Julia Dobrovol'skaya: engobomi, imisebenzi kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Dobrovol'skaya Julia Abramovna eyaziwa kwizangqa zokufundisa kunye yezenzululwazi. emagqabini balo kokusekwa kwehlabathi osenyongweni Italian language textbook, le izichazi-magama ezininzi ezibanzi: Russian-Italian kunye Italian-Russian.

Kungenxa ubomi bakhe wathabatha eninzi iimovie, iincwadi, amanqaku, wafundisa abafundi abaninzi. UNjingalwazi Milan, Trieste, Trent University Dobrovol'skaya wenze ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na ukuba ithandwe ulwimi Russian e-Italy. Ngaphezu kanye uRhulumente Italian iye kunikwa amabhaso entsimini inkcubeko.

Childhood, ukufikisa

25/08/1917 e Nizhny Novgorod usapho a wehlathi wazalwa elizayo Scientist-ngeelwimi Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Biography wakhe ngexesha bekhula kuphawulwa intsapho yakowabo yafudukela kwikomkhulu wasentla. Uyise waya kusebenza kwi-iLeningrad imveliso Planner, kunye nomama wam - umfundisi IsiNgesi.

Emva esikolweni, le ntombazana kwi ukhetho lwekhondo saba phezu emanyathelweni kamama, nghena Faculty of LIFLI. Nootitshala Julia kakhulu unethamsanqa: ihlabathi nzulu esidumileyo Propp V. Ya abafundi ngokwesiseko bafundisa ulwimi waseJamani nje kuphela, yaye ucacisa indlela olu lwimi ngqiqo.

De kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe Abramovna Julia wayenombulelo Vladimiru Yakovlevichu bamfundisa iziseko art - ukuba yeelwimi. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokusebenzisa ulwazi impahla efunyenweyo Julia Dobrovol'skaya unako ukuyifunda phantse zonke iilwimi zabo ezisisiseko yaseYurophu.

imfundo brilliant yabangela imincili: elizayo ziwenze Komsomol "iinqaba emoyeni."

Naye ukuba asayine

I uyokufunda ibali lobomi bakhe ezinokuvela ukunxulumana imitya Vladimira Vysotskogo: "Snow simahla ubumdaka njenge ubomi obude ngaphandle ubuxoki ...".

Uye wabona ikhephu enjalo kwinkampu ipoma. Phambi koko, yena wabekwa icala isigxina olungenasihlahla lokungcatsha (ubugcisa. 58-1 "a") ukuba ngenye kudutyulwa okanye iminyaka eli-15 entolongweni. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, nangona nengcinezelo, wasinda waza azibonakaliswa ebekwe ityala.

Lo mfazi aluzange lukwazi ukuba ngawaphi amanyathelo zokunyanzelisa zaye isicelo kubathuthumbisi yakhe kwizisele zamafu-sibiyelweyo. Kuphela elinye ibinzana yokube ngomlomo wakhe: "U nga yi kuphela: Lubyanka, Lefortovo, Butyrka ..."

Emva imizamo ukuba ndiludilize, yena wathunyelwa ukuba hovrinsky enkampini. "Inkumbulo" baloo maxesha ebomini bakhe yaqhubeka ekungakwazini ukuba abantwana ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima.

Intando inkosikazi eneminyaka engama-28 ubudala wakhululwa phantsi benikwa ngo-1945.

Dobrovol'skaya malunga bevangeli Stalin e Spain

Waba kuhlalwe emva "uhambo" ukuya eSpeyin.

Komsomolskaya Yuliya Dobrovolskaya basabela ikhwelo "ndoda iimpahla zokunxiba," iitoliki bafunwe ukuba nenxaxheba ekuncedeni Republican. Kodwa kwiminyaka emithathu waqonda oko Stalin wathumela 30,000 yomkhosi enkavedeshnyh neengcali.

"Internationalists" kunye negalelo wamajoni, baba ngabacebisi, hayi kuphela kumaqela abaxhobileyo Republican, kodwa abacebisi ezikhawulezayo ukudala analogu le NKVD. Ingawenzi lakubo walungiselela ukuba ube partocracy lizwe. Of le lasekuhlaleni "Abantu Front 'iindwendwe wenza imfano commissars yamaBolshevik.

Abo propati yabucala uhluthiwe, kujongwana nazo belizwe zabo. BaseSpeyin yamaKatolika ngenkani bafuna ukuba ibe kubukho bukaThixo, bavuthela ibandla kwaye ubabulele ababingeleli. Iziganeko eziveliswe inqaku Stalin kaThixo "umzabalazo eklasini."

