoqhagamshelwano ixhasa, ububanzi ubuncinane yengcolileyo nesabelo salo phambili kuthathwa lingana 3200 mm, eqhelekileyo - 3500 mm. Phambi isekela izithuba intertrack ububanzi kufuneka bungabi ngaphantsi kwe-3550 mm.

Xa ngokubekwa izithuba intertrack minh umkhondo ububanzi kanye ezicwangciselwe phakathi ngezixengxe ngokwandisa iindlela ngaxeshanye.

Yokuhlala kunye nesabelo

Ngokutsho imimiselo, tramways ibekwe kwi stock nasezirhangeni okanye Ilungiselelo ezinemiphetho lwendlela, kungekho - embindini. Kwi chibi, imigwaqo emikhulu okanye izitalato kunye izithuthi kwicala omnye ehlahla indlela ecaleni elinye icala endleleni.

Kubonelelwa kwindawo yomendo zigqunyiwe ukusuka ezinye yezithuthi web. Akusoloko nokwenzeka: umhlaba ongenanto, ingakumbi kwiidolophu ezinkulu, hayi kwanele.

Ngesivumelwano track esiporweni zihlukaniswe:

• inkonzo (wayibeka phezu kwiindawo kwindawo naphakathi iindlela zokusebenza kunye needepho);
• ixesha (ekhwele ixesha elifutshane imisebenzi ukulungiswa);
• yokusebenza (imigca esiporweni enkulu).

lweenkcukacha ਤਰਕ yokuyisebenzisa wabeka kakhulu ngeendlela ezimbini. track Single babekwa kwiindawo apho akunakwenzeka ukuba ibe yintlahla-ndlela kumacala omabini.

Wonke umqhubi kufuneka bazi ukuba kwimizila esiporweni hayi zithathwa yinxalenye isiqwenga kwendlela, kodwa into eyahlukileyo endleleni. Ngoko ke, nkqu yimiqolo ezinxulumene imiyalelo umvumbo izithuthi akukho zenzelwe ukuba ukuwasa isithuthi enyanyeni. Utyeshelo kuba esiporweni track kwiimeko ezizodwa lilawulwa yimiGaqo DD.

zigcwalisa abagunyazisiweyo kwi tramways

kuvunyelwa ngokupheleleyo zenzeke kwi yimiqolo ukuze electric - kule kona.

DD imithetho kuvumela izithuthi phezu imikhondo esiporweni, kuphela xa:

• ukuba zibekwe ukuya ekhohlo lomqhubi;
• ke kwinqanaba elifanayo kunye endleleni;
• kunye nokuhamba imoto kwakwelo cala efanayo.

It ukuba ukuhamba kwezithuthi naLindiili kwicala efanayo xa onke imizila wendlela ahlala. Kodwa nemiqathango efanayo kufuneka kwenziwe ifolda indlela kakuhle tram. Ngaphezu koko, xa ushiya imizila esiporweni kungenziwa bekhubazekile ngemiqondiso efanelekileyo yendlela.

izenzo TC akuvumelekanga le tramways

Isohlwayo uphumile kwi iintshukumo elilandelayo lomqhubi:

• ukuhamba komzila, ibekwe ekunene yesithuthi;
• ekhwele phezu lwengoma minh sakuba ngaphantsi okanye ngaphezu endleleni;
• phumela ngakuye tracks esiporweni (kuba mhlawumbi anganikwa ilungelo ukuqhuba imoto);
• U-turn on the yimiqolo ngokusebenzisa kwicala lasekunene.

Koko izohlwayo eziya kuveliswa ayabiza ngoyaba imiqondiso yendlela kunye / okanye iimpawu isicelo kumphezulu wendlela. Ezi ziquka imiqondiso 3.19; 4.1.1; 4.1.2; 4.1.4, ngokunjalo mshini 1.1; 1.2.1 no 1.3.

Amathuba kunye ilenze

Njengoko kucacile ukususela imigaqo DD, isithuthi ihamba kunye imikhondo yombane ukuba baxoxe, nabo linwenwe kulo kwicala lasekhohlo babuye (ngexesha elinye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ingxingwa yombane), kubandakanywa ukunqumla esitratweni ngokusebenzisa itekisi.

I-jika ngasekhohlo uvumelekile DD imithetho ukuba:

• Akukho iziphawuli umgca phezu komphezulu wendlela;
• Itramu track ukuba ekunene emotweni kunye kumphakamo ofanayo kunye endleleni.

Ukuqala kushenxa, qiniseka ukuba izithuthi yombane akusekho esebenzayo. Ujikelezo lwenziwa kuphela xa esinekona sasekunene. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo luyafana abangena ulwalathiso ezayo, oko kuquka isohlwayo ka-5000 engange. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kukhokelela off uphawu ithuba phambi kokugqitywa kwale kushenxa.

