Izifo ngenxa yesifo enobungozi: list. amanyathelo yedwa

KuMbindi Ages izifo ezoyikekayo ezifana isibetho, nokuba lube mnyama, ingqakaqa ngexesha elifutshane eziphanzileyo izixeko yonke - nokuba imfazwe akasusi imiphefumlo emininzi. Izifo ezifanayo ukoyikeka esifo ikholera ubhubhani leyo bathimba izigidi zabantu zabantu. Kuphela kwenkulungwane ye-19, bekukho ugonyo lokuqala kuphuhliswa Vladimirom Havkinym, umfundi Mechnikov.

izifo eziyingozi

Kukho izifo ebonakala ezizodwa Amathuba aphezulu ezosulelayo nokuba kuyabulala - yedwa izifo ezinobungozi. iimpawu ngokubanzi zosulelo onesifo uchaza babe inkqubo yentsebenziswano kunye Iintsholongwane yabantu ekwaziyo akhokhelele ukuya kwizifo ezosulelayo. Ukubakho kumzimba yomenzeli ezosulelayo Ayizi phambili ngokuyimfuneko kukhokelela kuphuhliso kwenkqubo esosulelayo. Kusenokuba apho ixesha elide kungekho naziphi na iimpawu ze ebusweni, de into akuthethi nimqumbise ekuqaleni kwenkqubo esosulelayo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oko kuqala lachonga izifo eziyingozi kakhulu yedwa. uluhlu lwabo luquka ngexesha izifo ezine.

1. kholera - izifo ezosulelayo, omnye omdala, imeko leyo nangoku kuhlala ixesha. Ide kwenkulungwane ye-19, ikholera yayigqalwa uphawu kwizithili Bengal, apho ivela khona kuxhomekeke zizinto ezifana imozulu eshushu, ezixineneyo labemi, umgangatho ophantsi wokuphila. Nangona kunjalo, nokwandiswa kwamaqhina kwezoqoqosho eMzantsi East Asia kokuba kwenziwe ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kwihlabathi kunokwenzeka. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 iminyaka elikhulu kwakukho izifo sorhudo ezintandathu, wesuka bonke, ingakumbi e-Indiya, ekusasazeni ukusuka apho ukuya mpuma Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma uze emva koko eYurophu naseRashiya. Ezi zande zibulele izigidi zabantu. Ngenkulungwane ye-20 kwakukho ukuhla lezifo, kodwa 60s, uhlobo olutsha lwe Vibrio cholerae - El Tor. Kunjalo maxa wambi kwenzeka kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo sekholera, nto leyo iphawulwe ukwanda ubude kwexesha lezifo.

2. death - inkcazelo nokusasazeka kwesi sifo ebuhlungu enokufunyanwa yeziKronike zembali, nkqu eBhayibhileni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukwanda ngokukhawuleza ngulo bhubhane kule nkulungwane yokuqala kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha lemfazwe, njengoko lalingekafiki kwakhiwa ubudlelwane zorhwebo. Xa ubhubhane ngenkulungwane 14 "Black Death", njengoko yayibizwa ngoko isibetho yathabatha kwisithathu sabemi eYurophu. Abangena avela kwelaseAsiya, it spread ngokukhawuleza kwi iindlela zorhwebo sele lusekiwe. Le minyaka ezoyikekayo eYurophu. Enye bhubhane, uWele Ntlungu Great aduma eYurophu phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-17. Shono abantu boyika kakhulu isibetho, ziwugqala umsindo wakhe. Kwaye ngoku isibetho a usuleleko eyingozi. Isiqingatha amatyala abantu bafe nyaka ngamnye, ngokufuthi ngenxa ekuxilongweni gwenxa konyango.

