Le khemikhali Umbutho iiseli: izinto eziphilayo, olukhulu kunye Micro

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 emva kokuba bakha isebe eziphilayo ekuthiwa ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Yena ukufunda ukwakheka eekhemikhali iiseli ophilileyo. Eyona umsebenzi wenzululwazi - ulwazi awohluke of ukutya namandla, elawula imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ingcamango umchiza ukwakhiwa iiseli

Ngenxa yophando olunzulu zizazinzulu umbutho lwemichiza iiseli sele bafunda waza wafumanisa ukuba izinto eziphilayo iqanjwa engaphezu kwama-85 imichiza. Yaye ke inxenye kubo ziyafuneka phantse zonke izinto, ngoxa abanye ethile yaye zenzeka kwiintlobo ezithile. Iqela wesithathu imichiza abakhoyo iiseli Cya, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana hi mpimo lowutsongo ngokwaneleyo. imichiza yeseli basoloko ngokohlobo ukuse- kunye anions kwezimbiwa ityuwa kunye namanzi avele kuwo, kunye nemixube carbon eziphilayo ukuba kuhlelwe: iikhabhohayidrethi, iiprotheni, lipids.

izinto organogenic

Ngamachiza, ezi ziquka carbon, hydrogen, mpilo kunye nitrogen. iseti yabo kwisisele we 88 ukuya 97% kwezinye izinto imichiza langoku kuwo. Ngakumbi ibaluleke kakhulu carbon. Zonke izinto eziphilayo kuhlanganiselo iiseli luqulathe iimolekyuli eziqulathe kwekhabhoni athom yayo kuqamba. Zingakotshwa amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ukwenza umxokelelwane (branched kwaye unbranched), kwakunye imijikelo. Le ubuchule atom carbon oxhasa iyantlukwano iphawulekayo kwezinto eziphilayo kuqukwa kukho icytoplasm yeseli kunye organelles.

Umzekelo, imixholo angaphakathi iseli iquka oligosaccharide enyibilikayo, iiprotheni esibamba, lipids, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo RNA: transfer RNA, RNA ribosomal kunye umthunywa RNA, kwakunye monomers ezamahala - nucleotides. Loo sisincoko yemichiza sele nucleus iseli. Kwakhona iqulethe molecule deoxyribonucleic acid, yinxalenye zofuzo. Zonke ezi khompawundi zingasentla sele athom yayo ukwakhiwa nitrogen, carbon mpilo, hydrogen. Oku kububungqina ngokubaluleka yabo ethile, ekubeni umbutho eekhemikhali iseli kuxhomekeke kumxholo lweziqalelo biogenic enza izakhiwo zeselula: hyaloplasm kunye organelles.

Macronutrients neentsingiselo zawo

imichiza, nayo aqheleka kakhulu kwiiseli yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, ngamachiza zibizwa ngokuba macronutrients. umxholo wabo iseli yi 1.2% - 1.9%. Ngu macroelements iiseli ziquka: phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, isalfure, nemagnesium, calcium, intsimbi kunye sodium. Bonke babe imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwaye ziyinxalenye organelles ezahlukeneyo iseli. Ngenxa yoko, ion ayoni ekhoyo kwi kwiproteni egazini - ihemoglobin, leyo ethwala ioksijini (kukowuphi umzekelo apho kuthiwa oxyhaemoglobin), icarbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) okanye carbon dioxide (carboxyhaemoglobin).

ion Sodium zinika uhlobo ebalulekileyo yezothutho intercellular: ekuthiwa-Impompo sodium-potassium. Kwakhona ziyingxenye Embi cerebrospinal kunye negazi iplasma. ion magnesium ekhoyo iimolekyuli yiklorofili (photopigment izityalo ngaphezulu) kwaye ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo ye photosynthesis, kwakunye nakumaziko indlela fom ukuba ziluhlaza emgibeni ukukhanya.

ion calcium zinika Uhanjiso of pulses-luvo ecaleni imicu kwaye icandelo ezingundoqo osteocytes - iiseli ithambo. iikhompawundi calcium luninzi ehlabathini izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ogama oonokrwece iqanjwa ngecalcium carbonate.

ion chloride ebandakanyeka uyazihlaziya i inwebu yeseli uze unike ukubonakala la lombane yashukunyiswa engundoqo uvaleke.

