Lithathelwe eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo. Lithathelwe eziphilayo: imizekelo

Biology uyazi amatyala amaninzi xa ngengozi wahlukana kude iqela labantu olungundoqo nga ku kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ukwenza look entsha lonke. Maxa wambi kuyenzeka ukuba ngexesha elifanayo kwindawo enye kuqhubeka bephila imizekelo lweentlobo umzali.

Nnemalo kwakhona imizekelo apho iintlobo kufuneka ukuhlala kwindawo ezihlala ziguquka. Amaxesha amaninzi phantsi kwe "ukutshintsha" libhekisela gqolo kwemiqondiso ebalulekileyo. Ukuba ngaphandle kwalomqolo izimvo rhoqo nje ziyafa.

IMVELAPHI lokusinda

Iinzululwazi lugqibe kwelokuba iintlobo indenzele ithuba lokusinda kuphela ukuba uya kuthatha ukutshintsha, wamkela ukutshintsha iimeko ngokukhawuleza. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba speciation phyletic. Kulo mzekelo, oku kwenziwa kuphela ukomelela eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo, kodwa nokuphuhlisa ezintsha ngokupheleleyo iimpawu abantu esiphilayo.

On iplanethi yethu, ngoko kude kukho izigidi eziphilayo. Ngaba oku ubungqina ngamandla obomi, Ukwahluka nokuzukiswa?! Ngelishwa, iminyaka nesigidi embalwa edlulileyo, izidalwa eziphilayo ubumkhulu kakhulu. iminyaka ice amaninzi kunye kuphazamiseka rhoqo zemozulu kwakhokelela ekubeni ukwahluka kweentlobo liye lehla kakhulu. nezimo kakhulu kuphela asinde.

imizekelo ebalulekileyo apha naphaya

amalungu afanayo okhanyayo eziphilileyo kunye nemisebenzi yazo ukusuka kudaladala ukutsala ingqalelo yabantu: iinzame ukwenza engenayo kunye nephiko imilo yentaka, ulwakhiwo iinqanawa kunye imisele efana umzimba ndifuze yeentlanzi. Kodwa kude sibetha ogqibeleleyo, umdlalo iyavisisana imbonakalo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendawo yazo yemvelo.

Kakade ke, le mizekelo alupheli. Kungenxa yoko le nto kweli nqaku kunokwenzeka ukuxelela abanye abantu imikhuba bhetyebhetye sakhe bume kubonakala kakhulu kwaye sibonise ngokucacileyo inyaniso Darwin.

iintaka

Ngoko ke, le ndoda kudala eyaziwa ngokubaluleka kombala zokuzikhusela zabasebenzi iintaka kunye namantshontsho namaqanda ngokukodwa. Ngelo capercaillie, icula abamnyama kunye partridges (yokwakha open) iqanda iqokobhe ihlangana phantse ngokugqibeleleyo kunye imvelaphi emaphandleni ajikelezileyo. Ngokubanzi, basonta ababhinqileyo kwakhona yinto enzima ummandla ezingqonge xa usibona ecaleni. Umdla nangakumbi kukuba yokuba amabhinqa kunye namaqanda yeentaka ukuba indlwane kwi emigongxweni kunye nakwezinye iindawo ezifihlakeleyo, baqhele ukuba babe umbala eliqaqambileyo kakhulu (i izikhwenene ezifanayo, umzekelo).

izinambuzane

Ziziphi iimpawu lohlengahlengiso kokusingqongileyo abe sinambuzane? Kaloku, ukuba baninzi ngaphezu onke amalungu ale klasi. Sicinga ukuba wonke umntu uyazi icocekile intonga zifana izinambuzane onamasetyana ezomileyo. Olunye uphando kule ndawo isasetyenziswa nangoku olwenziwa ngumkhosi kwingingqi 'ihlathi' izinxibo amhlophe obscurant.