Ukuqonda ukuba letyala phambi baseSpeyin

Inani labemi wafumana babetyelele "amaqabane" njengoko fascists wazibona izenzo zabo, ukuba kuvuka nokuxhasa emkhosini yazo mutinied. Ngokukodwa, yaye "Spanish Chapaev" (ngaphambili uqeqesho e Frunze Academy, omnye Yulii Abramovny Valentin Gonzalez) weza kwisigqibo malunga ukufana fascists ndawonye.

Iindleko kwezigidi zabantu Republican iSpanish boyiswa, yaye "Internationalists" agxothwe. Julia Dobrovol'skaya ebuya ekhaya, wathi nto malunga noko akubona nabanamava.

Waba abahlobo phakathi kwabantu abane drive, ngoko waphoxwa yiSoviet Union. Girl-umguquleli yaba ngumntu obonakalayo (sinokungqinelwa nomfanekiso walo kwinoveli "Kuba lowo toll Bell" Ernest Hemingway).

Ngokucacileyo, le zinganakwa Emva kweli bhinqa liselula "kwangaphambili, yaye kwenzeka nje" USSR: kuloyiko ukuba ukuze babhale kwimfazwe baseSpeyin kumajelo eendaba Western, okanye ukwenza into enjalo.

Emva kweminyaka engama-40, umguquleli kuya kubakho e Barcelona, yaye oko kuya yihla moya ngentliziyo enzima, eziva ihlazo ngenxa thumo ulutsha.

ukuba ukuze sisinde

Ukhumbula Julia Abramovna, ukuthi zinzi kuyo phantsi kwedyokhwe, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuba nomsindo, ayeke ukubona ezilungileyo ebantwini. Walandela lo mgaqo, ukugcina, unkqaya, kwaye ndibulela abantu abenza imisebenzi emihle ubizo komphefumlo. Noko ke, phakathi kwabo, ukuba nombulelo ngakumbi:

• indoda yakhe yokuqala endilisekileyo Dobrovolskomu Evgeniyu Aleksandrovichu, nomenklatura, zhenivshemusya ukuba 'zechke "bayibingelele amakhondo omsebenzi abo;
• injineli hovrinskogo-inkampu factory Mikhailov, amalungiselelo itoliki yakhe;
• ndiyingwevu-iinwele, ibhityileyo oyintloko samapolisa, udaba lwakho engozini wayo yokundwendwela endaweni isatifikethi woyekelelo, emthendelekweni weminquba.

Ndixelele ukuba ngubani abahlobo bakho ...

Le isisho laseRoma yamandulo eye yazibonakalisa kwexesha. iminyaka emininzi ubuhlobo wambopha Yuliyu Dobrovolskuyu nabantu abaninzi bafanelekile yaye emangalisayo:

• mbanjwa Gulag, ngumququzeleli wamalungelo oluntu, umgxeki zoncwadi Lev wokulwa;
• imbongi, umguquleli, intatheli Korney Chukovsky;
• yekhasi, umguquleli, imbongi, intatheli Iley Erenburgom;
• Kampessino (Valentinom Gonsalesom) republic umphathi kamva zinganakwa;
• Umbhali abantwana Italian i-Gianni Rodari ukuxoxa;
• opeyintayo URenato Guttuso;
• MSU Professor uMerabhi Mamardashvili;
• Umbhali Ninoy Berberovoy, umfazi Vladislava Hodasevicha.

impilo Personal

Julia Dobrovol'skaya emva kokukhutshwa iilwimi zasemzini afundiswe Institute Moscow ukususela ngowe-1946 ukuya 1950. Waye owenza umsebenzi wokufundisa kunye translation umsebenzi.

Abanolwazi kwaye iziphethe ukuba kakubi ezandleni propartiynyh. Ukuze ityala kungekudala Ayifumaneki. Xa Julia Abramovna liguqulelwe inqaku ngayo umxholo yamaKatolika. Mfundisi kunye umguquleli wazibonela 'inkululeko yesazela kwi fomathi eSoviet. "Ngokupheleleyo

Waye u emsebenzini emsebenzini wakhe. Uxinzelelo waba namandla kangangokuba indoda yakhe yokuqala Evgeny Dobrovolsky wayo.