Ezi sulfur ziyinxalenye kwiproteni lweenkobe kwaye ibangele ephakamileyo isakhiwo "nezitishi" polypeptide ikhonkco wabo, ngaloo ndlela bokwakha globular protein mpilo.

ion potassium ababandakanyekayo uthutho izinto ngokusebenzisa ingaphandle cell. athom phosphorus ziyinxalenye yale-eneji olunzulu ezibalulekileyo izinto ezifana adenosine triphosphate, kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu molecule asidi ideoxyribonucleic kunye ribonucleic, leyo ke eziphambili izinto iseli kwimfuza.

umsebenzi umkhondo in ukutya lweselula

Malunga 50 imichiza okumisele ngaphantsi kwe 0.1% iiseli, ebizwa microcells. Ezi ziquka zinc, molybdenum, ayodini, ikopolo, ayibe, fluorine. Silungisa ephantsi besenza umsebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, njengenxalenye izinto ezininzi eziphilayo esebenzayo.

Umzekelo, i-atom zinc e kwemolekyuli insulin (hormone olawula igazi level iswekile pancreatic), iodine usemthethweni weZiko hormone - thyroxine kunye triiodothyronine ukulawula umgangatho yokucolwa emzimbeni. Nobhedu, kunye ion yentsimbi ababandakanyekayo hematopoiesis (ukuyilwa iiseli ezibomvu, neeplatelets kunye neeseli amhlophe umongo wethambo ekuyo). ion zobhedu zibandakanyiwe sembaleni hemocyanin ezikhoyo egazini ezingenamqolo, yesilwanyana saselwandle esineqokobhe ezinjalo. Ngoko ke, ibala hemolymph oluhlaza yabo.

Okunye umxholo ngaphantsi esiseleni imichiza ezifana ezifana ilothe, negolide, bromine, isiliva. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba ultromikroelementami kunye inxalenye iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, xa uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali ion zegolide umbona inani ngokokuma kwento zabonwa. athom bromine kwinani elikhulu leseli ifakiwe thalli of lisiza brawuni ebomvu, ezifana Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

Zonke ngaphambili le mizekelo kunye zibakala ukuchaza indlela ezalanayo iikhemikhali ukubunjwa, umsebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo eziseleni. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa imixholo izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo kwemichiza kwi kwiiseli eziphilayo.

iimpawu ngokubanzi oganikhi khompawundi

Iipropati lwemichiza iiseli kumaqela ezahlukeneyo izinto ngendlela ethile ixhomekeke kwi-atom carbon, engunobangela kwama-50% ye cell abaninzi. Phantse zonke iseli umcimbi owomileyo imelwe iikhabhohayidrethi, iiprotheni, ii-asidi acid lipids, apho kukho isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ubunzima eliphezulu eziphilayo. molecule anjalo ibizwa macromolecules (iipholima) kwaye yakhiwa izakhi ezilula - monomers. izinto protein zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye enze ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi, nekuxoxwa ngazo ngezantsi.

Indima iiproteni yeseli

Uhlalutyo ezinto of iikhompawundi Sangena iseli ophilileyo, iqinisekisa isiqulatho eliphezulu kwezinto zendalo ezifana njengeprotini. Le iqiniso kwencazelo enengqondo: iiproteni ukwenza iintlobo kwemisebenzi ababandakanyekayo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi cell.

Umzekelo, zikhusela kwiiproteni Ukwakheka omzimba - asegazini yi lymphocyte. Ezo iiproteni protective ezifana thrombin, fibrin kunye tromboblastin zinika ekunqandeni igazi ukukhusela ulahleko yayo umothuko nokulimala. Ukubunjwa entsonkothileyo iseli iquka iiproteni iseli inwebu kokuba Ukukwazi ukuqaphela iikhompawundi amazwe - ezisegazini. Bathi ukutshintsha uqwalaselo zabo iseli ingxelo ezinokuba nobungozi (alarm function).

Ezinye proteni babe nowolawulo kwaye iihomoni, ezifana yioxytocin, eveliswe le ngxenye, yebhinqa reserved. Uvela ibe ligazi, yioxytocin wenza phezu kodonga kwezihlunu le isibeleko, ebangela ukuncitshiswa yayo. vasopressin protein kwakhona linomsebenzi elawulayo ngokulawula uxinzelelo lwegazi.

Iiseli kwezihlunu ezi actin kunye myosin, bayakwazi ukuba ukuzilawula, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umsebenzi lwemoto yethishyu kwezihlunu. Kuba iiproteni, umsebenzi yoqobo kunye trophic, umz, albumin umbungu esetyenziswa njenge zimbiwa sophuhliso. iiproteni igazi eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana haemoglobin kunye hemocyanin, mpilo zidluliselwa - yokuqhuba umsebenzi yezothutho. Ukuba amandla odlayo ngaphezulu izinto ezifana carbohydrate lipids, esetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, iseli uqalisa ukubola iiprothini. Enye gram yale 17 inika kJ 2 amandla. Omnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo iiprotheni yi zokuphosa (iiproteni, enzayim kukhawulezisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza siyinxalenye yezinye cytoplasmic). Ngokusekelwe kungentla, sibonile ukuba iiproteni eziliqela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kakhulu kwaye kuyimfuneko yinxalenye weseli yezilwanyana.