3. Kwakulula - isifo esiyingozi, elibhekisela usulelo onesifo eyaziwa eluntwini ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. EYurophu, oko kuqala yavela ngenkulungwane yesithandathu, yaye ukususela ngoko ke bhubhani esi sifo zange ayeke. Xa benkulungwane ye-16, esi sifo kuye kwaziswa Melika yi baseSpeyin. Izigulane uzifelayo amane ekhulwini. Kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha kwabakho ugonyo esifo Noko ke, nakujoliso olutsha ingqakaqa wahlala kwezinye iindawo kunye intsongelo nezifo. Kungoko ke kwaye kwagqitywa ziinzame kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kupheliswe ingqakaqa njenge sifo. Ngowe-1980, uloyiso elo, enkosi ugonyo ubunzima izizukulwana ezininzi zabantu.

4. fever Yellow. Kuthathwa ukuba icesina emthubi intsukaphi eAfrika yaye emva koko ukusasaza Asia eMelika. EYurophu, lo bhubhani icesina emthubi lukhatshwe izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu. Uphononongo ukuba esi sifo ufumanise ukuba yenethiwekhi wosuleleko iingcongconi. Kwixesha elizayo, iye yachongwa kwaye indima nkawu ekusasazweni kwesi sifo. nakujoliso olutsha Natural phantsi, ebanjwe yicesina emthubi, njengoko umthetho, kukho amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye nemozulu eshushu nokufuma phezulu kakhulu - kwimimandla ethandwa ka-Afrika, South America.

Russia kwakhona ingqalelo anthrax yingozi kakhulu, tularemia. wawusele Eyokuqala kubo kumaxesha amandulo - kwathiwa ngokuba "umlilo engcwele", kodwa eRashiya sele ifumene elinye igama ngenxa ukunwenwa enkulu kule ngingqi. Tularemia ababhalisele okokuqala imi- 20-kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba ngaphambili.

isifo quarantinable

Zonke ezi zifo kuthiwa "usulelo onesifo" kuba zenzeke zonke abantu abosulelekileyo kunye abantu abaye batyelela wadibana nabo, zisekhusini yaye zibekwe iliso lo gama nje le meko icaca. Kuba izifo ixesha wokuvalelwa yokuqala siqalile ukulwa emva ngenkulungwane ye-14, xa iinqanawa Italian ziye wavalelwa kwamarhata ukufumanisa ubukho yeqela naziphi na izifo eziyingozi. Kamva, kwinkulungwane ye-15 kwi-iindlela zorhwebo athe afakwa makhaya - izibhedlele, leyo banikwa izigulane ukufika evela isibetho nakujoliso olutsha, wawutshisa iingubo zabo. Noko ke, laqalisa ulawulo losulelo ngempumelelo kuphela emva kokuba imigudu kumazwe amaninzi babemanyene. Kuba okokuqala uxwebhu joint - i-International Convention ukuba Suppression losulelo eziyingozi, yamkelwa kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20. izifo ezosulelayo yabizwa ngokuba Convention kaThixo. amanyathelo kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha abasebenzi bezonyango sele yenziwe ngexesha ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezosulelayo, leyo zitshintshiwe ngamathuba athile ngokungqinelana izinto ezintsha.

Emva kokuba uloyiso ekupheliseni ingqakaqa, yena wanqanyulwa kuluhlu lwezifo ezinobungozi, kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21 kwakhona zifakwe kuluhlu kakuhle eyaziwa ngokunxulumene Ingqikelelo ubukho bale ntsholongwane ingqakaqha nje isixhobo zebhayoloji kwi nakwiilebhu naliphi na ilizwe. Wkunyeiselwa uluhlu zosulelo yesifo, wafumana ezinye izikhokelo izilungiso. Ngaba kuthathelwa ingqalelo isantya sophuhliso impucuko yanamhlanje, ukwandiswa lwabafowunelwa ngamazwe, ukunyusa isantya izixhobo zonxibelelwano - yonke uvune ukwanda okukhawulezayo ngayo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Le nkcazelo yanamhlanje zosulelo wokuvalelwa

