Izinga avumelekile lotywala egazini. Yintoni izinga kotywala kuvunyelwa emva kwevili?

Lo mthetho Russian lavela umba kwi kwinqanaba obuvumelekileyo umxholo utywala - emva kweminyaka 2.5 emva ukurhoxiswa kwayo. Kwaye izigidi abaqhubi kwabonakala imibuzo emininzi malunga nokuba izinga utshintsho isiqulatho utywala igazi xa kuthelekiswa ne ngaphambili irhoxisiwe nezilungiso kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba babuyele amalungelo kususwa ngokwesiseko kokugqitywa utywala phambi ngaphantsi okanye yoxinaniso efanayo.

Yintoni na breathalyzer

Esi sixhobo, esibonia imali utywala emzimbeni womntu. Ngelo xesha ke neshologu na umqhubi. Abahloli utywala elula - Sims ityhubhu kunye "uLawulo lwe benesidima" ukubona nje phambi utywala, kodwa ukubonisa eyavela.

Ngesivumelwano ukwabelana izixhobo zobungcali zobuqu. Xa uhlobo eyahlukileyo cell ukuba abahloli utywala ukuze amapolisa endlela. Kumnandi ke kubo ixhomekeke izinga utywala kuvunyelwa emva kwevili. Breathalyzer bonisa nobungakanani kwi-PPM. Leyo yindlela abaninzi iigrem utywala ilitha nganye igazi iqulethe. Ngokomzekelo, omnye PPM - 1 g utywala olunyulu equlethwe ilitha igazi. Ngako oko, xa ukuguquka ipesenti, oku kuthetha 0.1%. Kuhleli kuphela ukongeza ukuba PPM enye - a xi ophezulu, nto leyo ithetha ukunxila ebalulekileyo.

Ngaba Ndakha isixhobo

A intsomi eqhelekileyo - Breathalyzer unako cheat ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga ahlukeneyo, oomatshini. Umzekelo, usele 100 g ye-oyile zikajongilanga okanye ukuhlafuna iilekese, batters asijoje utywala. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni neoli isiphumo kubenzima ngakumbi ukuyicinga umntu onako ukusela ubuncinane isiqingatha idosi ekhuthazwayo. Kodwa apha zobisi musa ngqo ukunceda. Isixhobo iphendula ubukho utywala kwi ngumphunga, hayi ivumba, ngoko ukuze kumlukuhla mna ngeke isebenze.

Unakho, Kakade ke, ukuba none abanye, ukuba ukugalela, xa usebenzisa ifowuni ngaphandle ngenyoka, kodwa ukuba umhloli endlela baphawula iqhinga, ngoko nomsindo kunene. Impixano kunye nabasebenzi endlela angafanele nto!

Ngoko ke kuphela kwendlela - nomqhubi ukuba izinga avunyelwe kuphela utywala egazini. Oko kukuthi, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuba zilidle oomoya ngaphantsi, kwaye kuhle abashiye ngokupheleleyo kubo. Ke ukuba unako ukwenza ngaphandle kotywala, kwaye ngomso kufuneka ukuba emva kweevili ezijikelezayo, ufuna ukulala kamnandi ebusuku, isidlo sakusasa esimnandi nesidlo sakusasa, mhlawumbi ukuthatha yokugquma. Nangona utywala kunye umphunga webhate - alikho indibaniselwano kakuhle impilo yakho.

Indlela Ningazikhohlisi

Imigulukudu zifumaneka kuyo yonke, yaye, njengoko ibuhlungu; ke nabo phakathi abaqeshwa endlela. Umzekelo, ukuba bangasebenzisa ifowuni, nto leyo ibonisa ubukho utywala, nokuba umqhubi na ukusela utywala. Indlela yokwenza kule meko?

Kuyimfuneko ukuba inyanzelise axilongwe! Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa umqhubi ngokuzithemba uthi angadli yaye ilungele novavanyo lonyango, wakhululwa kunye uxolo. Okanye ngaphandle uxolo.

Noko ke, awusoze ufuna nje ukuqhuba ukunxila, kodwa kufutshane emotweni yakhe kwimo anxile. Ukuba ngumqhubi onxilileyo ovalelweyo kufuphi emotweni yakhe, oko kuthintela kwamalungelo kungakhathaliseki nokuba wayeza ukuya kwenye okanye nje ufuna ukuhlala ngaphakathi. Ukungqina ubumsulwa bakhe kule meko into ngamampunge, kwaye inkundla phantse lonke imi ecaleni amapolisa endlela.

