Izenzakalo Optical (Physics, iBakala 8). isenzeko uwabonisa okubonakalayo. izenzakalo Optical kunye nezixhobo

Kuye elide isanga, zendalo inani emoyeni navuso kunye nabantu bankwantya. Kule mihla, izazinzulu ziye yabutyhila abaninzi eemfihlelo yendalo, kuquka izenzakalo ezamehlo. azizange Bayamangaliswa yi iimfihlakalo zendalo, eli leyo kudala efunda. Kwisikolo semfundo ephakamileyo namhlanje ophanda ngezenzeko enombala kwibakala 8, ngoko ukuze baqonde uhlobo lawo nawuphi na umfundi.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Izazi lidala babekholelwa ukuba Iliso lomntu ubona zinto imvakalelo le Mpondwana zintle. Ngokukhanya ngelo xesha imfundiso le mbono.

KumaXesha Aphakathi wafunda optic ukukhanya umongo walo.

Namhlanje ngokukhanya - kuba yingxenye ye physics ukuba lifunda ukusasazwa ukukhanya phezu ezahlukeneyo zosasazo kunye nentsebenziswano yawo kunye nezinye izinto. Yonke imicimbi enxulumene umbono, siphonononga yokukhanya nokomzimba.

izenzakalo Optical njengokuba - abonakalisa izenzo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngemitha zokukhanya. izifundo zabo yokukhanya esesibhakabhakeni.

iinkqubo awuqhelekanga emoyeni

Planet Earth ingqongwe kwiqokobhe igesi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-atmosfera. ubukhulu wayo amakhulukhulu eekhilomitha. Futshane kwisibhakabhaka Umhlaba kaThixo luthe phezulu ihlanjululwa. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo atshintsha rhoqo iqokobhe esesibhakabhakeni, oomaleko mix. Tshintsha ukufunda iqondo lobushushu. Ukuxinana, ngesidanga elubala shift.

Ukususela kwelanga kunye nezinye imizimba yasezulwini malunga emhlabeni reyi ukukhanya. Baya kucanda koMhlaba, nguwuphi kubo yinkqubo enombala ethile le itshintshayo iimpawu zayo. reyi Light ziboniswe, saa, ukuba acande umoya phansi,. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile indlela umqadi uzimisele, ngoko kukho iintlobo iziganeko. Yemvelo kakhulu original ngezenzeko optical ingqalelo:

• kwelanga kwelanga;
• yimbonakalo yomnyama obakhoyo efini;
• Lights Northern;
• isanga;
• halo.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Halo emhlabeni iLanga

Igama elithi "halo" kusho Greek "isangqa". Yintoni buyinto enombala oxhasa oko?

Halo - yinkqubo bokucingisisa kwaye refraction semitha esakhulayo ziikristale efini phezulu emoyeni. Kubonakala ngathi isiphumo oqaqambileyo ngeenxa rays, kumathuba ezimnyama limited ilanga. halo Ngokuqhelekileyo owawubumbela iinkanyamba kusenokuba aziwa zabo.

amathontsi amanzi iqhwa umoya uthabathe imilo ekunene bemilo kunye macala ezintandathu. Wonke umntu uqhelene icicles ezivelayo kwiingcamba asezantsi esesibhakabhakeni. Ngaphezu ezinjalo iinaliti ice kuhla ngokukhululekileyo kwicala nkqo. Crystal icicles ujikeleza, phantsi emhlabeni, yaye kufuneka amalungiselelo ngaxeshanye kunye ngokuphathelele emhlabeni. Indoda umbono ngokusebenzisa ziikristale, leyo isebenze njenge lens refracts ukukhanya.

Ezinye prisms ezifunyenwe eflethini okanye ukhangele njenge inkwenkwezi ngemiqadi ezintandathu. Rays yokukhanya esiwa phezu ziikristale, akakwazi akayi refraction okanye zifumana inani nezinye iinkqubo. It kunqabile kuyenzeka ukuba zonke iinkqubo ayabonakala, ngokuqhelekileyo omnye okanye enye inxalenye isenzeko kubonakala ngokucacileyo, ngoxa abanye kakubi zimelwe.

A halo encinane - isangqa ilanga kunye owela ngaphakathi kwama-degrees 22. Isangqa umbala - ngaphakathi obomvu, ngoko eliya omthubi, emhlophe egalelwe nesibhakabhaka. Ummandla engaphakathi isangqa umnyama. Oku akhiwa iinaliti ze refraction iqhwa, eziphaphazelayo esibhakabhakeni. Rays prisms baphambukile kwi-engile degrees 22, ngoko ke abo bayagqobhoza, bayangena ziikristale, umbukeli ibonisa ukuphambuka degrees 22. Ngoko ke, lo isithuba ngaphakathi ubonakala mnyama.