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-World Health Organization ichaza njengoko izifo abakwaziyo ukudala imo yonxunguphalo kummandla kwezempilo ehlabathini lonke kukho izifo yedwa. Uluhlu landiswe kwaye iqulathe amaqela amabini kwezifo:

• izifo ezinobungozi kwimpilo yabantu, eziquka nepoliyo, yingqakaqha, iintlobo ezintsha influenza kunye nezinye;
• sisifo kuchaphazela yingozi kungekuphela kwimpilo yabantu, kodwa ukusasaza ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinkulu - ezi ziquka izifo kakhulu, ngokunjalo iindlela ezintsha ifiva, ziye zavela kule minyaka yakutsha nje.

Ezinye izifo yendawo isoyikiso, yengingqi, njengoko ube inkangeleko ethile ye nakujoliso olutsha ezinxulumene phambi komdlali ophethe okanye iimeko zemozulu zale ndawo. Ezi zibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ifiva, ifiva ingakumbi shock, ngokuqhelekileyo kwimimandla yimvula. ERashiya, anthrax kunye tularemia - nosulelo yedwa. Olu luhlu luqulethe kubo uhlobo kanye nenyumoniya lwesibetho inxulunyaniswa kunye nezinga eliphezulu zokusasaza.

Emva kokuba uloyiso phezu ihlabathi ingqakaqa ndeyiseka ukuba ekugqibeleni iya kuphelisa zonke izifo eziyingozi ehlabathini. Noko ke, ixesha lubonise ukuba, ngelishwa, inani labo buyanda. Cya - agents causative losulelo inokuzitshintsha, baseLon- amayeza amatsha kunye neemeko ezintsha zokusingqongileyo, leyo kuguga ngcembe yaye abe factor umngcipheko eyongezelelweyo kumajoni omzimba womntu. Ngoko ke, imithetho emitsha ngamazwe musa ukunciphisa uluhlu yeseti izifo ezithile, esivumela kungenzeka ukuvela ezintsha, njengoko kodwa angaziwa.

amanyathelo yedwa zokunqanda

Ukuba unayo nayiphi na umthombo usulelo kufuneka athathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukuphelisa kuyo. A feature of zizifo na ukwanda kwawo nje kuphela, kodwa ke ubukho okuthatha, nzima ukulwa nabo. Ibizwa ngokuba okuthatha, ngexesha apho sifo ukuba abonakalise iimpawu zabo, eli xesha ibe iintsuku ezimbalwa, kunye iiveki, ngoko esi sifo kungabonwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo elebhu. Amanyathelo athathiweyo ukuphelisa esi sifo, ezibandakanya amanyathelo zonyango kunye yococeko ukuphelisa esi sifo, kwaye yolawulo - ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwayo ngakumbi. Zakhiwo yezenzo kuthiwa yedwa. Amanyathelo abanesifo lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu.

1. Iqela lokuqala luquka amanyathelo onesifo kwenziwa ukuthintela isenzeko nakujoliso olutsha usulelo.

2. Iqela lesibini luquka amanyathelo olukhulu ngenxa yokwaphuka site ekhoyo osulelo.

Yonke imisebenzi ilawulwa uhlobo imithetho yedwa kwi ukhuselo ucoceko ummandla lizwe, itsalelwa ukukhawulelana neemfuno ze-World Health Organization up. Kule ntlangano ngamazwe kuquka amazwe 194 ukuba ingxelo qho ngeveki kwi imeko imeko epidemiological kumazwe abo kwaye baqhube imisebenzi zempilo. NGUBANI iqwalasela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yamazwe inxaxheba, eshwankathela iingxelo ezifunyenweyo. Noko ke, ngo-2005 iye wenze utshintsho kwi ihr, njengako leyo ukwenza izigqibo malunga imeko sanitary-epidemiological kweli lizwe, hayi kuphela iingxelo, kodwa ngenxa yendimbane, nto leyo maxa wambi njongo kakhulu ngakumbi.