protein biosynthesis

Qwalasela inkqubo protein kudibaniso kwisisele, olwenzeka xa kukho icytoplasm nge organelles ezifana ribosomes. Enkosi kwi umsebenzi enqanda ezithile, kunye inxaxheba ion calcium ribosome zihlangana polysomes. Eyona engundoqo nemisebenzi ribosomes esiseleni - le Yindibanisela iimolekyuli protein, ukuqala inkqubo tumbuluxiwa. Ngenxa kuyo kuhlelwe iimolekyuli mRNA, apho ziqhotyoshelwe polysomes. Ke iqala kwetyala yesibini - zosasazo. Transport RNA Zinxibe kwiindidi amabini ezahlukeneyo acid kanye awazise polysomes, kwaye ukusukela ukuba umsebenzi ribosomes esiseleni - Yindibanisela polypeptides, ezi organelles benza izakhiwo kunye tRNA, kunye iimolekyuli acid acid zinxulunyaniswa kunye ngeentambo peptide ukwenza macromolecule protein.

Indima kwamanzi ukutya

izifundo Cytological iye yaqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo seli nokwakhiwa apho thina sifunde, umlinganiselo amanzi 70%, kwaye kwizilwanyana ezininzi, ehamba amanzi indlela yobomi (umzekelo, coelenterates) Umxholo yayo ifikelela 97-98%. Ngenxa yalo mbutho chemical iiseli iquka esibamba (ekwaziyo kokunyibilikisa) kunye hydrophobic (amanzi angangeni) eziphathekayo. Njengoko kwisinyibilkisi jikelele polar, amanzi lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye nefuthe ngqo nje kuphela umsebenzi, kodwa kanye isakhiwo iiseli. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa umxholo lamanzi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo iiseli eziphilayo.

Umsebenzi carbohydrate kwiseli

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukuba imichiza ezibalulekileyo organic - Iipholima - nazo silambile. Ezi ziquka polysaccharides, oligosaccharides kunye monosaccharides. Carbohydrate yinxalenye iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi - glycolipids kunye glycoproteins, leyo ngeglasi inwebu zeselula kunye nesakhiwo nadmembrannye, umz glycocalyx.

Koko carbon kwi carbohydrate iquka atom yeehidrojeni oxygenation, yaye ezinye polysaccharides ziqulathe ngakumbi initrogen, isalfure kunye phosphorus. Iiseli carbohydrate ezininzi zezityalo: Potato amatswele anokuqulatha ukuya kwi-90% istatshi iimbewu kunye nesiqulatho iziqhamo ekudleni ukuya kwi-70%, ukanti neeseli zezilwanyana zifumaneka ngohlobo iikhompawundi ezifana glycogen, ngechitin kunye trehalose.

iswekile ezilula (monosaccharides) kufuneka ifomula jikelele CnH2nOn yaze yahlulwa-hlulwa tetroses, triose, pentose kunye hexose. Le yokugqibela ezimbini ixhaphake kakhulu kwi kwiiseli eziphilayo, umzekelo, ribose kunye deoxyribose yinxalenye nucleic, kunye glucose fructose inxaxheba abasabela ngayo nokwenziwa kunye dissimilation. Oligosaccharides zifumaneka rhoqo kwi plant cells: sucrose egciniweyo kwi iiseli sugar beet kunye ummoba, maltose equlethwe caryopses ziyantshuliswa rye nerhasi.

Disaccharides babe incasa kamnandi kwaye lula enyibilikayo emanzini. Polysaccharides, ekubeni biopolymers luqulathe ngokuyintloko bestatshi, kwincindi, glycogen kunye laminarin. Iifom zezakhiwo ziquka polysaccharides ngechitin. Umsebenzi osemqoka carbohydrate iseli - eneji. Ngenxa reactions haydrolisis futhi umzimba amandla isisihla polysaccharides ukuba glucose, kwaye ke oxidized ukuba icarbon dioxide namanzi. Ngenxa yoko, yegram enye kukhupho glucose 17.6 kJ amandla, yaye oovimba wesitatshi kunye glycogen, eyinxalenye cellular ichibi amandla.

Glycogen lifakwa ubukhulu becala izihlunu kunye zesibindi iiseli, starch imifuno - e amatswele, iibhalbhu, iingcambu, iimbewu kunye arthropods, ezifana izigcawu, izinambuzane kunye ezineqokobhe, indima ephambili unikezelo amandla udlala trehalose oligosaccharide.

Wekhabohayidreyiti yahlukile lipids kunye neeproteni, ukukwazi ekwehleni anoxic. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuba eziphilayo kweemeko intswelo okanye ukungabikho ioksijini, ezifana neentsholongwane anaerobic, kunye helminths - gazi abantu kunye nezilwanyana.