Nakuba kunjalo, imizimba macimbi ezininzi ziyafana kakhulu namasebe, yaye amaphiko amabhabhathane uyakwazi ukufumana imithi ushiya kwindawo abahlala kuzo. Apha kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kule meko kukho umxube evumelanayo ukumxhasa shape lomzimba ukumxhasa umbala omnye. Ezinye amabhabhathane njengoko ngendlela ekuphilwa ngayo kwendawo ezingqonge, kunzima ukwahlula ukusuka amagqabi, nokuba ezikufutshane. Ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi uyazi biology, i-ngqondweni kakuhle zonke ukwahluka iklasi kwezinambuzane. Kanye ehlathini okanye intsimi, ubona mabangabi ngaphezu kwe-2-3% yenani yabo bebonke. Abanye ezigqunyiweyo nje.

Kodwa! Kufuneka ukuba kucingelwa ukuba imizekelo nolwamkelo eziphilayo kwisitulo engaqondakaliyo banal. Cinga umbala olwenziwayo xa inemibala eqaqambileyo, "emihle" izinambuzane ixesha ayikho ludumile amarhamncwa, njengoko bazi kakuhle edibility lwabo kabukhali negative. Ngoko ke, chickadee okanye Ndinjengentaka, ngokuphinda-phinda ebutsheni bakhe bezama nomntana iincukuthu-mkhosi nam, kuba ubomi ngentloko amagama abuhlungu, incasa yawo eziyityhefu.

Ukongezelela, iimpawu kwingcamango eziphilayo ukuze okusingqongileyo ziquka kunye kulingisa. Esi simo embhoxo kombala sokuzikhusela, kodwa "ngokuchasene". Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintlobo ukuzikhusela kwaye ezityiwayo managers njhani sezinambuzane zinetyhefu okanye abe incasa elizothe. Umzekelo, osovidnye Bezinambuzane efana kakhulu oonomeva, ezo koyikiswa iintaka ezininzi. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba kukhubazeko nokulungiswa eziphilayo nendawo eziphila kuyo nje efanayo ngendlela encomekayo, encomekayo kuzo indalo.

Ezanyisayo eziphezulu

Konke oku kubonakala mzekelo ezanyisayo eziphezulu. Umbala kwamaqwarhashe kubonakala kukhanya ngakumbi eyinqaba, loo nto nje oku kulandela ngokugqibeleleyo alternation yokukhanya kunye izithunzi etyholweni ingca, leyo evumela ezi zilwanyana ukuba imaski entle kwi Amathafa. Okuzibonela kuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangaqeqeshwanga ngamanye amaxesha awuboni nkqu Amaqwarhashe kwindawo evulekileyo, ukusuka kumgama 50-70 m.

ezinye iimpawu

Ezinye izilwane bade ukuziqhelanisa ngakumbi isimanga ngempumelelo ukuya yokuhlala organismic. Sithetha ngalo, lonwabu, kunye flounder, nto leyo ukutshintsha umbala umzimba, ve nokunikezelwa ngombala komgquba chromatophores esikhumbeni. Musa ukulibala ukuba kombala zokuzikhusela , kunye nezinye izinto zokukhusela kakhulu ukuphucula ukusebenza phantsi kwe imeko yokuziphatha efanelekileyo. Ezi ziquka reflex ebunayo, ukuma isigqibo yokuphumla, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba inani elikhulu kweentlobo zezilwanyana.

Phi le amandla eziphilayo?

Eneneni, apho wenza kukhubazeko nokulungiswa eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo? Ngokubanzi, kwicandelo odlulileyo sele waziva i Darwin enkulu; ukuba isilwanyana okanye isityalo sisinde ukutshintsha kwemozulu ngqwabalala okanye ezinye iimeko, kodwa abantwana baya kuba ixhaphakileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, esona sizathu sokuba eziphilileyo yazo naziphi na izixhobo ezitsha nje zivunywa. Makhe kubonise umzekelo esebenzayo, ukuxoxa icula intsapho ezihlala kwihlathi semithi asezantsi.