amanyathelo ngenxa yesifo ziqhutywa kwizikhululo zikaloliwe, kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, xa kuhlolwa umda. Ziqulethe uhlolo kwezithuthi, iimpahla, abakhweli, amaxwebhu ngamazwe ucoceko abantu abavela kukuba iveza kwimimandla yococeko kunye kwezifo. Baya ziphantsi bafukanywe, okt ukuhlala esibhedlele ngexesha okuthatha esi sifo, kuba apho kukho urhano.

amanyathelo yedwa kwindawo losulelo

Ukuba ufumana izifo ezinobungozi kunye yedwa kwi bhubhane kakhulu kutsalela umbutho kwaye baqhube amanyathelo yedwa inxaxheba Commission anti-bhubhane engaqhelekanga - FTC, izigqibo zabo ziyabophelela kuzo bonke abantu kunye namaziko akhiwe kule ntsimi. amanyathelo yedwa kwindawo losulelo ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwabantu kunye nokuthuthwa kweempahla ngenxa site losulelo, ngokunjalo kude kuyo;
• esibhedlela ngokukhawuleza izigulane TB kunye nabantu baboniswa kubo;
• uphando kunye nokungcwatywa izidumbu;
• ugonyo mass yabantu;
• indawo yokubulala;
• ukufunda sendyikitya kugxilwe losuleleko;
• imfundo ngezempilo;
• ukuvalwa kwimicimbi yoluntu;
• inkqubo yemvume ukusekwa yokungena nokuphuma.

Kunye kujikelezo umthombo usulelo wawubonisa ndawo, nto leyo inikwa Nelezamakhaya okanye iSebe lezoKhuselo amajoni. Bengaphandle indawo zingcoliswe, kunye nokhuseleko zangaphakathi abameli imizimba zokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Isigqibo lokuphelisa wokuvalelwa ziya kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuphela kwethuba bafukanywe le izigulane yokugqibela sifo. amanyathelo yedwa kwindawo losulelo zisenokwahluka kancinane ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo sifo. Zisenokwahluka, umzekelo, ixesha wedwa okanye iindlela zempembelelo phezu imithombo usulelo.

Ukuze eyiyo amanyathelo ngempumelelo yedwa aye kuthwalelwa phandle, imfuno nokufumaneka ezaneleyo izixhobo eziphathekayo kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lobungcali emsebenzini kwabasebenzi bezempilo.

Izifo ezosulelayo Abantwana

Kukho izifo zabantwana ezosulelayo ukuba kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ebuntwaneni yaye iqondo eliphezulu infectiousness. Ngenxa yoko, kumaziko bakhubekise izifo. Ezi zifo ziquka isifo somqala omhlophe, unkonkonko, imasisi, ifiva nebomvu, irhashalala, kunye nabanye. Zibizwa bantwana, ngokuba abantwana ukufumana kwakhona ukusuka kwinkqubo omzimba kwaye kwixesha elizayo ezi zifo musa begula. Karantinno- amanyathelo ilothe ngexesha usulelo ebuntwaneni zibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

• bodwa isigulane ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwezifo;
• isithintelo yengqesho abantwana kumaziko yedwa;
• dissociation - ukuvalwa inguqulelo abantwana kwiqela elinye ukuya kwenye de kube sekupheleni wokuvalelwa;
• ugonyo lwabantwana.