Kukho omnye umsebenzi carbohydrate iseli - ulwakhiwo (noshowo). Ihlala yokuba ezi izinto ezo zakhiwo leeseli axhasayo. Umzekelo, neselulosi yinxalenye iindonga iseli yezityalo, ngechitin wakha skeleton bangaphandle ezingenamqolo ezininzi ihlasela iiseli fungal, olisaharidy kunye lipids kunye neeproteni iimolekyuli benza glycocalyx - isakhiwo nadmembranny. Inika adhesion - phakathi iiseli clumping zezilwanyana, nto leyo ekhokelela kuseko kwithishyu.

Lipids: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Ezi izinto eziphilayo, leyo hydrophobic (amanzi ezingenakunyibilika) asuswe, ngamanye itsalwa iiseli ngu izinyibilikisi nonpolar, ezifana acetone okanye chloroform. umsebenzi lipids esiseleni kuxhomekeke apho amaqela amathathu basonta: emafutheni, amafutha okanye steroids. Amafutha zezona ixhaphake kakhulu kuzo zonke iindidi iiseli.

Izilwanyana angemi nabo izihlunu ongama adipose, zobuchopho iqulethe elityetyisiweyo ngohlobo lo myelin esingxotyeni of luvo. Kwakhona oluhlala kuzo nezi ntso, nomhlehlo wesibindi, nezinambuzane - emzimbeni ngamanqatha. kwamafutha Ulwelo - neeoyile - eyafunyanwa iimbewu zezityalo ezininzi: pine, peanut, zikajongilanga, nomnquma. Umxholo lipid kwizisele isusela ukususela-5 ukuya kwi-90% (kwi inwebu adipose).

Steroid kunye amafutha zahluka kwamafutha ukuba azinayo kwi molekyuli zeentsalela okunamafutha acid. Ngoko ke, steroids - ukuba iihomoni neuron adrenal, echaphazela ukufikisa umzimba izeziphi amacandelo testosterone. Kwakhona yinxalenye iivithamini (umz, ivithamin D).

Umsebenzi omkhulu lipids kwi iseli - ke amandla, ukwakhiwa kunye nokhuseleko. Okokuqala kungenxa yokuba 1 gram kwamafutha cleavage unika 38.9 kJ yamandla - ngaphezulu kakhulu kwezinye izinto eziphilayo - iiprothini kanye carbohydrate. Ngaphezu koko, xa igcwala of 1D amafutha lumile phantse 1.1 c. amanzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ezinye izilwanyana ukuba stock kwamafutha emzimbeni wakho kuba ixesha elide ngaphandle kwamanzi. Umzekelo, gophers kunokuba ihlala ngaphezu kweenyanga ezimbini, ngaphandle kwesidingo samanzi, aze angadli inkamela amanzi shintsha entlango iintsuku 10-12.

Ukwakhiwa lipids umsebenzi kuxhomekeke yokuba lukwa yinxalenye imifinya iseli, kwakunye njengenxalenye luvo. Zikhusela lipids sikuko yokuba umaleko amanqatha ngaphantsi kwesikhumba ngeenxa izintso kunye nezinye izigqeba zangaphakathi iyabakhusela ekonzakalisweni ngoomatshini. Specific umsebenzi yokwambathisa thermal sizalwa izilwanyana ixesha elide ukuba emanzini: Iminenga, seals, yezimvu. Ashinyeneyo ongama adipose umaleko, umzekelo, whale blue ngu 0.5 m, likhusela isilwanyana evela emzimbeni.

Ixabiso Oxygen in ukutya lweselula

eziphilayo aerobic, eziquka uninzi izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nomntu, esebenzisa ioksijini emoyeni basabele exchange amandla ekhokelela cleavage kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwabiwa kwemali ethile amandla amaninzi ngohlobo molecule triphosphate adenosine.

Ngenxa yoko, igcwala ngokupheleleyo omnye adla glucose ukuba kwenzeka cristae ayo, 2800 kJ lwamandla yabelwa, apho 1596 kJ (55%) igcinwa ngohlobo iimolekyuli ATP equlethe uxhulumaniso macroergic. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi osemqoka oksijini esiseleni - ukuphunyezwa yokuphefumla aerobic, olusekelwe phezu iqela reactions enzymatic-kuthiwa chain yokuphefumla zenzeka organelles - mitochondria. In eziphilayo prokaryotic - iintsholongwane phototrophic kunye icyanobacteria - igcwala kwezondlo kwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo ioksijini diffusing waya iiseli protuberances yangaphakathi ingaphandle plasma.

Kufuneka umbutho lwemichiza iiseli sele sele efunde, kwakunye neenkqubo protein amagama kunye nomsebenzi neoksijini yokucolwa amandla zeselula.