Noko ke, Julia Dobrovolskaya ilawulwa emva isibakala ukuba nobungqina obuvakalayo kwityala ababebekwa kwaye ufumane umsebenzi MGIMO. Apho, ukukhathalela wakhe waba yintloko yesebe iilwimi Romance Gonionskiy S. A., ukuba sitshatile. Umfazi wakhe, Semyon Alexandrovich yaba ukhuthazo wokwenene nenkxaso. Ngenxa yokugula Dobrovol'skaya nendoda iminyaka elinethoba engumhlolokazi.

nomsebenzi professional

Isizathu sokuba ukuhamba ukusuka unjingalwazi USSR waba ukuvalwa ezisemthethweni kokufumana isiqinisekiso sayo ngamazwe.

Ngowe-1964 yena wagqiba umsebenzi kwi incwadi yakhe edume Julia Dobrovol'skaya "Practical Ikhosi lolwimi Italian." Hi ndlela leyi, kude kube ngoku (isiqingatha senkulungwane), kwesi sibonelelo isiseko kubafundi-Philologists. Ukuze lo msebenzi, Classic eyaziwayo, ngo-1970 uRhulumente Italian imbasa utitshala MGIMO Yuliyu Abramovnu nebhaso lesizwe impumelelo entsimini inkcubeko.

Noko ke, abasemagunyeni eSoviet akazange avumele ukuba aye kwamanye amazwe ukuze umvuzo. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, umguquleli evela ehlabathini lonke, ndaziva ngathi umfana nematha ezindongeni casemates. It ngokwenene Kulindeleke ukuba kokuwa yinkokeli kolawulo liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, kunye ukufika nobudlelwane 60 ekugqibeleni kuba nako ukusebenza ngokukhululekileyo, ndidanile. Professor waqonda ukuba akubanga uyilandela boMbutho, ingca layo - wavutha ngumsindo kwinkqubo.

Okunye ukwenza imifuniselo kwi Abramovna Julia abakwazanga. Ngowe-1982, ungene umtshato kunye ummi Italian ushiya lizwe. Oku kwamnceda umhlobo wakhe Milanese Emmy Moresco, ngubani bacela umusa kumhlobo wakhe Ugo Dzhussani.

"Utitshala wobomi"

Ukushiya ku Italy evela waseUSSR, Dobrovol'skaya Julia isenguye, 'utitshala': usoloko singqongwe ngaselwandle abafundi imibuzo. Yena ixelela okufundiswa kucetyiswa. Wasebenza ngamandla, nangona engama-65 ubudala.

Kwathi ke ukuba isihloko oonjingalwazi Soviet apha kuthetha kancinane nangona ngeelwimi zasekuhlaleni babemangalisiwe ulwazi olubanzi utitshala Russian. Julia Abramovna wayethanda ukuba wayenokuthi kungekho mntu uyiphayo. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, waba unjingalwazi e-Italy. thesis doctoral kwaba umcimbi uluntu lizwe zenzululwazi.

Dobrovol'skaya njalo waziva ummeli enkulu lwenkcubeko - Russian. Yena inxaxheba kule ncwadi ka ncwadi yi lomculo zayo zasekhaya. BaseItali iyayithanda "Utitshala Russian": umbhali Marcello Venturi wamxelela ngako inoveli yakhe "Gorky Street, 8, Iapatmenti 106". (Kudala-dala ke idilesi yasekhaya lakhe).

Amaninzi phambi abafundi bakhe Italian baba iinyembezi xa, kwakwenziwa isicelo soko, ukusixelela ntoni ngobomi bakhe Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Biography itoliki kunye utitshala ke yayifana i inoveli adventure: "Kwenzeka njani ngokwenene ukuba anyamezele Emva kokufa kwakhe, oogxa eyunivesithi eyaziwayo ngokuphathelele 2016, ukuba imisebenzi yalo elenziwa olwaneleyo zenzululwazi yeqela ?.?!

It nje Kwenzeka ukuba mazwe mabini, amasiko ezimbini, impucuko ezimbini ziboniswe isiphelo unzima lo mfazi.

isiphelo

Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR, liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kufika ekhaya ngokunikela udliwano-ndlebe.

Ekupheleni bakhe ubomi nzima epistolary memory bakhaya wemka Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Iincwadi ekufundiseni Italian-Russian, bephuma usiba lwayo, zincediswa yi nengqokelela buqu «Post Scriptum. Endaweni memoirs. "

Mfundisi, umguquleli evela ehlabathini ngokwenene yaye luyimfihlo incoko ngendlela waxelela abafundi malunga ihlabathi, abekuyo, malunga iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo ngabahlobo babo.
Emva kokufa kwakhe, abo ababemazi ekuvunyelwene ngokoluvo, emva kokumka ebashiya umbono uswele Izithetha. Zonke kwakufuneka ukwenza, yonke wathi, yonke ebhaliweyo.