Amanyathelo othintelo lwezifo nobuntwana ugonyo ngexesha, kwakunye namanyathelo ukomeleza umzimba womntwana. Yedwa kunye bodwa amanyathelo ngexesha izifo nobuntwana yenzelwe discontinuity amatsheyini usulelo ekufuneka ukukhawulezisa ekupheleni kwalo bhubhane.

usuleleko emoyeni

izifo ezininzi ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane okanye neentsholongwane ukuba unalo umlinganiswa ukwanda emoyeni. Xa uthimla okanye ukhohlela isigulane kukhululwa kungena amasuntswana emoyeni yencindi sifo, nto leyo iba umthombo usulelo abaninzi. Ezi ziquka phantse zonke izifo ebuntwaneni kunye nesifo sephepha, umkhuhlane, salmonella kunye nabanye. Kule meko, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa bodwa izigulane kunye zokuyeka kwabo bonke abafowunelwa phakathi kwabantu. amanyathelo yedwa kwi izifo emoyeni luqulathe ekuqhubeni manyathelo:

• bangabonwa esibhedlela lwezigulane;
• ukucoca owomileyo, umoya, kweentsholongwane yesakhiwo kunye nesisombululo bleach isisombululo isiqingatha-point na apha unokuzenza njalo;
• kwamagciwane impahla, impahla kunye nezinto zendlu;
• nabo mda nzima;
• umntwana abakhathalele kweliso elibukhali likagqirha ngenyameko kuba iqela sele zichongiwe apho umguli.

izifo isisu

Phakathi ezininzi izifo ezosulelayo uphethe indawo wokuvalelwa usulelo ebalulekileyo amathumbu kusekho ingxaki enkulu. Ukuze ehlukanisiwe usulelo wamathumbu izifo oluhlanganisa indlela pathogen kwasendaweni ethunjini. amagciwane izifo nayo ugcinwe ithuba elide kwimeko-bume, kwakhona oluwe emzimbeni kunye ukutya okanye amanzi. Into uphawu ebalulekileyo isulelo urhudo, ngenxa yoko, maxa wambi wabhekisela izifo zesisu. Bayakwazi kwenzeka nayiphi na iqela ubudala, kodwa uninzi lwazo kuxhomekeke abantwana abancinane abasafuna ukutya ezingazinzanga. Ngomhla imvelaphi zosulelo wamathumbu yahlulwe ntlobo ezine.

1. Le ntsholongwane, eziquka nepoliyo, usuleleko irotavirus, ezinye iindidi kwesibindi. Emva kokuba usulelo kwesisu, iintsholongwane e ilindle bangene kokusingqongileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantwana abagulayo ukuya iminyaka elithoba. Kodwa kukho iintsholongwane ezibangela gastroenderity kunye norhudo ngaphantsi kakhulu. Umzekelo woku irotavirus, yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi, kwaye kaninzi abantwana abaselula.

2. usulelo Yebacteria ziquka izifo wamathumbu ezifana ikholera, segazi, yicesina, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Emva ngokudibana iintsholongwane emzimbeni, ukwanda kwabo kuqalise ngoko nangoko kunye nokukhululwa ityhefu apho zixhomekeke indlela yophuhliso lwe isisu:

• yicesina - sisifo etsolo esosulelayo esibangelwa bacterium sodidi Salmonella, yaye nomthombo - indoda egulayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ipesenti izehlo lifinyele, esi sifo iphathwa kakuhle antibiotics.
• Ikholera - isifo esiyingozi ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu infectiousness, i-arhente elo ukugcina elide nokubanakho kwimeko-bume, edluliselwa ukutya okanye amanzi. Vibrio cholerae kwakhona zigcinwa ixesha elide elwandle kunye namanzi acocekileyo. Usulelo kungenzeka naxa odlayo kwaselwandle ekrwada.
• Iqela zosulelo onesifo ziquka segazi - yiyo arhente causative segazi inegciwane, nto ixesha elide ukusinda Iimveliso zobisi. Ngenxa self segazi abe ezondeleyo.

3. izifo fungal candidiasis wamathumbu zinikwa, umenzeli walo causative - igwele fungi eziphila amanani amakhulu emzimbeni womntu. Kunye okukwazi eliphezulu nomngundo emzimbeni musa kukhula, ngoko ke uphuhliso sifo kwindawo yokuqala, oku kubonisa ukuxutywa okanye ukuphula yamajoni omzimba.