Ebomvu refracted ngaphantsi, ebonisa ubuncinane baphambuka ilanga. Oku kulandelayo olulubhelu. Ezinye ngemiqadi ziyabethabethana mayibonakale look emhlophe.

Amaxesha amaninzi halo ne-engile degrees 46, oko kumalunga-22 degrees kwi halo. indawo yayo yangaphakathi nayo limhlophe, ngokuba ukukhanya ivavanywa refraction e ice iinaliti, wajika waya ilanga degrees 90.

Eyaziwayo kunye halo degree 90, oko esikhanyayo okwanamhlanje, iye phantse akukho umbala okanye elinombala kunye Kwicala elingaphandle ebomvu. Izazinzulu olu hlobo akukaqondwa kakuhle.

Halo emhlabeni inyanga kunye nezinye iintlobo

Le meko kokugcina idla ngokubonakala xa namafu isibhakabhaka ukukhanya ezininzi icicles crystalline ezincinane. crystal nganye luhlobo prism. Ngokomthetho imilo yabo - evuthelweyo iihexagons. Ukukhanya engena kummandla ngaphambili kunye ngumkhenkce, eshiya icala eyahlukileyo refracted yi degrees 22.

Ebusika, abanye izibane ezitalatweni emoyeni obandayo, uyakwazi ukubona halo. Oku kuvela ukukhanya lantern.

Halo ujikeleze ilanga abunjwe qhwa kunye nomoya nekhephu. Iqhwa ke emoyeni, ucanda ukukhanya phakathi kwamafu. Xa kwelanga ngokuhlwa bomvu ukukhanya. Kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo, abantu neenkolelo Soyika yi iziganeko ezinjalo.

Halo usenokukhangeleka nomnyama-bala kwisangqa ilanga. Kuyabonakala, ukuba umoya omninzi ziikristale kunye macala ezintandathu, kodwa musa ibonise, kwaye refract imitha kwelanga. Uninzi reyi ngoko udlulele, hayi ukuya emehlweni ethu. Ezinye kwimitha zifike emehlweni abantu, yaye sibona isangqa umnyama wenze isangqa ilanga. radius wayo - malunga nama-22 degrees okanye degrees 46.

ilanga mbumbulu

Izazinzulu ziye zaphawula ukuba isangqa halo usoloko ngokuba mhlophe, emacaleni. Oku kungenxa yokuba apha kukho halo nkqo nkqo. Kwiindawo apho phambana angavela lobuxoki ilanga. Oku ingakumbi xa ilanga ikufuphi kunina, ngexesha wesangqa nkqo, sibona ayisekho.

ilanga Mbumbulu - naye buyinto enombala, kukho uhlobo halo. Kubonakala ngokuba ice ziikristale kunye macala ezintandathu ukanti imilo efana isikhonkwane. ziikristale ezinjalo ukundiza emoyeni kwicala nkqo, ukhanyiso refracted bubuso babo ecaleni.

Ngaba abunjwe, yaye, "ilanga" wesithathu, ukuba phezu ilanga lokwenyaniso ibonwa kuphela umphezulu inxalenye kwesazinge halo. Kusenokuba i arc ingxenye nokuba litshatshazi iimilo bezinye iintlanga. Maxa wambi ilanga lobuxoki eliqaqambileyo kangangokuba akakwazi zingahlukaniswa ilanga lokwenene.

rainbow

Kuyinto buyinto wayekubona eluhlobo i isangqa ezingaphelelanga kunye imibala eyahlukileyo.

Iinkonzo lidala yakholwa Rainbow Bridge ukusuka esibhakabhakeni phantsi. Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuba kwakuvela umnyama ngenxa vangama kuncipha kwelanga. Yintoni buyinto enombala nangoku iyakwazi sikholisa ngokunjalo ke, njengoko yenza umnyama?

Ngenkulungwane XVII, Descartes wafunda uhlobo yomnyama. Kamva, Newton wenza ulingelo ngokukhanya intw 'imfundiso Descartes, kodwa akaba nako ukuqonda ukuyilwa umnyama eziliqela, ukungabikho kwabo imibala ngamnye.

theory rainbow olupheleleyo thaca kwi ngeenkwenkwezi ngenkulungwane XIX ukusuka eNgilani D. Erie. Ukuba wakwazi ukutyhila zonke iinkqubo yomnyama. imfundiso yakhe bezamkele imihla yethu.

Rainbow ivela xa kwelanga hits ikhuselo yamanzi emvula kwindawo wezulu, ingxelo evela ilanga. Rainbow Centre imi kwicala emva kwelanga, oko kukuthi, akukho ayibonakali ngamehlo yabantu. Le pewa umnyama - iyinxalenye isangqa kule ngongoma engundoqo.