iimpawu zezakhiwo

Masikhumbule iimpawu ezingundoqo isakhiwo sangaphandle ezi ntaka: lwalo mfutshane, na ukuthintela zicholachole ondle ngqo ukusuka emgangathweni ehlathini (kuquka cover snow); kwi iinyawo - obukhulu fringed zeendawana, ngazo nga ngokukhuselekileyo ukuhamba, nkqu kwikhephu. Iimpawu Isakhiwo ipeni ivumela ukuba achithe ubusuku, kunye nentloko yayo bamngcwabela kwikhephu, kunye, amaphiko ezimfutshane ebanzi ukwenza icula embalwa iintaka, efumaneka ngqo, suka phantse nkqo.

kwakunzima kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ookhokho babo izixhobo abanjalo nasemehlweni. Kungenzeka, emva kokuba ukutshintsha iqela kwezinye iimeko zokusingqongileyo (iqatsela corny), kwanyanzeleka ukuba sifunde indlela engqongileyo etshintsha ngokukhawuleza, kuquka kubanda.

utshintsho inkqubo

Ngokuqhubekayo kwakukho ukuguquka ezintsha kwibhulorho beka lwendibaniso zazo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inani otshangatshangiswayo abantu wenza owahlukeneyo ngakumbi kwaye bezinzile. Akumangalisi ke, iintaka zahlukile enye kwenye linani kweempawu: on iminwe umntu fimbriae zaba, kwabanye abantu asisifutshane ngomlomo kunye namaphiko.

Yintoni ivakalise ukufaneleka eziphilayo kokusingqongileyo? Inyaniso kukuba ngexesha okoko interspecies nzima ukuze sisinde kuphela ezo iintaka, imida isakhiwo zihambelana kakhulu kunye nehlabathi engqongileyo. Xa inkqubo selection zakuba ushiye inzala ngakumbi, yaye amaninzi wasinda, kwaye imali eyaneleyo ukwenza inani entsha. Isizukulwana esitsha izisa imizila emitsha kwaye le nkqubo iphindiwe ukususela ekuqaleni.

Ukuphuma iimpawu luncedo neempawu

Kuba ukuguquka abathile baba phakathi lawo ngakumbi balinqabisa ngokubonakala iimpawu uvele ekuqaleni. Ngokwendalo, iintaka apho ezi nguqu ezabonakala, Babenethuba kakhulu ngcono bakwazi ukuphumelela, kodwa zizalana emva koko. Kuba izizukulwana, yonke le miqondiso ababeyiqwebile esisigxina ngaphandle kokuba kukho icula abamnyama, esikwaziyo namhlanje.

imfundiso Lamarck ngayo ephikisanayo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ingcamango zikaDarwin yahluke kuyaphi imibono ziye ubeke phambili ngu Jean Baptiste Lamarck. I Ekugqibeleni wathi zonke izinto eziphilayo zixhomekeke ukutshintsha phantsi kweempembelelo kokusingqongileyo, kodwa kuphela ulwalathiso kuluncedo kakhulu kubo. Kodwa ayikho ngqiqweni: yintoni umphumo ukuba negalelo ameva neencanda?

Kuphela impembelelo ukhetho yendalo uchaze imvelaphi isixhobo enjalo luncedo. Kuthathwa ukuba izinyanya kwelikude kakhulu ezhinyh nga kusinda, wazigquma Nentloko enesihlwitha ogrubevayuschim ngakumbi. Hlala njalo abaphilileyo ukuvelisa inzala kwaye ufumane izibonelelo zabo "protoezhey" ngubani unethamsanqa elaneleyo ukuba i ameva kakhulu elide kunye ezinzima.

Eminye imizekelo "anameva"

Kwi kanye indlela efanayo wahamba "neencanda bristling" eMadagascar. Sithetha malunga nenemizila kunye neentlobo ezimbalwa yeempuku kunye hamsters Thistle.