4. usulelo Protozoal - ahluke ngokuthi asichaphazeli nje emathunjini, kodwa amanye amalungu.

amanyathelo yedwa lokosuleleka emathunjini ziquka:

• defusing umthombo losulelo, ngamanye Ukuqhela isigulana eso kwigumbi elahlukileyo okanye esibhedlele;
• amanyathelo, asuse isiza losulelo;
• ugonyo lwe abantu umthombo usulelo.

Operation abaphethwe

Amanyathelo yesifo entsonkothileyo kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuqhambuka ubhubhane awenzi nje kuphela uluhlu amanyathelo akhoyo, kodwa imali kunye nexesha ukuphunyezwa kwazo, iimbopheleleko ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo - zonyango, lwezilwanyana kunye nabanye. Umququzeleli umnxibelelanisi yonke imisebenzi gqirha-kwezifo. Ilawulwe kuye abanye oogqirha, amagcisa elebhu, abancedisi zonyango. Isicwangciso isenzo kumiselwa amanyathelo olawulo lwabasebenzi bezonyango abaphethwe ngexesha zizifo ngenxa yesifo, yaye imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• izigulane ngoku kwamagciwane ekubhobhozeni;
• kweentsholongwane indawo, aqulathe isigulana;
• kweentsholongwane emagumbini lwezonyango;
• iimpahla umsebenzi magciwane kunye nezixhobo ezazisetyenziswa ngexesha ulwamkelo kunye noviwo lwezigulane;
• magciwane zindawo zoluntu.

Le misebenzi yenziwa phantsi kolwalathiso phantsi kweliso elibukhali lika umongikazi abaphezulu uze uqiniseke ukuba impahla yokhuselo, ezibandakanya:

• izihlangu ezizodwa ungamyeki, apho zibekwa kwi iibhutsi zerabha;
• Ingubo antiplague, gqibezela oilcloth ifaskoti;
• ngomshini lwezempilo;
• iiglavu zerabha;
• iitawuli, nto leyo batshintshwa mihla le.

Yonke impahla ekhuselayo emva komsebenzi ukuba decontaminated. Half-point izandla iintsholongwane kunye sisombululo chlorhexidine okanye chloramine.

medical inyathelo ngenxa yesifo xa sibona usulelo

Ukuba izifo ngenxa yesifo ndiyifumene, ugqirha na omise Amaqhinga amanyathelo anti-bhubhane up:

• isaziso sanepidemstantsii nangoko okunokuthi kwenzeke isenzeko izifo eziyingozi;
• Ukuqhela izigulane izifo yedwa kunye nokubonelelwa yonxunguphalo;
• izinto kunye ulwalathiso uthango elebhu bacteriological moshilongo engaphezulu;
• kwamagciwane yezakhiwo, apho isigulane;
• umzobo uludwe lwabantu ababe wadibana isigulane;
• Zokuvala contact umntu ngaphambi kokuphela kwethuba bafukanywe kunye nokusekwa kwe kweliso elibukhali likagqirha phezu kwabo;
• ukuqhuba amanyathelo ingqongqo, ukusekwa kwezithuba ngokuqaphela, ukuyeka kunye nokuyekiswa yezigulane;
• Ngokufundisa abantu contact;
• ekuqinisekiseni yedwa Brigade izinto eziyimfuneko kunye namayeza.

izifo yedwa Isifo kufuna amanyathelo ingxamisekileyo ukulwa ngenxa yokuba ingozi babo ebomini kunye nezinga eliphezulu sifo, kwakunye wathandwa kokusasazeka phezu kwindawo enkulu, nto leyo igcwele intlekele yendalo. Okwangoku, enkosi iinzame ezibambeneyo yamazwe amaninzi, ezi zifo abekiwe mazwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kuvumela amanyathelo othintelo ukukhusela zabemi yimbonakalo nakujoliso olutsha nezinganyangekiyo.