Umthetho omdala

izinga avumelekile utywala ngasemva ivili - asikuko ezintsha, kodwa imbuyekezo isilungiso endala ukuya RF umthetho. zaye kuqala Bona kuqaliswa ngo-2008 phakathi imvume jikelele. Ngokomzekelo, abameli bethu wacaphula amava kumazwe aseYurophu kunye USA. Kwi TV screen ngokuphindaphindiweyo wavakalisa indlela uyakwazi ukusela ephantsi-utywala kunye nemimoya, kungekhona angalibali ilungelo. Ngoko ke yintoni na izinga lotywala egazini phambilini zicaciswa gca kule mithetho?

Abaqhubi asebenze umatshini kwi iqela yotywala ecocekileyo nganye 0.3 g nelitha enye igazi kunye 0,15 g ingumphunga nganye. Noko ke, ngo-2010 kwezi zilungiso zipheliswe - kwaye izinga avumelekile lotywala egazini kwakhona kwaba zero. Oku kwabangela ukuba niphithizele nemidliwo omkhulu abaqhubi wayengazi malunga nokuqaliswa komthetho "owomileyo".

Breathalyzer yokusabela kefir okanye kvass

Amaninzi phakathi ekhala wacaphuka aviwa amabinzana ukuba nokuba ukusela utywala kunye iyogurt phambi kwakho emva kwevili. Ngenxa breathalyzer ekuthiwa uchola nkqu xi zincinane utywala, yaye ibonisa ixabiso ngaphandle zero, nto leyo ekhokelela ngqo ukuhluthwa amalungelo.

Yinyaniso le? Ukuze othile, ewe. Umzekelo, ukuba usele utywala okanye beer non-ezinxilisayo (utywala kwi-0.5%), ngoko isibini lemizuzwana emva iyunithi ukusetyenziswa kweziselo unako ukubonisa 1-1.5 PPM. Kodwa umzuzu kamva ukufunda kuwa eqandeni. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwisampula yokuqala zisuswe phantse umphunga, kwaye Akuzange kube lula, njengoko kuyimfuneko.

Kukho unxulumano ngqo phakathi ubunzima umntu, amandla othululwayo kunye nexesha ligqithile emva kokusetyenziswa. Kubhekwe ukuba umqhubi asele avareji nokuma iilitha kvass ezine (nqaba 0.5%), ngoko breathalyzer seyure ukubonisa 0.12 PPM yaye iiyure 1.5 - 0 PPM. Kodwa ke kusuke kwanzima nokunithela ukucinga indoda ngaxa lithile basela neelitha ezi-4 kvass, yaye ngoko nangoko efika emva kwevili. I nzima kakhulu ukuba usele esilinganayo iyogurt. Ngoko kwenzeka ukuba abaqhubi wacaphuka engeyakonto? Kwakungekho mfuneko ukubuyisela izilungiso?

Breathalyzer Ukuchaneka

Abaqhubi zonke ilungelo ukucaphuka, ingakumbi abo musa ukusela utywala xa ivili konke konke. Isibakala sokuba breathalyzer kukho impazamo womlinganiselo, nokuba kuncinane. Xa uluhlu zobukhulu amancinci (ukuya ku 0.5), oko umenzi, ± 0,05 PPM. Ngokwandisa umxholo utywala impazamo iyaphuma unakho ukufikelela 15-20% ukufunda. Ukongeza, ukuchaneka kwazo kuxhomekeke kudidi isixhobo kunye neemeko zemozulu.

Enyanisweni, xa sicingela ukuba izinga lotywala egazini umqhubi kufuneka zero, kuyimfuneko ukuba ngandlel 'ingqalelo impazamo kunokwenzeka. Kwaye le nto na intshayelelo ngakumbi ejolise ngezilungiso ezenziwe mthetho Russian. Oko kukuthi, abaqhubi musa ukunika imvume yokusetyenziswa kotywala, nokuba iingedosi ezincinane, nokunciphisa ithuba isohlwayo sikweni, ngokusekelwe Breathalyzer ubungqina bobuxoki.