Ikwenza kukhubazeko nokulungiswa eziphilayo kwimekobume ubuncinane ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo? Izazinzulu zibonisa ukuba indlela le hlobo izixhobo kuqhelekile kuzo zonke iimeko: yokuba angabonakaliyo kanye, hayi kwisizukulwana esinye okanye ezibini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imbonakalo yazo - yinkqubo ende kwaye inzima. Kufuneka ingaze ilityalwe ukuba indlela yendaleko lizele amasebe isiphelo kwabafileyo-yaye asiphumelelanga "izisombululo zobugcisa" indalo. Oku ukuba sizakuxoxa ngoku.

imfanelo isihlobo

Kweli xesha phambi nolwamkelo zikaDarwin kwezilwanyana kokusingqongileyo waba ubungqina bevumelana ukuba uThixo ukho yaye nobulumko obuncamisileyo uMdali: njani na uhlobo ngaphandle ezinjalo "ubunkokeli" self-asebenzele ihlabathi kufanelekile oko, ngendlela elungeleleneyo!?

It namandla noluvo lokuba zonke inkalo nantoni eziphilayo ugqibelele ngokupheleleyo kwaye kanye ekwafanekisa lo msebenzi eyabelwa kulo. Ngenxa yoko, i mouthparts nkawu evuthelweyo zibe amabhabhathane inceda ukuba zifunxe incindi evela nkqu kakhulu "kunzima" wokungcola, izityalo kunye ukuziqhelanisa kokusingqongileyo ngohlobo iziqu angqingqwa Cacti kunye nezinye succulents baphuhlisa oluhambelana okugcina amanzi ixesha elide.

Ngelishwa, izazinzulu nokuba abaninzi mihla kuqhubeka ukuba bayiphathe njenge nomkroli abakrelekrele ngalinye indalo ugqibelele kwaye bayona. Kodwa! Kubalulekile ukuba kucace kakhulu ukuba akunjalo!

Uphononongo yanamhlanje ukuziqhelanisa kokusingqongileyo wabonisa ukuba bonke utshintsho basoloko isizalwane, ekubeni kwifom kwacotha ngaphezu kokuba utshintsho yokwenene iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Ngako oko, izinto ezininzi kusenokuba okungeyomfuneko, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu yingozi emzimbeni, ukuba ihlabathi liza kutshintsha.

ubungqina

Ubungqina yokuba kukhubazeko nokulungiswa eziphilayo yingcamango kakhulu, isalamane kakhulu, ezi mizekelo ilandelayo:

• Ukusuka ezinye abalindi utshaba ziyasebenza kakhulu, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana saving engenaso elungileyo. iintlanzi ezinetyhefu uyakuvuyela ukondla phezu iinkumba, iikhowuni, ezinqunquthayo ityhefu zazixhonti ziquka kwi nengabangaba yakho yokudla.
• Ayizizo zonke izilwanyana ikhaliphe ngokwenene zifaneleke kwaye zingqamene ngokwaneleyo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Cinga moth, leyo kuqokelela umungu kunye imibala ukukhanya, ibonakale ngokucacileyo ebusuku: bathi ngokukhawuleza aphaphazele aye ngamadangatye omlilo namakhandlela, nangona wafa ngexesha elifanayo.
• Bodies izixhobo kwindawo enye ukuba kuluncedo ngokwenene, eziyingozi kunye nokuba yingozi kwezinye iimeko. Ngoko ke, ngamarhanisi, abangazange ebomini bakhe mandingaweli emanzini, apho okwedada ezihamba ngamathupha azo.
• Beaver, ezinye i "iinjineli" kakuhle ngemvelo, ngamandla ukwakha idama, nkqu kwamachibi amile kunye kumadanyana, nto leyo inkunkuma yamandla.

Ecace kwezinto kubonakala kwimeko zinto ziphilileyo, zigazi lazo kwilizwe ifumaneka kwelinye icala lehlabathi, kodwa ezangeniswa indoda entsha ngokupheleleyo kubo yokuhlala. Ngamafutshane, oku uhlobo relative kulwamkelo eziphawuleka kakhulu yaye ingqina ukuba indalo akusoloko akunampazamo.