Uyakwazi ukwenza ithuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• qiniseka ukuba kwimizila esiporweni kuwela kunye nolwalathiso imoto azikho ukuze nangaphezulu / ezantsi endleleni, nokuba, azikho iimpawu kunye neempawu zendlela ongavumeli kushenxa;
• ukunika indlela (ukuba kuyimfuneko), zombane;
• lungisa le minh tracks kwicala efanayo;
• ukubandakanya uphawu ukujika, yenza U-turn;
• ukucima uphawu ithuba.

Ukuba loo nto ingenzeka xa tramways wavumela (kwi kweemeko ezichaziweyo apha ngentla), i-likufikela kungavumelekanga. Kuba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuya kwi lane esahlukileyo.

Ekunene uvule ngokusebenzisa tramways imithetho elawula hlobo. Kuba inzaliseko yalo kushenxa eso sithuthi kufuneka athathe i ngasekunene. Qala i ijika ekunene ukusuka kwingoma for zombane akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo.

iziphene kunokwenzeka ethubeni

Enye engundoqo - le kushenxa luqala endleleni, hayi kwingoma tram. Ubutyala kule meko unganikezelwanga. Sithetha nje malunga nokudalwa likaxakeka. Ukuba uqale kakuhle Wajika, kukho amathuba omkhulu zicinywe isithuthi ohambayo emkhondweni wokuthe tye.

Impazamo eqhelekileyo yesibini - le minh ekuguquleni tracks kwicala elahlukileyo. Kulo mzekelo, umqhubi ephule imithetho emiselweyo DD, umhlathi 9.6, oko kukuthi, yenza zokuhamba kunye nentshukumo tramways kwicala elahlukileyo.

Amaxesha amaninzi le moto tram lweengoma ezayo ayikho banzi. Kulo mzekelo, umhloli amapolisa ezendlela uyakufanelekela oku kushenxa njenge lokuhamba nenye nokuhamba kwezithuthi ezindleleni. Kwaye oku, Kakade ke, kukhokelela isohlwayo.

Kusekho impazamo kwenzeka ebudeni ithuba nge kwicala lasekhohlo, apho isithuthi sipakwe. Kwimeko enjalo, kungakuhle ukuba ukuqalisa kushenxa, xa iimoto (opake, lonto) sele kumgca enye. Loo ithuba ekuqaleni kwiindawo tight kunciphisa ithuba kwenzeke ingozi.

Kuhlangana kuhlangana ezingalawulwayo

DD mithetho vumela oko kuphela kwiimeko apho:

• izithuthi yombane (ekunene umqhubi), kwaye uhamba isithuthi endleleni, zombini ziya kwenza jika ngasekhohlo;
• Tram (imi kwicala lasekunene isithuthi) kunye isithuthi ihamba kwicala elinye ukuya isiphambuka, kodwa imoto waqhubeka ukuya ngqo;
• izithuthi yombane ukuya ekunene umqhubi uya kwenza ijika ngasekhohlo, lo gama isithuthi enyanyeni uqhubekela kumgca othe ngqo.

Ukuba ufaka kuhlangana bamiliselwa imihlathi yeMiqathango uphawula DD 5.10; 5.15.1 ne 5.15.2 elawula intshukumo eentsontelo okanye ebonisa indlela eya isindululo umva, izohlwayo ngokushiya indlela zothutho sombane uya kuba yimfuneko, kuba esalelweyo. jika ngasekunene iza kwenziwa ngaphandle kokuwela naLindiili tram.

Wothini na ukubujika ukuba indlela kunye lweenkcukacha ਤਰਕ ukulandelela kwicala elinye? Le kushenxa wavumela ukuba le ndlela inqanaba. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ithuba eliseleyo Zenziwe tramways njengoko liguqulwe. Okunye yezithuthi zingabonakaliswa imiqondiso 5.15.1; 5.15.2 okanye indlela wandise 1.18.

Ukuba kukho irobhothi okanye umlawuli traffic

Kulo mzekelo, i xa kwenza uphawu okanye isenzo komhloli zombini iindidi netroli Transport inzuzo ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ngokuphathelele ulwalathiso yalo intshukumo. Noko ke, xa yenziwe, utolo eluhlaza kwicandelo abangabancedani owalela izithuthi kunye nemiqondiso yezithuthi esendleleni electrotransport uya kunika indlela kwizithuthi ezihamba kwezinye izalathiso.

Kuya kufuneka Bangaphi ukuba ahlawule

Isixa Iwesohlwayo ityala phezu tramways ixhomekeke ubungqongqo bolwaphulo mthetho. Eyona kunazo "oluziindleko" - lokuqhuba isithuthi kwi emthondweni kwicala elahlukileyo. Kuba isohlwayo ukuya engange 5000 okanye ukuhluthwa mvume lokuqhuba isithuba seenyanga ezintandathu. Kodwa xa ulwaphulo mthetho baloba ikhamera yevidiyo, umqhubi uya suka nje kakuhle.