Enokuchaphazela idivaysi ukufunda

izinga avumelekile utywala kwevili ayikwazi ukuba uziro, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yesiphoso eso sixhobo. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuthanani breathalyzer. Le utywala amayeza intlama esekelwe kwaye acoce, icuba, ukutya kunye livumba nkqi, izitya okuneziqholo, zetyeleba ihlafuna itshungama kwaye nakuphi na ukutya apho eninzi-oyile ezibalulekileyo. Uluhlu kakhulu umxhelo, kodwa ke ayithethi kuyoyikisa njengoko kubonakala. Ukwanda yokufundwa ibonakala kuphela nje imizuzu embalwa emva ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ethile. Emva kweli xesha, kwi kwisikali iya kubonisa zero okanye umzobo encinane, nto leyo ifakwa kuluhlu esiphoso avumelekile.

Kodwa ke intsomi eyoyikekayo umgangatho ophakamileyo utywala iqala enaningamkelanga wona isiqinisekiso. Ngokutsho iingcali abanobuchule, isixa ngawo umzimba womntu incinane kangangokuba akukho usabela nasiphi na isixhobo.

amanqanaba utywala vumela lokuqhuba

Ngoko ke, kukho amathuba impazamo, kwaye ke ngoko, kufuneka zibuyiselwe izilungiso. Yiyo le isigqibo esenziwe kaRhulumente Duma nomva yinto efana ngomyinge owamkelekileyo utywala. 2013 yaba lixesha impikiswano enkulu. Asingabo bonke abantu bacinga eli khondo elifanelekileyo. Sekunjalo, isigqibo senziwa. Izinga entsha lotywala egazini - 0 PPM. ixabiso kuvumelekile utywala epheleleyo siphefumla - 0.16 PPM. Zithetha ntoni ezi manani ukuthini? Eli nqaku wabonakala 12.8 zolawulo note Code echazayo ukuba luxanduva umqhubi kwenzeka xa iziyobisi okanye iziyobisi psychotropic emzimbeni wakhe okanye ubukho of ethyl utywala xa yoxinaniso kwemfuneko we 0.16 mg selitha umoya nganye. Eli xabiso uzimisele ukuba ibe ngaphezu nayiphi na impazamo kunokwenzeka.

Enyanisweni, lo silungiso kuthetha ukuba umqhubi ukusela, kwaye ijolise bayeke imikhuba eyonakele amagosa endlela kunye nokunciphisa inani abaqhubi ngokungekho kohlwaywa, nto leyo ukungazisi namanani ultrasmall kwi alkotestere.

iingxelo zonyango

Nangokwemigaqo narcologists, kufuneka ibe yintoni na izinga lotywala egazini? PPM - ngomlinganiselo ngawo umntu kuqinisekisa ukufumaneka utywala, kodwa eneneni la manani athetha?

Ngoko ke, lo benesidima ngokupheleleyo, okanye zero isiqulatho utywala phantse ayikho, kwaye umntu ukuba ubungqina 0,1-0,13 PPM kuthathwa ukuba abe nesidima. Xa 0.2-0.5 - kuncitshiswa imbono izinto ezihambayo, kunciphise ingqalelo kunye ingqalelo. Kulahleke isilumkiso.

Uyondelelwano lwee- 0.5-0.7 ubonisa ukuba umntu akakwazi ngokuchanekileyo ukuqikelela umgama ukwahlula imibala uze ugcine imali eseleyo. Nguye impendulo kade. Kodwa ke, kusekho wokugxeka kwi imeko omnye ngokwakhe.

E 0.7-1.3 PPM kwenzeka karhulumente wavakalisa ukunxila: yehle ingqalelo, ukungakwazi uvavanyo ngokukhawuleza le meko. Uyondelelwano lwee- 1.3-2.4 - a ukunxila olomeleleyo. Xa abantu, kakuhle intetho kunye nolungelelaniso. Akukho ukuzeyisa.

izinga ezihlelelekileyo lotywala egazini - 3-5 PPM. Kuyinto obulalayo.