Imibala yomnyama zibekwe ngendlela ethile. Yena rhoqo. Red - encotsheni, purple - emazantsi. Phakathi kwabo, imibala zibe ulungelelwaniso engqongqo. Umnyama akanayo yonke imibala ezikhoyo. I ngakumbi ubukho bezinto Umbala oluhlaza ubonisa lenguqu ukuya imozulu intle.

Aurora polaris

Le ukuvutha nomphezulu kazibuthe emoyeni ngenxa ukungenela ezi athom umoya elanga kunye nezinto. Ngokwesiqhelo kukhanye ube shades aluhlaza okanye eluhlaza kunye batshizwe pink ebomvu. Bakwazi ukuthatha ngokohlobo amakhasethi okanye amabala. spikes soloko ilandelwa lutshintsho lwemithetho izandi elikhulu.

isanga

Simple isanga uyakopa eziqhelekileyo kuye nawuphi na umntu. Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa uqhuba kwi asphalt isanga eshushu amelweyo njengoko phezu kwamanzi. Yinto akukho namnye akumangalisi. Yintoni buyinto enombala sicacisa ukuvela mirages? Makhe sihlolisise lo mba ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Isanga - Optical yinto isenzeko wenyama kwi-atmosfere, apho iliso ebona izinto ezifihlakeleyo kwimboniselo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Oku kubangelwa refraction ye umqadi ukukhanya ayahamba na layers emoyeni. Izinto izinto ezikude kakhulu, ngoko nivuke okanye awele isalamane kwindawo yayo oyinyaniso, kwaye egqwethekileyo kunye nokufuna imilo engaqhelekanga.

Brocken usongo

Le meko, apho ukutshona kwelanga okanye ekuphumeni kwelanga lithunzi umntu phezu kwentaba uba isikali ongaqondakaliyo, njengoko iwela esemafini endhawini. Oku kungenxa vangama kunye refraction semitha ukukhanya amathontsi amanzi kwiimeko phele. Isenzeko igama emva omnye eziphakamileyo waseJamani Harz kwiiNtaba.

umlilo St. Elmo

Le ngebrashi okwesibhakabhaka okanye Violet umbala kwi yeepali iinqanawa offshore. Izibane zingavela kwiinduli weentaba, ngomhla izakhiwo ukuphakama umxhelo. Esi simo ngenxa ekubhobhozeni zombane kwi iziphelo abaqhubi ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka nengxabano yombane.

Ezi zixoxwe kwiklasi class 8 nako. Thetha izixhobo zokukhanyisa.

optic design

izixhobo Optical zithathwa izixhobo ukuguqula radiation ukukhanya. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zixhobo basebenza ekukhanyeni ebonakalayo.

Zonke izixhobo ezisebenzisa lungohlulwa lube iintlobo ezimbini:

1. Izixhobo apho umfanekiso kwikhusi. Le khamera, iikhamera bhanya, iiprojektha.
2. Devices ukuba banxibelelane iliso ebantwini, kodwa musa ezingeyo imifanekiso kwikhusi. Oku khulu, ngemicroscope, yerediyo. Ezi zixhobo zithathwa ezibonwayo.

Khamera - esi sixhobo opto-kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumana umfanekiso into ngale filimu. Uyilo lwe khamera luquka lens lwekhamera nokwakha lens. Ilens ivelise zocaphulo kuncitshiswa emilise into zifakwe ifilimu. Oku kungenxa yokuba isenzo lokukhanya.

Umfanekiso awubonakali ekuqaleni, kodwa ngenxa isicombululo umphuhlisi libonakala. Lo mfanekiso kuthiwa, kuyo kwiindawo negative eqaqambileyo abavelayo mnyama vice versa. Nge negatives ukwenza entle iphepha photosensitive. Nge image ukunyuka enlarger.

Sokukhulisa - lens okanye lens inkqubo eyenzelwe ukuba izinto ezinkulu kwinkqubo wokubukela. Lupu imiswe kufutshane iliso, khetha umgama apho isifundo ibonakala ngokucacileyo. Ukusetyenziswa khulu isekelwe ukwanda engile ngayo apho isifundo eso kubonwa.

Ukuze ufumane i sikrini emboxo ngakumbi, usebenzisa ngemicroscope. Kule fowuni, ukunyuka kungenxa kwizifundo inkqubo enombala eyenziwa lens kunye eyepiece. Okokuqala, lo engile Ngenxa ilens kwandisa, ngoko - eyepiece.

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga nesenzeko esisiseko woqondo kunye nezixhobo, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo iimpawu.