Isohlwayo yokunqumla ubuso basihambise eqhubekayo esahlula umkhondo ethutha abantu endleleni. DPS umhloli alumkise nje, kwaye ikhuphe isohlwayo engange 500.

Isixa-mali efanayo iya kuhlawuliswa kuzo umnini-sithuthi ohamba esiporweni tracks kwa indlela enye, kodwa kokuphazamisa ukuhamba yombane.

Vehicle stop phezu imithetho yendlela tramways libhekisele ukunyhashwa engcwabeni kakhulu. Namhlanje, kuyinto "ixabiso" 1500 engange. Kwikomkhulu St Petersburg kule ukuhlukunyezwa kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlawule 3000 engange.

Abaqhubi abavuma ukuba yawujikeleza sibe yimiqobo ngokwendlela icala yombane, ube uzilungiselele ukuba ahlawule isixa inkululeko enesiqingatha amawaka engange. Kwaye akukho jam kwezithuthi endleleni, akukho jam traffic asinto kakubi sisingxengxezo: ukuba ayibonwa njengemali njengomqobo. Ukuba sithuthi wayeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ityala elifanayo, uMgaqo yoLawulo ivumela ukuphucwa-mvume lokuqhuba iinyanga ezili-12. Ke ukuba eli ityala elo zekhamera, isohlwayo inyuswe ukuya engange-5 000. Imali ofanayo ukuchacha (kwaye mhlawumbi ikhadi ndiwuhlutha) elinde ukuba umqhubi ukuya ngeenxa ngomqobo na yokucima ngaphandle kokumisa kwindlela izithuthi zombane.

Ngamanye amaxesha, umqhubi unesizathu esihle ukumnyanzela ukuba ukwaphulwa ezichazwe. Ukungqina intlonipho kwabo, kunjalo, kufuneka iinkundla.

kwiingozi zendlela

Phantse ngamaxesha onke, aliqonda ngezimoto ngumtyholwa. Kwiimeko ezinqabe kakhulu, lo isiphoso amanga tram. Umzekelo, yamyeka isikhululo, hayi ujonge emacaleni, okanye umbutho waqalisa ukuya obomvu (okanye esimthubi) imiqondiso yezithuthi.

Into yokuqala ekufuneka yenziwe kumqhubi, Nokumphikisa ingozi, - yenza indlela kuhambiso yombane. Ngenxa yokuba pay ezilahlekileyo nkampani inzuzo - an ubumnandi imali eninzi. Amaninzi, inkundla yenza concessions ukuba ummangali kunye yabe- imali engaphezulu-10 000 engange. Ngako oko ke ziyacetyiswa avtoyuristy phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko njenge esiporweni ingozi ezamahala tracks ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Ukuba isiganeko kwenzeka ukuthuthwa yombane engaganwanga, kufuneka uthathe ngokukhawuleza idatha amangqina, zoba scheme kwingozi yemoto, ekukhethwa ukuba ngokubhekiselele nayiphi na into fixed, ukuthatha iifoto ezimbalwa kwiikona ezahlukeneyo kwaye ulandele kweli sebe ekufutshane amapolisa endlela. Ukuba imeko iyasivumela, ungenza awusebenzi uhlolo, imithetho zangoku kunye nemimiselo ukuvumela oko.

angahlangani

Kukhwela iindlela esiporweni, kuquka icala, uvumelekile ngexesha umsebenzi yesondlo kwi enye / multi-lane endleleni. Kulo mzekelo, abahloli endlela liya kuququzelela yafakwa ezinokuthatha phezu tramways counter.

Kwakhona efanayo zithathele amapolisa ezendlela kufuneka linelungelo lokungalwenzi ngenxa yengozi zendlela enkulu. Kodwa ezi efanayo meko, kufuneka ukunyenyisa intshukumo isithuthi.

imigca Itramu osemendweni Abathandi

E Moscow, phezu ukuvuselelwa eweb kwi w. Midlalo. Ngoku apha kukho neentsimbi banxibe ezingatshiyo, eyenza kube lula ukuba ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa isantya intshukumo zimoto. Kodwa nokulungiswa tramways akuphelelanga apho. Ngoku uqalise "amaza green" kwizithuthi zombane. Oku kungummiselo ezikhethekileyo iirobhothi kwaye utsale abenzi motion. Last lumiselwe ekusondeleni kukho izithuthi enkulu. Ngokutsho kweengcali, kunye tram, kunye abaqhubi beemoto ulahlekelwa lixesha zokunqumla zokuhamba izihlandlo ezihlanu ezincinane, tram akunyanzelekanga ukuba silinde kubo, ukuba bababuvisele "green" kwi iirobhothi, yaye umqhubi kuma phezu "red" kwi lingekho tram edlulayo. Ukulinga "wave eluhlaza" ifumene ncomo ezininzi ezintle. Ngoko ke, i isisombululo okrelekrele ezinjalo ziza kufakwa kulo lonke ingqukuva.