Ngoko ke, njengokuba ubona, izilungiso ezintsha zaqaliswa ngokusekelwe iingxelo zonyango actual. Kwaye ukuba kuyavumeleka ngaphambili 0.3 amawaka ngamnye egazini, leyo Abaqhubi abaninzi bazamela yimvume kusela phambi uhambo, kodwa ngoku azikwazi ukusela iziselo kakhulu.

izinga avumelekile lotywala egazini kumazwe ahlukeneyo

Russian Federation - nje kuphela elo lizwe apho Akuvunyelwe ukuqhuba imoto emva kokuthatha iziselo ezinxilisayo. Lo mkhuba yaziswa kwi-United Arab Emirates, eJapan, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Armenia kunye nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

• Egazini kuvumelekile rate utywala Algeria kunye Albania - 0.1 PPM.
• E Estonia, Norway Poland - 0.2.
• E Georgia, Belarus kunye Uruguay - 0.3.
• E Lithuania and Jamaica - 0.4.
• E France, Monaco, Thailand kunye Portugal yemvume 0.5 PPM.
• E Bolivia, Honduras kunye Ecuador - 0.7.
• Bahamas, eNgilani, i-USA ne Singapore - 0.8.

Ixabiso kakhulu kwemimiselo yokwakha kwi Cayman Islands kunye Lesotho - 1 PPM. A Inani mazwe, afana Ethiopia, Bhutan kunye Angola akazange agcine abaqhubi ukusebenzisa iziselo ezinxilisayo.

Ngaba ndiya kubuyela umthetho, becaphula phambi imposiso breathalyzer

Yinto enokwenzeka, ukuba sibonisa ukuba lwento ngenene oko. Oko kukuthi, kufuneka bangenele axilongwe, nto leyo ebonisa ukungabikho lotywala egazini. obo bungqina kuphela inkundla ingqalelo eyaneleyo ukuze enze isigqibo esixhasa yomqhubi.

Ukuba ngaba abangalupasanga uviwo ngexesha, unokuphulukana mvume lokuqhuba wabo.

Indlela ukubuyela emva kokuba umthetho omtsha

Kulo mzekelo, i retroactivity esebenzayo, abaqhubi okuthambisa kohlwaywa-mthetho. Oku kulawulwa inxalenye yesibini nqaku. 1.7 ye-Code Administrative.

Oko kukuthi, ukuba umqhubi umnakekeli amalungelo ngenxa alkoholi beqela Umphunga ukuya 0.16 PPM, oko isicelo tyala inkundla MBAMBANO ngokunxulumene ulwamkelo lwezilungiso ezintsha. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho engange osebenzayo.

Abaqhubi kambe ukuba yoxinaniso we 0.16 PPM yaye ngasentla, ayiyi kuba nako kwakhona mvume lokuqhuba.

abaqhubi vo

izinga Ekuqaleni avumelekile utywala kwi igazi 0.3 PPM, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba abaqhubi ukuba ukusela utywala ngaphandle koloyiko ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba kuphulukana amalungelo abo. Namhlanje ukuba 0.16 PPM kuphela Umphunga (nokuba mhlawumbi imposiso total). Kodwa Abaqhubi abaninzi kangakanani enxila ngokwenene?

Ngokutsho uphando engaziwa enxilile emva ivili ihlale rhoqo 2.7% abaphenduli kuphela. Phantse isiqingatha bonke abaphendulayo (49.2%) bathi abazange bafike kwelozinga ababefuna ukuqhuba onxilileyo imoto, kuba athwala ingozi nobungozi kwimpilo yakhe, abasemzini, usapho, kunye nengozi yokufa. Musa ukusela ngenxa yoloyiko ukuphelelwa amalungelo% 8.8 kuphela wabaqhubi. Kwaye kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuba drive onxilileyo imoto ngexesha Kwabaseleyo apho esixekweni, phezu kwiindlela lizwe eyintlango. Kwaye 14.8 ekhulwini abo babenenxaxheba wavuma ukuba ubuncinane kanye ukusebenza isithuthi "enxila kakuhle".

Ngokubanzi, izilungiso eyamkelweyo ibe ngokuba concession kwabo masekela abafuna ukuba ufake izinga yokwenene utywala, kodwa besele sitshilo malunga iimpazamo sixhobo, umqhubi-seswekile kunye neqondo utywala iqala. Kwaye ngoku kufuneka isinyuko 0.16 PPM, nejonge yokuhlawula naziphi lunganako ukungagqibeleli. Kulo mzekelo, awukwazi usele ukuqhuba - kufanele. Ngapha koko, ulwalamano phakathi ukwanda lotywala egazini abaqhubi kunye nokwanda kwenani iingozi kudala wabonakala kwaye ayifuni Ukuqinisekisa ezongezelelweyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa.